in nt in i<; is n rr APRIL 1950 Jh& cJLoi ^Atnqetej Uetnple SPECIAL TEMPLE ISSUE V*'-" we OUR HOLLYWOOD CONTOUR BLANKETS Today more than 30 thousand families have dis- covered how wonderful contour blankets can be. And if ever a blanket deserved its fan mail, it's the HOLLYWOOD CONTOUR by Wool O' The West. Here's an entirely different concept of bedding ... a blanket designed to keep you covered no matter how you roll and toss. HOLLYWOOD CONTOUR stays in place because it fits your bed . . . the only blanket made which allows for mat- tress depth as well as length and width. 5 in wool are \oo HOLLYWOOD CONTOUR features a gen- erous tuck-in flap which assures greater foot free- dom than you've ever enjoyed before, yet it's virtually impossible to kick or pull out at the foot. Mitered corners zip closed for neat bed- making in a jiffy. From crib size to king size, there's a CONTOUR by Wool O' The West to fit every bed in your home . . . available in 13 luscious shades and white... guaranteed against moth damage for 5 years. Prices range from $12.00 to $35.00 at leading stores everywhere. *Pats. Pending // your dealer can't sup- ply you, please lef us help. PORTLAND WOOLEN MILLS, INC. P. O. Box 2620C PORTLAND 3, OREGON by Dr. Franklin S. Harris, Jr. Prompted by earlier studies in various countries, investigators at the Utah State Agricultural College Experiment Station have found that the feeding of sugar (sucrose) to beef and swine for short periods before slaughter produces slight increases in dressing amount, im- provement in color, increase in sugar content, and less alkaline nature, and hence better keeping qualities. The supply of fresh water and the dis- posal of waste water are not prob- lems peculiar to modern cities. The city of Mohenjo-Daro, on the Indus River in Pakistan, which flourished 3000-2000 B.C. had a well-organized system of aqueducts and drains. Pirofessor S. N. Kramer has recently translated a tablet written in the Sumerian language showing that Ur- Nammu who reigned over Sumer and Ur about 2050 B.C. had an enlightened code of laws including indemnities to be paid for 'severed nose, foot, or bones instead of "an eye for an eye." This was the oldest known lawgiver, three hundred years older than the famous Semitic lawgiver Hammurabi. Anew photographic lens has been an- nounced by Eastman Kodak which has an f-number of 0.75 and a focal length of 110 mm. This exceptionally fast lens will be useful where very little light is available such as in cine-fluorog- raphy. 'yHERE is no blue pigment in the pea- ■*■ cock's tail or in the beautiful wing of the morpho butterfly. The color comes from the structure of the material which produces an interference of light of the same type which gives the colors in an oil film, a soap-bubble, and moth- er of pearl. j\n improved deoderizing lamp has ** been developed by Westinghouse. This lamp by virtue of special glass transmits ultraviolet light which in turn changes some of the oxygen in the air into ozone, which in turn oxidizes molecules producing the odors. In a 3l/2 watt size it can be used in the home to eliminate odors from cooking, damp- ness, perspiration, and other sources. APRIL 1953 7ZeOVAL$Mf>£ Its the first reallq cracker in 25qears! VtFFSR£NT Town House Gmleuty PURITY Here's a wonderful flavor you've never known before — because these are the first crackers of their kind ever baked! There's no match anywhere for the tender crispness ... the fresh- from-the-oven texture . . . of these delicious, golden- brown ovals. They're just right for two bites — with no crumbs! Purity Biscuit Co. . . . Salt Lake City . . . Pocatello . . . Phoenix * 209 Samson FotfmgChaws For?* Seating America's First Choice For— • Low Cost • Low Upkeep • Longer Life There's o SomfOA Folding Chair For Every Public Seating Need! Ideal for # Schools • Churches * Meeting Halls # Lodges or any hall where public seat- ing comfort is essential. "A" Larger, more comfortable seat "k Strong enough to stand on * Safety seat hinge can't cut fingers * Noiseless folding action, compact, easily stored "fr Six smart decorator colors "fc Will not tip or fold when open T^T Electrically welded steel tube legs ~k Chip proof, non-chalking enamel fin- ish on all metal parts ~k Specially arched tubular steel cross braces for extra rigidity ~k Electrically welded steel tube seat Frame — no screws used throughout X Steel furniture glides with replace- able new-type rubber feet * Padded, cushion-comfort spring seat ~k Concave, form-fitting, upholstered back rest "*■ All metal parts rust-proofed by "bon- derizing process" ZCMI SCHOOL and OFFICE SUP PL Y 57 SO. STATE ST. SALT LAKE CITY Phone 3-1575 - Ext. 442 NEW MUSIC FOR THE WORLD "\TS7ednesday VV 1953, the evening, February 18, historic Tabernacle on Temple Square in Salt Lake City was filled with glorious sounds, new to the world of music. The occasion was the world premiere and first performance of the Oratorio from the Book of Mormon. Composed by Leroy J. Robertson, Pro- fessor and Head of the Department of Music at the University of Utah (also a member of the Church music commit- tee for many years), the new work was produced and conducted by Maurice Abravanel, musical director and con- ductor of the Utah Symphony Orchestra, assisted by the composer and musical staff of the University of Utah with its combined choruses. The text of the oratorio was selected by Professor Rob- ertson from the books of Helaman and III Nephi. The work calls for full sym- phony orchestra, organ, choruses, and five soloists: Samuel the Lamanite (bass, sung by Desiri Li- geti); Jesus (baritone, Harold H. Bennett) ; Evangelist (tenor, Kenly W. Whitelock) ; soprano (Naomi Sanders Farr); and contralto (Melba Egbert). An enthusias- tic audience gave the composer a tremendous ovation after the finale. The Lord hath made bare his holy arm In the eyes of all the nations. All the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God! Awake, awake, put on thy strength O Zion! Thy king cometh unto thee! Glory unto the Father, unto the Son and Holy Ghost. Worlds without end. Amen. President David O. McKay, in a bril- liant four-minute encomium following the ovation characterized the work to the standing audience as "a great crea- tion." It may well be that musical history was made on February 18, 1953. Oratorio as a musical form received its modern impulse during the reign of Gregory XIII (pope 1572-1585). Greg- ory XIII reformed the old Roman cal- endar inherited from Julius Caesar, promulgating the current "Gregorian" calendar by the bull of February 24, 1582. This same worthy encouraged Filippo Neri in the use of dialogue and music in making instruction in scrip- tural history more effective, Palestrina contributing some of the music used in Neri's "lectures." By 1600 Cavalieri's The Soul and the Body was produced in Rome, followed by works from the hands of Carissimi and Alessandro Scarlatti who in turn by Dr. G. Homer Durham UNIVERSITY OF UTAH influenced, over a Frederick Handel. century later, George 210 Meanwhile in Germany, Heinrich Schutz was adding the well-known "chorale" as a regular feature (appear- ing in the Robertson work as "The Lord's Prayer" number, but in modern mode). On April 15, 1729, Johann Sebastian Bach produced* the first ren- dition of the St. Matthew Passion, con- tributing also in his lifetime, the great B Minor Mass, the Christmas Oratorio, and the St. Luke and St. John Passions. Handel's gigantic work, Israel in Egypt, was first performed April 4, 1739. The historic premiere of the Messiah with its pow- erful text came on April 13, 1742. This work was to inspire Franz Joseph Haydn's Creation, pro- duced for the public on April 2, 1798. Ludwig von Beethoven's Mount of Olives, handicapped by less attractive texts, was first performed April 5, -1803. From Beethoven to Robertson may beg comparison for some. But it is not at all impossible. Between 1803 and 1953, a span of 150 years, appear some great works. Felix Mendlessohn's St. Paul with its ever popular "How Lovely Are the Messengers" was first heard May 22, 1836. His Elijah (with its "Lift Thine Eyes," "It Is Enough") was per- formed August 24, 1846. Johannes Brahms' German Requiem (in recent years brought to Utah music lovers by J. Spencer Cornwall and the Tabernacle Choir on Palm or Easter Sundays) was introduced April 10, 1868, about the time the first general conference con- vened in the newly-completed Salt Lake Tabernacle. Sir Arthur Sullivan spent most of his "worry energies" trying to produce great oratorios. The Light of the World came off August 27, 1873, having been preceded by The Prodigal Son Septem- ber 3, 1869. However "Onward Chris- tian Soldiers" and the immortal light operas, produced with the collaboration of Sir W. S. Gilbert, appear to have more survival value. In the twentieth century, Sir Edward Elgar has given the world his Dream of Gerontius and the Apostles ( 1900 and 1903 respectively). In the United States, THE IMPROVEMENT ERA John K. Paine (St. Peter) and Horatio Parker (Hors Novissima) have at- tempted to create great church music of lasting significance. An oratorio must convey a significant, central message through means of its text. This message must in turn be musically transmitted through recita- tive, aria, and chorus work on a grand scale, according to a grand design. The Oratorio from the Book of Mormon, prophesying the coming of Christ, and reporting his resurrected appearance and ministry in the New World setting, augurs well for the immortality of the Robertson work. It is distinctly a na- tive American work with an American setting for the Messiah theme. The music is thrilling; the choral offerings are rich in what this amateur can best describe as "antiphonal counterpoint supporting a variety of inner voices to produce a tremendous, overall, melodic line." Here then is a rich spiritual contribution, out of America, for the art and life of these times, and for times to come. LOOKING FORWARD By Ruth May Fox 1 dream of a glorious future, Of a bright and better day When every living creature God's mandates will obey; When no one will go hungry Nor plead for daily bread; No hearts be overburdened With anguish, fear, and dread. When every man will find a friend In every other man, And each will seek the good of all According to God's plan; When enmity shall disappear, And wars be waged no more, But peace and love and beauty Abound from shore to shore; When no weapons of destruction. Designed by human hands, Shall terrify the nations Or devastate their lands; When no homeless, starving children Shall wander here and there, Mid scenes of desolation And moans of wild despair. O Father, send repentance That we may sense our shame And realize with penitence We have ourselves to blame. Hasten, Lord, the promised day, When wickedness shall end And Christ shall reign in glory, Our Brother and our Friend. Then will the hills and valleys sing, All peoples bend the knee And listen to the words of God On glories yet to be! APRIL 1953 BOOKCRAFTS Here are unequalled values in outstanding books . . . books that are steppingstones to greater knowledge and understanding. They're drastically reduced to clear. Order now for your library. REG. PRICE Joseph Smith, Prophet-Statesman By Dr. G. Homer Durham This inspiring volume bears added testimony on the founder of Mormonism and on the nature of Ameri- can government. It provides a significant insight into the workings of constitutional federalism $2.25 Brigham Young, Man of the Hour By Leah D. Widtsoe The remarkable accomplishments of this great leader and churchman clearly portrayed in a volume you'll always treasure $2.00 SALE PRICE 98r 790 GOSPEL THEMES By Dr. John A. Widtsoe REGULAR TQ^ $1.50, now # wr The application of practical gospel themes to present day problems . . . concise, modern, enriched! KNOW THE BIBLE By Benjamin B. Alward PLASTIC Si 00 EDITION 1 Over 900 Biblical quotations confirm- ing the teachings of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. A valuable source of information and inspiration. Prince of Ur By Susan Y. Gates and Leah D. Widtsoe Adventure . . . romance! A story of Abraham in "Ur of the Chaldees" . . . based on scripture and modern findings of archeology $2.00 The Founding of an Empire By Leland H. Creer History at its best! A volume that deserves a place in every library. A great book about a great empire! Packed with historical lore $3.00 Gay Saint By Paul Bailey Everyone will enjoy reading the authentic tale of the Gay Saint . . . vigilante, leader, priest and apostate, millionaire and pauper, statesman and free-booter $3.00 790 $|29 $|00 PLACE ORDER EARLY . . . SUPPLY IS LIMITED (•!•• 1186 SOUTH MAIN Salt Lake City <4, Utah 211 IMPROVEMENT r^> r^ ^ VOIUME 56 NUMBER 4 ^Annl 1953 r Editors: DAVID O. McKAY - RICHARD L. EVANS Managing Editor: DOYLE L. GREEN Associate Managing Editor: MARBA C. JOSEPHSON Manuscript Editor: ELIZABETH J. MOFFITT - Research Editor: ALBERT L. ZOBELL, JR. - "Today's Family" Editor: RUBY H. MORGAN Contributing Editors: ARCHIBALD F. BENNETT - G. HOMER DURHAM FRANKLIN S. HARRIS, JR. - HUGH NIBLEY - LEE A. PALMER CLAUDE B. PETERSEN - SIDNEY B. SPERRY General Manager: ELBERT R. CURTIS - Associate Manager: BERTHA S. REEDER Business Manager: JOHN D. GILES - Advertising Director: VERL F. SCOTT Subscription Director: A. GLEN SNARR The Editor's Page As Youth Looks Toward Marriage President David O. McKay 221 Church Features The Stick of Judah and the Stick of Joseph— Part IV ...Hugh Nibley 250 Y.W.M.I.A. General Board Ap- The Church Moves On 216 pointee 213 Melchizedek Priesthood 274 Ancient Temples and Their Uses.— Presiding Bishopric's Page .„ 276 214, 215, 296 Special Temple Articles The Salt Lake Temple Joseph Fielding Smith 223 The Los Angeles Temple Edward O. Anderson 225 The Beginning of the Blessing Archibald F* Bennett 228 Ancient Temples and Their Uses (See also pages 214, 215, 296) Sidney B. Sperry 230 Three Utah Temples 232 Early Houses of the Lord 233 The Angel Moroni and Cyrus E. Dallin Levi Edgar Young 234 The Romance of Temple Building Marba C, Josephson 236 "All Over This Land of Joseph" Albert L. Zobell, Jr. 238 Sites for Temples ...240 Salt Lake Temple Interiors 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 248 Special Features Historic Fort Laramie — Conclusion ..Hazel Noble Boyack 252 The Spoken Word from Temple Square Richard L. Evans 260, 266, 272 Exploring the Universe, Franklin S. Harris, Jr 209 Today's Family Company Manners, Monica Downes 284 Handy Hints ......285 These Times: New Music for the World, G. Homer Durham 210 Your Page and Ours 296 Crocheting for Profit, Theresa E. Black 286 Party Foods, Ruby H. Morgan ....288 Stories, Poetry Looking Forward, Ruth May Fox.. 211 Frontispiece, The Salt Lake Tem- ple 219 Poetry Page 220 Spring Night, Vesta Nickerson Lukei 269 Kyfhcial Ova an o 212 THE PRIESTHOOD QUORUMS, MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIA- TIONS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCA- TION, MUSIC COMMITTEE, WARD TEACHERS, AND OTHER AGENCIES OF Jhe i^-kupek or of cJLatter-aay S^)aint& • o • Jhe L^oi/ef This month's full-color cover subject is a composite picture made from two photographs, (one) an architect's model of the Latter-day Saint Temple, now un- der construction in Los Angeles, and (two) some cumulus Utah clouds. The photog- raphy and the color work are by Hal Rumel Studios. OTHER PICTURE CREDITS Ancient Temple pictures by courtesy of Dr. Baurat C. Schick, 230, 231; E. G. Howland, 214; M. Wells Jakeman, 215; Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 296. Kenneth S. Bennion, 219, George E. Bergstrom, 225, 226, 227; Hal Rumel, 228, 229, 235, 237; Josef Muench, 232; J. Fred Thunell, 232; E. V. Spockman, 238; Wil- lard Luce, 232, Norman Price, 240, The Messenger, 240. EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES 50 North Main Street Y.M.M.I.A. Offices, 50 North Main St. Y.W.M.I.A. Offices, 40 North Main St. Salt Lake City 1, Utah Copyright 1953 by Mutual Funds, Inc., a Corpora- tion of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All rights reserved. Sub- scription price, $2.50 a year, in advance; foreign subscriptions, $3.00 a year, in advance; 25c single copy. Entered at the Post Office, Salt Lake City, Utah, as second-class matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 1917, authorized July 2, 1918. The Improvement Era is not responsible for un- solicited manuscripts, but welcomes contributions. All manuscripts must be accompanied by sufficient postage for delivery and return. Change of Address Fifteen days' notice required for change of ad- dress. When ordering a change, please include address slip from a recent issue of the magazine. Address changes cannot be made unless the old address as well as the new one is included. National Advertising Representatives EDWARD S. TOWNSEND COMPANY Russ Building San Francisco, California EDWARD S. TOWNSEND COMPANY 1324 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles 17, California SADLER AND SANGSTON ASSOCIATES 342 Madison Ave. New York 17, N. Y. DAVIS & SONS 30 N. LaSalle St. Chicago, Illinois Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Y.W.M.I.A. GENERAL BOARD APPOINTEE Miss Lorraine Bowman, choral di- rector at East High School in Salt Lake City, has recently been appointed a member of the Y.W.M.I.A. general board. A native of Provo, Utah, Miss Bowman has long interested herself in music of all kinds. Her mother was a pianist and began Lorraine's instruction on that instrument. Her brother was a trumpeter, and Miss Bowman learned that instrument. She also learned how to play the clarinet and the baritone horn, as well as to become so proficient in the art of the violin that she was concert mistress in the Provo High Schol orchestra. She has since mastered the viola, which she plays in the Utah Symphony. Lorraine Bowman After graduating from Brigham Young University, Miss Bowman commenced teaching at Horace Mann Junior High School in Salt Lake City. She later was transferred to Bryant Junior High and began the choral work for which she has become noted. She commenced her work at East High School as director of the band, orchestra, and glee clubs; but cur- rently her work is with vocal music, with the exception of a violin sextet which she directs. Miss Bowman's work in the Church has been largely in the Mutual. She has served as a Y.W.M.I.A. counselor in the Wasatch Ward Mutual and as Y.W.M.I.A. music director of the Yalecrest Ward since 1947. She has been assigned to the music committee of the general board. APRIL 1953 Install your Ry-Lock Window Screens NOW. . . before the Bugs Come! iiiliiWai^Heat Circulating Fireplace HEATFORM air chambers (which surround the firebox and dome) capture and circulate to all parts of the room, and even into adjoining rooms, heat lost up the chimney by the ordinary fire- place. HEATFORM is a perfect guide (hearth to flue) around which the masonry walls are easily built. It avoids faulty construction, often result- ing in smokey fireplaces. HEATFORM fireplaces cost but little more, because the unit (consisting of the firebox, throat, dome and damper) re- places some materials and labor necessary to build the old-fashioned fireplace. Ancient Temples and Their Uses Here are some of the reconstructed temples and their furnishings that Dr. Sidney B. Sperry, professor of Old Testament Languages and Literature at Brigham Young University, writes about in his article "Ancient Temples and their Uses" beginning on page 230. The above fireplace is built around Model "A" unit. Side cool-air inlets and front warm-air out- let were used for greater heating efficiency and economy of installation. Side warm-air outlets may be used, if pre- ferred. The "Molten Sea" of Solomon's Temple. Howland-Garber reconstruction. HEATFORM Model "A" The above modern corner fireplace built around Model "S" af- fords view of fire from front and either side. If you prefer view of fire from front and both sides, use Model "M". HEATFORM Model "S' Custom-built Screens and Fuel Grates are available for all models and sizes. Write /or FREE 8-page folder and dealer nearest you — OR ENCLOSE 50c for (Tl"x9") 36-page Book of 50 beautiful interiors and fireplace designs selected from our National Prize Photo Contest. SUPERIOR FIREPLACE CO. Dept. IE 531 Dept. IE 531 1708 E. 15th St. « 601 North Point Rd. Los Angeles 21, Calif. Baltimore 6, Maryland The Howland-Garber reconstruction of Solomon's Temple. 214 A side view of the interior of Solomon's Temple. Howland-Garber reconstruction. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Cross section model of the Temple of the Cross, Palenque, Chiapas. Temple of Kukulcan (Quetzalcoatl) Chichen Itza, Yucatan. . ' .....:.■ } ":""■" ' '' , :■■ .-K'". ■ ■■■*' ' :.■■■■■ ; ; ■' ."■ ■■- ;■■ :■; ■ ■ ' ' : ' ^ Sp llSf Price Special Grates ' *&F W Chrome OSTERIZER, Model 10-C $44.95 $35.95 fl*tS,t^CU White Enamel OSTERiZER, Model 10-EW 39.95 31.95 STAINLESS STEEL UTENSIL SPECIALS Retail Price Conference Special • Complete Set of Waterless, Lifetime Heavy Duty Cook- ware— Set of Lifetime Stainless Steel Tableware Included. $149-$169. 50 $99.95 • 4-Piece Refrigerator Set $ 12.95 $10.95 • 3-Piece Mixing Bowl Set— 3/4, IV2, and 3 Qts., Heavy Duty $ 8.95 $ 6.95 • 13-Quart Mixing Bowl— for mixing large batters, whole- wheat bread, etc S 10.00 $ 7.95 • Water Pitcher, Straight Sided 2-Quart $ 7.95 $ 5.95 3-Quart $ 8.95 $ 6.95 • Creamer with Hinged Cover-10-Oz $ 8.95 $ 6.95 O Sugar Bowl and Cover— 7V2-Oz $ 5.95 $ 3.95 • Tableware with Sugar Shell and Butter Knife— Serrated Edges on Knives-Lifetime $ 9.95 $ 7.95 ADDITIONAL CONFERENCE GIFT given free to every family that visits our display room in the Hotel Utah during Conference. A special booklet telling the proper use of whole grains in family meals. Recipes on whole wheat bread, cereals, rolls, muffins, waffles and main dishes. MAIL ORDERS FILLED AT ABOVE PRICES DURING APRIL ONLY No C.O.D.'s — Postage Prepaid — Add Sales Tax All inquiries promptly answered HEALTH APPLIANCE COMPANY 230 WEST 1ST NORTH LOGAN, UTAH 215 the Church moves on A Day To Day Chronology Of Church Events January 1953 9 FJ Layton Stake, the 203rd in the Church, was organized from por- tions of the North Davis (Utah) Stake. The new stake, with a membership of 4782, includes the Layton First, Sec- ond, Third and Fourth, and Sahara Village wards. Elder I. Haven Bar- low, formerly bishop of Layton Second Ward, was sustained as stake president, with Elder John Milton Park, formerly bishop of Layton Fourth Ward, as first counselor, and Elder George Benjamin Wilcox, formerly clerk of North Davis Stake, as second counselor. Remaining in the North Davis Stake, with a mem- bership of 5218, are the Clearfield First and Second, Anchorage, Syracuse, West Point, and Sunset wards. Elder George Smith Haslam, formerly bishop of Clearfield First Ward, was sustained as president, with Elder Keith Stoker Smith, formerly of the North Davis Stake high council, and Elder Harvey M. Broadbent, formerly superintendent of the Y.M.M.I.A., as his counselors. President George Harold Holt and his counselors, Elders Amos Roy Cook and Calvin D. Corbridge, of the old North Davis Stake were released. Elders Spencer W. Kimball and Mark E. Petersen of the Council of the Twelve were in charge of the organization and reorganization of the stakes. Elder El Ray L. Christiansen, As- sistant to the Council of the Twelve, dedicated the chapel of the Tracy Ward, San Joaquin (California) Stake. The appointment of Lorraine Bowman to the general board of the Young Women's Mutual Improve- ment Association was announced. The appointments of Mrs. Ada B. Maxfield, Mrs. Vauna S. Jacobsen, and Mrs. Leone W. Doxey to the general board of the Primary Association were announced. February 1953 1 Elder Harold B. Lee of the Coun- cil of the Twelve dedicated the remodeled Twenty-fifth Ward chapel, Pioneer (Salt Lake City) Stake. Elder Clarence Neeley, formerly sec- ond counselor in the Benson (Utah) ' Stake presidency, sustained as president of the stake, with Elders Cliff Wiser and Thilburn Russell Holt as his counselors. Released were President Merle G. Hyer and his first counselor, Elder David O. Hendricks. Elder Myron L. Western, formerly 216 first counselor, sustained as president of the West Pocatello (Idaho) Stake, suc- ceeding the late President Twayne Austin. Elder Calvin D. McOmber, Jr., formerly second counselor sustained as first counselor, and Elder Vernal H. Wardle sustained as second counselor. Idaho Falls Fourteenth Ward, Idaho Falls (Idaho) Stake, formed from por- tions of Idaho Falls Ninth Ward, with Elder Rex A. Ottley sustained as bishop. Newly sustained bishop of the Ninth Ward is Elder Milton A. Romrell. 2 Following the storm and flood in the Netherlands, the First Pres- idency received this cablegram from President Donovan H. Van Dam: "All missionaries laboring in Holland are safe." The annual month-long appeal for birthday pennies for the L. D. S. Pri- mary Children's hospital was launched. f) Elder LeGrand Richards of the Council of the Twelve dedicated the remodeled chapel of the Grant Ward, Rigby (Idaho) Stake. fi The First Presidency received word that no lives of Church members were lost in the flood in the Nether- lands. The Red Cross has been offered the use of all Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint buildings there for their use. 7 The First Presidency announced the appointment of Elder John Kenneth Orton as president of the Ta- hitian Mission, succeeding Elder Othello P. Pierce, who has been serving as act- ing president of the mission since the release of President LeRoy R. Mallory. President Orton, whose home is in Phoenix, Arizona, filled a mission in Tahiti from 1924 to 1927. For nine years he served as business manager of The Improvement Era. j^ /J. This was the one hundredth an- niversary of the ground-breaking for the construction of the Salt Lake Temple. [ $ Leroy J. Robertson's Oratorio on the Book of Mormon was given its premiere performance in the Salt Lake Tabernacle. 9 1 Many wards held reunions this week-end. It was announced that the number of wards in Salt Lake City had grown in 104 years from nineteen to 198; the number of stakes in the area had increased from one to twenty- six. 2 2 President David O. McKay dedi- cated the chapel of the San Mateo Ward, Palo Alto (California) Stake. Elder Harold B. Lee of the Council of the Twelve dedicated the chapel of the Bennion Ward, North Jordan (Salt Lake County) Stake. Elder LeGrand Richards of the Coun- cil of the Twelve dedicated the chapel of the Monticello Ward, San Juan (Utah) Stake. 24 The annual all-Church M Men basketball tournament opened at Deseret Gym at 11:00 a.m. and at the field house of the University of Utah at noon. Colorful exercises were pre- sented at the field house at 8:00 p.m. For the first time this year, twenty- eight M Men teams are participat- ing in the five-day tournament. Salt Lake City Gleaner Girls sponsoring the teams were: Joan Manwaring, Joan Rob- bins, Kathie Pearson, Dixie Weight, Marilyn Rae Reath, Betty Nelson, An- nette Sharp, Jean Messinger, Launa Lone, Charlotte Sheffield, Alberta Clay- ton, Joyce Werrett, Judy Nelson, Mary Dawn Bailey, Lenore Hall, Charlotte Hawkins, Lillian Carlisle, Valaine Pack, Jean Ammott, Carol Jacobsen, Barbara Nelson, Mardean Rippon, Don- na Gordon, Jerry Clawson, and Barbara Boyer. Scores of today's games were as fol- lows: Mantua 32; Spanish Fork First 43. Aurora 38; Salt Lake City Twenty- sixth 47. Logan Fifth 51; Blanding 37. Gooding 32; Edgehill (Salt Lake City) 55. Reno 57; Mt. Emmons 42. Mesa Tenth 53; East Midvale 44. Park 55; Sugar City 39. Redondo Beach 57; Murray Third 27. Logan College Hill 56; St. Anthony 39. Brigham City Fourth 53; Salt Lake City Seventeenth 51. Hill Spring 30; Salt Lake City Thirty- third 50. Rockville 39; Fairmont 64. Washington, D. C, bye; Dublan, bye; May wood, bye; Eugene, bye. Committee in charge of this tourna- ment are Marvin J. Ashton, chairman, and Clark N. Stohl; Jay DeGraff, Floyd Millett, Gordon Owen, Dr. Richard Tanner, Will Gillespie, and Parry D. Sorensen. {Continued on page 268) THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Genealogical Supplies .FAMior Book jyHe#*6**** QI0& whIJ* i. 3. POST BINDER — Sturdy, extra heavy-duty, for 300 sheets or more. Durable, attractive maroon plastic etc f\f cover. (Add 25c postage and handling 3»J.UV when ordering by mail.) BOOK OF REMEMBRANCE- With sheets. $K25 2. $5.25 by mail OUR FAMILY THROUGH THE YEARS- Lettering and replica of Salt Lake Temple embossed dro f\r\ cfcQ O C in gold on the cordovan leatherette cover. TJ,UU ^JO.XJ Post-type binder holds 50 to 300 sheets. Covers only ( when bought without sheets ) . $ .35 assortment of $1.50 by mail $ .50 by mail Same binder with an assortment of genealogical sheets. 100 $4.50 by mail $4.75 by mail Reference Books for Genealogical Work Ik pmfi$i &i Ban 4. THE WAY TO PERFECTION Elder Joseph Fielding Smith This book discusses the doctrinal principles which are the foundation for genealogical and temple work. $2.00 5. PROGRESS OF MAN Elder Joseph Fielding Smith The author pictures the ceaseless historical struggle between good and evil, culminating in the restoration of the Church. $2.50 6. HANDBOOK FOR GENEALOGY AND TEMPLE WORK Here in simple, easy-to-read form is a con- densed compilation of facts and new scientific methods of genealogical research. $ 40 7. HANDY BOOK OF GENEALOGY Revised edition of this handy reference work. $1.25 8. GUIDE FOR GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH Archibald Bennett Authoritative information on the most modern methods of genealogical research. $2.00 11. THE HOLY GHOST Oscar W. McConkie In this handy, one-volume book are the various sources of authority on the Holy Ghost. $3.50 TO. Readings in L.D.S. Church History William E. Berrett and Alma P. Burton The first of a series of readings from the best authenticated sources of Church history. The best material from original diaries, documents, and journals. A valu- able addition to every L.D.S. library. $4.00 9. Voice of Israel's Prophets Dr. Sidney B. Sperry Well remembered for his book Twelve Minor Prophets, published in 1939, Dr. Sperry here amplifies that theme in his newest study of the major prophets of the Old Testament. Told here are the interesting and enlightening words and works of these great prophets. $3.50 Teaching Aids for Sunday and Primary Teachers MAPS COLORED COKESBURY MAPS 22x27" $1.50 each 13. New Testament Palestine 14. Old Testament Palestine COLORED LINEN PEERLESS 18x27" $ .60 each 15. New Testament Palestine 16. Old Testament Palestine 17. Bible Lands— Old Testament 18. Paul's Travels COLORED LINEN EILERS MAPS 37x55" $1.75 each 19. New Testament Palestine 20. Old Testament Palestine 21. Travels of Paul 22. Exodus 23. 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I • 44 Fast South Temple - Salt Lake City. Utah City State Please include postage as indicated in ad. APRIL 1953 217 J: *}l we neac& t&e moat today \\, w* m> m\ John Barlow you will know all about it — instantly — in detail, seconds after word is flashed to Earth's listening posts. KSL Radio brings you the news as it happens! Fast! Accurate! Complete! Radio is. the only means of communication that has kept pace, that has rocketed along with our scien- tific progress. Only by radio can you get eye-witness on-the-scene accounts of outstanding events of the world at the instant they happen. Whether the action is on a mountain-top half-way around the world or miles underground, in the heart of a glittering American city or in a crater of the moon, only radio can bring you the news as it happens. And in the Mountain West, only KSL Radio has the complete, world-wide news-gathering facilities of CBS Radio, United Press and Associated Press. One of KSL Radio's four newscasters is standing by at jail times to relay to you the . (important happenings of the Iworld. KSL Radio broadcasts 15 -1 regular newscasts per day to keep you informed. Rex Campbell 218 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA And verily I say unto you, let this house be built unto my name, that I may reveal mine ordinances therein unto my people DOCTRINE & COVENANTS 124:40 APRIL 1953 219 RABBONI In Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C. By Gladys Stewart Bennion Wilted with anguish she sought Him in the tomb That April day, when velvet bloom Of pale astonished flowers Whitened griefs for distant bowers With mystery. He was not there, within that shadowed prison; Her Son, her Lord, her King had risen; Falteringly she stood upon the edge of hope. She need no longer grope For understanding. Life eternal had pushed past death's narrow cell, Her Son had risen, and all was well! Love, loyalty, and faith's sharp purifying fire Had now made manifest man's soul desire For immortality. EASTER ONCE MORE By Iris W. Schow The cock crows twice; the black begins to fail; The shutters closed against the day unfold; Dawn floods the eastern sky; the pall of cold Is lifted from the land; warm rays prevail. The silent lily bud that was a pale, Sealed sepulcher, has softly loosed its hold; Its occupant stands clothed in cloth of gold, While earth recalls again that stone is frail. And so the anguished hours of that last night, The scoffs, the sneering, and the thin-lipped scorn, The travesty of justice swayed by spite, The final, brutal crowning with the thorn, Fade and are blotted out by living light, Lost in the radiant blaze of Easter morn. MEMORANDUM By Frances Rodman Call me at half- past April; That is the witching time, When emerald syllables tipped with pink Spell out a new, new rhyme; When on the topmost apple bough A thrush's throat makes song Out of the thought we two must share— "Now it will not be long!" Call me at half-past April; I'll open the door in a trice. Oh, when I know that the time has come You'll not have to whistle twice, For I have an understanding With April, to meet her where She stands with the morning in her eyes, And sunlight on her hair. BENEDICTION By Thelma Ireland With war clouds threatening overhead, The world in grave alarm, With doubt and fear within my heart, I go out to the farm. I watch the trusting birds build nests; I smell the fresh turned sod And blooming fruit trees. Then I know The permanence of God. 220 SPRING By Catherine E. Berry This is the gusty time of the year, When the wind is released by Spring. Like a restless tiger, it leaps and roars, Having itself a mad, wild fling; It rattles the windows, shakes the door, And bends the young trees to the ground; It howls down the chimney, and then it blows Around the house — around, around! March is a lusty, gusty month; The wind is a tiger on a fling. It sweeps a pathway, wide and clear, For the green-jeweled footsteps of Spring. NEW ENGLAND SPRING By Eleanor Alletta Chaffee New England's waking gently from her sleep, Not like young April, careless, with a song, But wearing winter still, and all the deep Wisdom that darkness stores up winter- long. In luminous barn windows gray light draws, A frosty outline where late snows were laid. The farmer whistles now with little cause Save that he sees the shrinking of the shade Between his lantern and the house. His eyes Scan for a moment the swinging weather vane Already tipped with gold from early skies Whose indigo seeps earthward like a stain. New England wakes, and in the lark's first flight Shakes off the silence of her long, chill night. SPRING IN MY SOUL By Lydia Bennett Egbert Tdday when skies were shadowed And my heart was overcast, And my soul was weary, yearning To dispel long winter's blast, I ventured from my cottage And sought a neighbor's need, With smiling lips and willing hands Performed a friendly deed. I raised my eyes to brighter skies And set love for my goal, Then sunshine flooded through my heart And spring was in my soul. MIRACLE By Sylvia Probst Young DARK APRIL By Beverly Boone Cold winter's grasp has left the hills. Soft zephyrs play at hide and seek All through the grass. Your garden is Resplendent with new daffodils. It's spring, Diane, or did you know Dark April's clouds are bursting with Imprisoned drops of silver rain? The season came — but it was slow. Why should it come on leaden wing — Too late to cheer your cumbrous heart Or bring new hope to spring-starved eyes. Where you are, Dear, do they have spring? EMPTY FLOWER BED By Theresa E. Black In April the earth was so thirsty Its tongue had a hard crusty coat. I fed it dry seeds of bright flowers, And rains washed them down its parched throat. I fed it more seeds by the package. I wanted a nice flower bed, But the soil that I tended is empty- There are plants in the trash heap instead. IF SPRING IS IN YOUR HEART By Zara Sabin Bravely bright on darkling stems Lilac buds are swelling — Polished points of promise Of beauty soon to be. They press against my window As if they would be telling Secrets of the springtime To no one else but me. "It matters not," they whisper, "How deep the snows now lie; How dark the storm clouds gather, How slate gray is the sky. There will always be a springtime Even though the teardrops start — You need not fear the winter If spring is in your heart." DAFFODILS By Gene Romolo Y ou must come back, for spring is here again; Here in these woods that were so white and cold, The gentle clouds of April scatter rain, And daffodils are raising heads of gold; The willows lift their leafing arms to greet Returning birds and winds that sing and sigh; The grass is velvet green beneath my feet. This miracle is spring — and that is why You will return because the heart of you Is in these waking woods — you will be here Some springtime morn when all the world is new, To walk again beside me, O my dear. And when the days start with a robin's song, The waiting time seems never quite so long. B etween uncomely coverings of brown, They lie asleep until spring's whisper- ings Dispel, from earth, the winter's chilling frown; And ere one feathered throat an aria sings, They, fully wakened, like first butterflies Unfurling fulgent wings, from buds unfold A fragrant, petaled beauty and arise In full-blown loveliness of chaliced gold. No other bloom so perfectly fulfils The spirit of the spring as daffodils. SONG By Elaine V. Emans More lovely than a house returned To order after disarray Is a mind too long an easy prey To fear and worry which has learned At last the ability to cease Allowing either sly tormenter To lift the latch and boldly enter. Nothing can match a mind at peace. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA As Youth Looks Toward Marriage by President David O. McKay |UR home joys," says Pestalozzi, "are the most delightful earth affords and the joy of parents in their children is the most holy joy of humanity. It makes their hearts pure and good; it lifts them up to their Father in heaven." Such joys are within the reach of most men and women if high ideals of mar- riage and home be properly fostered and cherished. It is said that the best and noblest lives are those which are set toward high ideals. Truly no higher ideal regarding marriage can be cherished by young people than to look upon it as a divine institution. In the minds of the young such a standard is a protection to them in courtship, an ever-present influence in- ducing them to refrain from doing anything which may prevent their going to the temple to have their love consummated in an enduring and eternal union. It will lead them to seek di- vine guidance in the selecting of their compan- ions, upon the wise choice of whom their life's happiness here and hereafter is largely de- pendent. The exalted view of marriage as held by this Church is given expressly in five words found in the fifteenth verse of the forty-ninth section of the Doctrine and Covenants, "Mar- riage is ordained of God." That revelation was given in 1831 when Joseph Smith was only twenty-five years of age. Considering the cir- cumstances under which it was given, we find in it another example among hundreds of others corroborative of the fact that he was in- spired of the Lord. Although there is evidence that some people have looked upon the marriage ceremony as continuing after death, yet, generally, the ceremony is valid only "until death do us part." Joseph the Seer, grasping the eternal nature of love as the most divine attribute of the hu- man soul, as an everlasting attribute of the spir- it, revealed the eternity of the marriage cove- nant, a doctrine so beautiful, so logical, so far-reaching in its significance that if it were adopted in its entirety, many of the present evils of society might be abolished. And yet, if I mistake not the signs of the times, the sacredness of the marriage covenant is dangerously threatened. There are too many thoughtless, hasty marriages entered into with- out enough time taken to consider the temporal or eternal consequences. There are too many places where the marriage ceremony may be performed at any hour of the day or night without any previous arrangement — the license issued and the ceremony performed while the couple waits. Such marriages too often end in disappointment and sorrow; and, oh, how far they fall below the true ideal! As far as {Concluded on following page) 2 Editors Page APRIL 1953 221 THE EDITOR'S PAGE (Concluded from preceding page) lies within our power, we must warn young couples against secret and hasty marriages. I mention these things not in the spirit of pessimism nor as a crier of impending calamity, but with the desire to call attention to the necessity of our maintaining the high standard of marriage set forth in the revelations of the Lord. The eternity of the marriage covenant is a glorious revelation, giving assurance to hearts bound by the golden clasp of love and sealed by authority of the Holy Priesthood, that their union is eternal. Temple marriage is basically appealing; it is scientifically sound; and any young man who takes his sweetheart to a temple should go there with the understanding that their union is to be just as eternal as the love that has brought them to the altar. Some may question it. But let's look at the principle of it. Will you name for me in your minds the most divine attribute of the human soul? It is not sympathy. (And girls, be careful not to be misled by sympathy. True, sympathy is next to love, but it is not love.) Love is the most divine attribute of the human soul, and if you accept the immortality of the soul, that is, if you believe that personality persists after death, then you must believe that love also lives. Is that not sound? And I ask you this: Whom shall we love when we recognize those personalities in the next world? True, we are admonished to love every- body. Yes, we should love everybody now; but you and I know that we love those whom we know best. I love her whom I have seen sacrifice her life for the little loved ones — her by whose side I have sat and together prayed for an afflicted darling! I shall love my mother who I know offered her life that I might have being. When we meet these personalities in the eternal realm, we shall recognize them and know them because of these experiences in this life. And the union of loving hearts will be perpetuated after life. That is why we are married — sealed — for time and eternity. It is not a mere dogma of the Church — it is the part of wisdom to choose the house of the Lord in which to plight your love and to consecrate your vows. Let me give you a glimpse of the significance of such a marriage. The bridegroom kneeling at the altar has in his heart the dearest pos- session that a husband can cherish — the assur- ance that she who places her hand in his, in confidence, in marriage, is as pure as a sun- beam— as spotless as the snow newly fallen from the sky. He has the assurance that in her purity and sweetness she typifies divine motherhood. Now, young man, is not that complete faith and confidence worth every- thing else in the world? And equally sublime is the assurance the young girl has that the man she loves, to whom she gives herself in marriage, comes to her with that same purity and strength of character which she brings to him. Such a union will indeed be a marriage ordained of God for the glory of his creation. Young men and young women who would live the happiest lives would do well to prepare themselves to be worthy of that form of mar- riage which God has ordained — the union of a man and woman worthy to have their mar- riage consummated in the temple of the Most High. This is your heritage, youth, as you contem- plate an eternal partnership; and I pray that you may realize it and find the true joy and happiness of such a cherished ideal. L.D.S. Temple at Hawaii. 222 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA One hundred years have passed since the laying of the cornerstones of THE SALT LAKE TEMPLE hy Joseph Fielding Smith PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE TWELVE Jpril 6, 1953, will commemorate one hundred years '■■ since the laying of the cornerstones of the Salt Lake 1 Temple. This was a solemn occasion, for the mem- bers of the Church understood the significance of temples and the eternal nature of the ordinances to be performed in them. The Saints had been driven from their homes after erecting a sacred temple to the name of the Lord in which the ordinances of exaltation belong, and they longed for the time to come when another house of the Lord should stand in which they could go and receive these sacred blessings. During the westward journey the building of a temple was frequently discussed. On the evening of July 28, 1847, President Brigham Young, with some of the Apostles and Thomas Bullock, the clerk, walked from the camp in Salt Lake Valley to the site chosen for the temple. There President Young raised his hands and said: "Here is the forty acres* for a temple, and the city can be laid out perfectly square north and south, east and west." Ground was broken in February 1853, for the foundation, and on the morning of April 6, 1853, several thousand members of the Church assembled where President Young made some preliminary remarks after which the General Authorities and other officials took their places around the foundation, and the cere- monies proceeded as follows: The First Presidency with the Patriarch, John Smith, laid the first, or southeast cornerstone, in accordance *Later the size of the site was reduced to ten acres. Workers chiseling the stone for the Salt Lake Temple in Little Cottonwood Canyon. with the pattern given by the Prophet Joseph Smith, and President Young gave the oration saying: We dedicate the southeast cornerstone of the temple to the Most High God. May it remain in place till it has done its work, and until he who has inspired our hearts to fulfil the prophecies of his holy prophets, that the house of the Lord should be reared in the "tops of the mountains" shall be satisfied, and say it is enough. President Heber C. Kimball offered the prayer of ded- ication at this stone, and the assembly then gathered at the southwest cornerstone, which was laid by the Pre- siding Bishopric, followed by the oration by Bishop Edward Hunter and a prayer of dedication by Bishop Alfred Cordon. Then the northwest cornerstone was laid by the presidency of the high priests, and President John Young of that quorum delivered the oration. Elder George B. Wallace offered the prayer of dedication. The last, or northeast cornerstone, was laid by the Council of the Twelve Apostles. Elder Parley P. Pratt delivered the oration, and the prayer of dedication was offered by Elder Orson Hyde. At the afternoon services President Brigham Young made the following remarks: I scarcely ever say much about revelations, or visions, but suf- fice it to say, five years ago last July [1847], I was here and saw in the spirit the temple not ten feet from where we have laid the chief cornerstone. I have not inquired what kind of a temple we should build. Why? Because it was represented before me, I never looked upon that ground, but the vision of it was there. I see it as plainly as if it was in reality before me. Wait until it (Continued on following page) Crowd assembled at the laying of the capstone of the Salt Lake Temple. APRIL 1953 223 lllllilflHB The Salt Lake Temple Robert D. Young, President of the Salt Lake Temple. Salt Lake Temple site, in 1865. Salt Lake Temple under construction. Photograph of Temple Square taken about 1890. 224 (Continued from preceding page) is done. I will say, however, that it will have six towers, to begin with, instead of one. Now do not any of you apostatize because it will have six towers, and Joseph only built one. It is easier for us to build sixteen, than it was for him to build one. The time will come when there will be one in the center of temples we shall build, and on the top groves and fish ponds. As a boy I used to go up to the temple block and watch the men carving the hard granite stones and raise and place each in its chosen spot, and to me this was indeed a slow process. In my boyhood anxiety I wondered if I would live to see the temple finished. I also frequently visited the blacksmith shop farther up the street on North Temple where the tools were sharpened. In the sum- mers much of my time was spent in Little Cottonwood Canyon, and there I watched the men digging and blast- ing the great granite blocks and preparing them for delivery to the temple. I can remember the days of the ox teams and how they tugged with their heavy loads, and how at intervals down the canyon road rough-cut blocks had skidded from the wagons and were lost. As I grew, my patience became more reasonable, and I saw the grand edifice rise stone upon stone until all were laid perfectly in their places, and the building was ready for dedication. It was my privilege to be present in April 1892, at the ceremonies of the laying of the capstone. In the general assembly in the Tabernacle, President Lorenzo Snow of the Council of the Twelve explained to the congregation the order of the ceremony to be held at the laying of the stone and taught the assembled Saints how to proceed with the Hosannah Shout. After remarks by President Wilford Woodruff the congregation pro- ceeded to the southwest corner of the temple where a platform for the General Authorities had been built. After appropriate exercises, President Woodruff pushed an electric button, and the capstone was laid. Then followed the Hosannah Shout. Elder Francis M. Lyman of the Council of the Twelve moved that efforts be made to finish the temple so that it could be dedicated on April 6, 1893. This motion was received with en- thusiasm by the vast assembly of about forty thousand. On April 6, 1893 the temple was ready for dedication. President Wilford Woodruff offered the dedicatory prayer which was followed by the Hosannah Shout led by Pres- ident Lorenzo Snow. These services were repeated almost daily until April 24. Thirty-one meetings were held, and a total of seventy-five thousand people had the privilege of attending. As a young man holding the Aaronic Priesthood, it was my privilege to be present at the opening session. With others holding the Aaronic Priesthood I had a place in the gallery on the north side of the assembly room. I was greatly impressed with the wonderful spirit of these exercises and have looked back to that day many times with deep feelings of satisfaction. Tuesday, May 23, 1893, the temple was opened for ordinance work under the direction of the First Presi- dency, Wilford Woodruff, George Q. Cannon, and Joseph F. Smith, and the great wish of President Brigham Young had been fulfilled. This, of course, was not the first temple in Utah to be erected, but it was the one above (Continued on page 294) THE IMPROVEMENT ERA "A history in stone of the people who built it" may he said of THE LOS ANGELES TEMPLE by Edward O. Anderson CHURCH ARCHITECT dream of many years is being realized — a Latter-day Saint Temple is taking form in Los Angeles. Work is running well ahead of schedule. Forms are being built, reinforcing steel is being placed, and concrete is being poured. Early in February, crews started pouring the concrete for the ground floor. It was a great day last summer when power equipment started the excavation. Since the temple is being built on very hard ground, shovels operated by compressed air are re- quired to trim up the trenches. The former board of temple archi- tects, of which the writer was a mem- ber, started making sketches back in 1937. We were very sincere in our work. One of the first things we did when we visited the site was to gather in a group to offer a prayer to the Lord for help in this great work. Arthur Price, architect from the Pre- siding Bishop's office, was with us as adviser, and Hyrum C. Pope who has since passed away; John Fetzer, Georgius Y. Cannon, Ramm Hansen, Lorenzo S. Young, and the writer comprised the board. This was only a short time after President Heber J. Grant had announced on March 6, 1937, that a temple site on Santa Monica Boulevard, near Westwood, consisting of over twenty-four acres had been purchased by the Church from Harold Lloyd, of motion pic- ture fame. (Continued on following page) President David O. McKay at the ground-breaking ceremonies, as he re- moved the first shovelful of dirt for the Los Angeles Temple, September 1951. APRIL 1953 Laying steel and building forms for the baptismal font. Note the depth of excavating. 225 The los Angeles Temple Pouring cement with huge crane, and girders placed. Placing forms before pouring the cement. Construction progress goes forward. Note the walls at left where forms have been removed. 226 (Continued from preceding page) Sketches were made and plans were prepared for a temple to accommodate a company of two hundred persons. Before the plans were fully completed, how- ever, World War II stopped the work. After the war, zoning problems caused further delays. In Janu- ary of 1949 the First Presidency asked the writer to prepare drawings for a larger temple, one to accom- modate a company of three hundred persons, equal to the Salt Lake Temple in size, and to add an assembly room on the top floor. This is the first of the temples to be provided with the upper assembly room since the Salt Lake Temple was built. In the meanwhile, legal details were cleared and government approval of the undertaking was obtained. In addition to the temple, the project consists of a mis- sion home now under construction, a bureau of in- formation, a heating plant to be started soon, and the recently completed Westwood Ward chapel. A complete set of plans, with all details and specifica- tions, had to be submitted to the Los Angeles building department before the building permit was issued. In the meeting with the Los Angeles building officials, it was necessary to explain the function of the temple. When these men realized the importance of the temple and reviewed the record of Latter-day Saints living in California, they said they would be glad to have a Latter-day Saint temple in Los Angeles, and helped in every way to obtain the necessary permits. The actual building of the temple is carried on in a very efficient, systematic manner. Details of construc- tion are taken up first with the architect by the head foreman, Elder Severne D. Loder; the project engineer, Elder Virge M. Butler; and the construction supervisor, Elder Soren N. Jacobsen. Drawings are made for the concrete forms in the shop drafting room on the site; shop drawings of sub- contractors and of all manu- factured items are checked by the architect; they are then re-checked with the foreman and the project engineer. When finally approved, they are sent to the sub-contractors and to the manufacturers for fabrica- tion. Only the best materials are being used in the con- struction of the temple. The concrete is being mixed right on the site to insure the quality of the mix — highest quality sand and gravel having been obtained and blended with the right amount of water. An ad- mixture has been included to damp-proof the concrete and make the mix more workable. In addition, as the concrete enters the forms, it is vibrated by a power machine to distribute the concrete to all parts of the forms and around the steel. The exterior foundation walls of reinforced concrete will be faced with a base of granite veneer two and one-half inches thick, attached to the foundation with anchors set in the concrete. The exterior walls, also of reinformed concrete, will be faced with a two and one-fourth inch thick slab of reinforced high-strength concrete of quartz chips and white Portland cement. Most of these slabs are eight feet wide and seven feet high. The temple will be crowned with a statue of the THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Note depth of the structural steel columns. Forms have been removed from walls. Pouring the first floor. Angel Moroni of hammered copper coated with gold leaf. Almost everyone who comes here agrees that this is a choice site for a temple in Los Angeles. The first floor of the temple will be about fifty feet above Santa Monica Boulevard. The reflecting pool court enclosed within the protecting arms of the annex and the promenade extending in front of this will be above all surrounding immediate neighborhoods. On account of this elevation and by careful planting, the grounds around the temple and extending as far north as the Westwood Ward can be isolated. With the elevation, the setting, and with the mountains and ocean in view in the background, we feel that a type of spiritual isolation can be attained on these temple grounds much as though they were surrounded by a wall. Although it would be difficult to detect architectural influence of the South Pacific in the design for the temple, I am sure that if one looked closely enough, the honest faith of the Polynesians could be found in the solid walls as, during the planning stages, the writer's heart was divided between two great loves: the love of the temple work and the love of the work in the South Pacific. We believe the proper way to identify a building is not to explain its style of architecture but to point out its individuality and describe its character. We do not speak of the style of the Tabernacle on Temple Square in Salt Lake City. We admire its character. We know, those of us who are acquainted with build- ing principles, that it is a living testimony to the truth- fulness of the restored gospel. No engineer, no archi- tect is brave enough to build without the direction of the Lord, who led the early leaders of our Church to build as the Tabernacle was built. Would it not be well to say that this Los Angeles Temple is 1953 archi- tecture? It is influenced by the materials used and by the method of construction. It is built of concrete, a material which is flexible. It can be molded in any shape, and the surfaces can be pierced as often as neces- sary without excessive cost. As the building grows, it will take on or assume its character. It has been said that a building, religious or public, is a history in stone of the people who built it. We have been instructed by the General Authorities of the Church to design and build a good building. The Los Angeles city building inspectors tell us it will be one of the best, if not the best, buildings in the city. We hope the temple will express the integrity, faith, and spirit of the L.D.S. people of today. Building the second story. Working model of one of the approaches fronting on Santa Monica Boulevard. APRIL 1953 Architect's model of the adjoining buildings: Bureau of Infor- mation, Mission Home, heating plant, and utility building. 227 The Beginning of the Blessing by Archibald F. Bennett SECRETARY, GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY |ur Lord and Savior came per- sonally to earth to introduce temple work. His eyes were as a flame of fire, and his countenance shone above the brightness of the sun, in the Kirtland Temple, as his voice declared: . . . lift up your heads and rejoice. Let the hearts of your brethren rejoice, and let the hearts of all my people rejoice, who have, with their might, built this house to my name. . . . Yea the hearts of thousands and tens of thousands shall greatly rejoice in conse- quence of the blessings which shall be poured out, and the endowment with which my servants have been endowed in this house. And the fame of this house shall spread to foreign lands; and this is the beginning of the blessing which shall be poured out upon the heads of my people.1 Following this divine introduction, Elijah the prophet appeared and re- stored the sealing powers of the priesthood, with the authority to turn the hearts of the fathers to the chil- dren, and the children to the fathers. As a direct consequence of these visitations on April 3, 1836, the cor- nerstone of the Salt Lake Temple was 1D. & C. 110:5-6, 9-10. laid seventeen years later, on April 6, 1853. On that historic day the minds of the Saints in the Salt Lake Valley must have been reminiscent. With Wilford Woodruff they must have re- called that, on their first view of the valley, thoughts of pleasant meditation ran in rapid succession through our minds at the anticipation that not many years hence the House of God would be established in the mountains and exalted above the hills.2 The first sermon on July 25, 1847, by Elder George A. Smith, was "a very interesting discourse" on the building of a temple in the tops of the mountains. They remembered the words of Isaiah.3 The very first building planned for the new city to be was the temple. Now the work had actually com- menced. The occasion was more momentous than any uninspired man could realize. It was a day of ful- filment as well as the beginning of a new era. President Brigham Young addressed the gathered throng. 2Cowley: Life of Wilford Woodruff, p. 313. 3Isaiah, 2:2-3. . . . what are we here for, this day? To celebrate the birthday of our religion! To lay the foundation of a temple to the Most High God, so that when his Son, our Elder Brother, shall again appear, he may have a place where he can lay his head .... and the temple, of which we have now laid the southeast corner stone, will arise in beauty and grandeur, in a manner and time which you have not hitherto known or con- templated. . . . May it remain in peace till it has done its work, and until he who has inspired our hearts to fulfil the prophecies of his holy Prophets, that the house of the Lord should be reared in the "tops of the mountains" shall be satisfied, and say, "It is enough."* Clearly here was to be a temple with a mission of supreme importance. "The placing of the cornerstones was celebrated as an accomplished triumph, though but a beginning."5 It was a still mightier triumph when, forty years later, the Salt Lake Tem- ple was dedicated. The rejoicing of the Saints was voiced in the dedicatory prayer by President Wilford Wood- ruff, April 6, 1893. The prayer re- vealed the twofold nature of the mis- sion of the temple — of all temples — for the blessing of the living and the blessing of the dead. Truly the liv- iDiscourses of Brigham Young, pp. 632, 640, 641. "Talmage: The House of the Lord, p. 139. Approximately sixteen million cards are now in these files of the index bureau. Here employees are checking so that tem- ple ordinances will not be duplicated. 228 Brigham Young University students reading microfilm on the Kodagraph machines. The Genealogical Office has about eighty of these machines. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Another busy department is the archives, bers have sent in their family group sheets. Here Church mem- Students of B.Y.U. checking their own genealogical lines in the library. ing had great cause to rejoice. So also had the uncounted dead. At another session of the dedication serv- ices President Woodruff announced: There is a mighty work before this people. The eyes of the dead are upon us. This ded- ication is acceptable in the eyes of the Lord. The spirits on the other side rejoice far more than we do, because they know more than we do of what lies before the great work of God in this last dispensation. . . . The Son of God stands in the midst of that body of celestial spirits, and teaches them their duties concerning the day in which we live and the dedication of this temple, and instructs them what they must do to prepare and qualify themselves to go with him to the earth when he comes. . . * On this centennial of the com- mencement of the Salt Lake Temple it is opportune to glance back and view some of the accomplishments, since that day, in ancestral research and in temple service, in fulfilment of our great latter-day mission. Truly the hearts of tens of thou- sands and hundreds of thousands of the living have rejoiced because of the blessings and spiritual power poured out upon those who have gone to the Salt Lake Temple and other temples of the west within the last hundred years. The number is ever increasing of those whose lives are hallowed by participation in sacred temple service. These have learned a more devoted appreciation of their fathers and mothers of former genera- tions. They have found greater hap- piness in their families, in their com- munities and in all the duties of life. The spirits of millions of the dead have rejoiced in the spirit world be- cause of what has been done in their behalf. The temples have brought within their grasp the greatest of nA Book of Remembrance, pp. 81-82. APRIL 1953 all blessings — that of eternal life in the celestial kingdom. In fervent gratitude their hearts have turned to their children on earth, who have remembered them in their hour of need. New and choice generations of young folk are being born as children of the covenant, heirs to all the bless- ings of the new and everlasting cove- nant, heirs to the priesthood and its powers, the highly favored offspring of faithful men and women who have helped found and maintain the Church in these latter- days — because the parents were married and sealed in the temples of the Lord according to his pattern. Countless are the earnest re- searchers of the world, raised up by the Lord to seek out and make avail- able their genealogies — and ours. Each year the number of published genealogies increases. Compilers are seeking to observe a higher standard of accuracy and scholarship in their productions. About fifty thousand bound volumes of such genealogical records are now in our library. More marvelous yet, our microfilm collection of unpublished records of the past, from seventeen states of the Union and thirteen foreign countries, is already of impressive magnitude. The Genealogical Society has filmed about 120,000,000 pages of these rec- ords, the equivalent of about 390,000 volumes. In this copying we have used approximately five thousand miles of film. On every hand are increasing evi- dences of a widespread interest in an- (Continued on page 292) Seminary students from Logan signing the register before beginning a day at the genealogical library. 229 ANCIENT TEMPLES AND THEIR USES by Sidney B. Sperry, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE AND DIRECTOR OF RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION, BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Sow early in the history of man- kind were temples built to the Lord? Was the temple of Solomon, for example, the earliest known structure in which holy en- dowments were given to men? The answers to these and similar ques- tions are not always easy, but we do have data that may lead us to some reasonable conclusions. We know that Adam stands at the head of the human race and that he stands next to the Savior himself as far as the keys of the priesthood are concerned.1 Knowledge of this fact makes it reasonable to suppose that Father Adam was acquainted with all the ordinances necessary for the sal- vation of mankind. His knowledge would necessarily comprehend those ordinances now performed in our present temples. It should be noted that the Prophet Joseph Smith, in speaking of Adam, said that "he was the first and father of all, not only by progeny, but the first to hold the spiritual blessings, to whom was made known the plan of ordinances for the salvation of his posterity unto the end. . . . "2 The sealing ordinances of the Holy Priesthood, including those pertaining to marriage, must have been known to Adam and the great patriarchs that succeeded him. It would be foolish to doubt that some, if not all, of the holy endow- ments were known to and conferred upon these men. Note the import of these words of the Prophet Joseph Smith: It may seem to some to be a very bold doctrine that we talk of — a power which records or binds on earth and binds in heaven. Nevertheless, in all ages of the world, whenever the Lord has given a dis- pensation of the priesthood to any man by actual revelation, or any set of men, this power has always been given. Hence, what- soever those men did in authority, in the name of the Lord, and did it truly and faithfully, and kept a proper and faithful record of the same, it became a law on earth and in heaven, and could not be an- nulled, according to the decrees of the great Jehovah.3 The reader should also examine the explanations given for figures 3, 7, and 8 in the second facsimile pub- 3D. & C. 128:9. lished in the Book of Abraham, if there remains any doubt in his mind that the ancient patriarchs had re- vealed to them many important facts pertaining to the holy endowments for the living. Doctrine and Cove- nants 132:29, 38, 39 must also con- firm the conviction that the ancients knew and received many blessings, the like of which are now to be had only in our temples. Why should the requirements for salvation be any different for the ancient patriarchs than for ourselves? If endowments for the living were known and enjoyed by the ancient patriarchs, it seems a reasonable as- sumption that they were administered in some sacred structure or temple built for that specific purpose, even as among us. Much of this same line of reasoning must have been go- ing through President Brigham Young's mind at the dedication of Dr. Schick's reconstruction of the Tabernacle of Moses. aSee Joseph Fielding Smith, Teachings Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 158, 167-169. -Ibid., p. 167. 230 of the Dr. Schick's reconstruction of the interior of the Tabernacle of Moses. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Solomon's Temple (Dr. Schick's reconstruction) Zerubbabel's Temple (Dr. Schick's reconstruction) certain portions of the St. George Temple, when he said, "I will not say that Enoch had not temples in which he officiated. His people be- came so perfect that the Lord took them to another place that removed them from the presence of the wicked."4 Although it seems logical to believe that the ancients prior to Moses' time had temples or sacred structures of some kind in which en- dowments were given, there are no specific references in scripture to them. Many ancient peoples had temples, though we can be sure that the rites performed in most, if not all, of them were rank perversions or outright imi- tations of the true order unless per- formed under the direction or sanc- tion of the patriarchs holding the priesthood after the Order of the Son of God. As an example of peoples with temples, we may call attention to the ancient Egyptians. The *See Matthias F. Cowley, Life of Wilford Woodruff, p. 494. Egyptians were noted for the great number of their gods and goddesses, all having their respective priesthoods. Especially noted for the elaborate nature of their priesthoods were the cults of Osiris, Horus, Re, Ptah, Neit, Anubis, Hathor, Min, Soker, Amun, and others. In the annals of the Palermo Stone,5 temples are men- tioned as already founded during the Second Egyptian Dynasty (c. 2800 B.C.). The ordinary Egyptian word for temple was h.t ntr, "house of god," but the appellation pr-ntr, with the same meaning, was also common. Every Egyptian god had his "house," wherein he dwelt and where he was worshiped; indeed, some deities, such as Osiris (or Horus) had many — one in almost every town or city. During the Fifth Dynasty (c. 2200 B.C.) were built the first great Egyp- tian temples of Re near Memphis. These huge edifices, six in number and built of stone, were open to the 5This is a small piece of black diorite containing annals from the beginning of the First Dynasty. sky. They were rectangular in shape, as were most Egyptian temples. Dr. Mercer describes their arrange- ment in these words: In a central court stood a mastaba, sur- mounted by a huge and massive obelisk of white stone, in front of which was an altar, or table of offerings. . . . Lofty walls, adorned with scenes, shut off the sacred building from the street. In front, inside the walls, was a large outer court. Then a gateway, between two large pylons, admitted to the inner court, which was open to the sky. Then another doorway, opposite the great gateway, led into the hypostyle hall. This hall, fitted with many vast pillars, was the processional hall. Then came the holy of holies, a dark, narrow chamber where the deity dwelt. None but the priests were admitted to it. In the holy of holies was a small shrine or naos with double doors, inside which was a richly decorated boat, containing a statue of the deity. Sometimes there were three or more holy of holies, or temple-chapels.8 Egyptian temples were generally of two types: those which were used for «The Religion of Egypt, pp. 342, 343. (Continued on page 254) The Dome of the Rock APRIL 1953 Justinian's Basilica and Church (Dr. Schick's reconstruction) 231 three UTAH TEMPLES n August 1863 a large number of youths lined the road on the outskirts of the frontier city of Logan in anticipa- tion of greeting the President of the Church, the Twelve Apostles, and other prominent elders of the Church who were coming to hold a conference. It was indeed an im- pressive sight for these brethren. During the conference sessions the next day, Elder Wil- ford Woodruff arose to speak and chose to address these same young people. Prompted by the Spirit, he promised that they would be privileged to work in the temple which would be constructed on the east bench of the city some- time after they had become parents in Israel and several of their present leaders had entered the spirit world. The site for this temple was designated by President Brig- ham Young and was dedicated by Elder Orson Pratt on May 17, 1877. The Logan Temple cornerstones were laid under the direction of President John Taylor of the Council of the Twelve, September 17, 1877, three weeks after Presi- dent Brigham Young's passing. When Elder Woodruff visited Logan in the summer of 1880, he spoke of the partially completed temple on the hill, recalling that before he had made that promise to those young people seventeen years before, "we never thought of building a temple here." (Journal of Discourses XXL299.) The Logan Temple was dedicated by President John Taylor May 17, 1884, the Saints having finished their labor of love in a seven-year construction period. Much of the labor had been donated; much of the material had come from the natural resources in the area. The Logan Temple stands today on a beautifully landscaped ten- acre block. The temple proper is 171 feet long, 95 feet wide, and 86 feet high at the square, with an octagonal tower at each corner, 100 feet high, and a large square tower at each end. The tower at the west end is 165 feet high, and the one at the east is 170 feet. The rock used for the walls was brought from mountain quarries nearby, and is a very dark gray silicious limestone. The lumber for the building was obtained from Logan Canyon, and prepared at the temple sawmill especially installed for that purpose. It is a five story edifice. \\Thile visiting the Saints at Manti in August 1850, Presi- dent Brigham Young pointed out a site where a temple would someday be built. It was he who dedicated the spot (Continued on page 271) 232 A. George Raymond Lewis R. Anderson Harold S- Snow THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Early Houses of the Lord n the infancy of the latter-day Church, the Saints were commanded to "establish a house, even a house of prayer, a house of fasting, a house of faith, a house of learning, a house of glory, a house of order, a house of God." (D. & C. 88:119.) In obedience to this, the Kirtland Temple was constructed, at a time when severe mob violence was directed at the Church and its mem- bership. The building was dedicated March 27, 1836, by the Prophet Joseph Smith using a prayer that had been given him by revelation. This prayer, section 109 of the Doctrine and Covenants, has been the model for the dedicatory prayers of the other temples. The build- ing will always be cherished in the hearts of Latter-day Saints as where Jesus Christ appeared to the Prophet Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery "standing upon the breastwork of the pulpit, . . . and under his feet was a paved work of pure gold, in color like amber." (D. & C. 110:2.) He had accepted the house. After that vision closed, Moses appeared and committed the "keys of the gathering of Israel from the four parts of the earth, and the leading of the ten tribes from the land of the north." The third vision was that of Elias who "committed the dispensation of the gospel of Abraham, saying that in us and our seed all generations after us should be blessed." Finally Elijah appeared in fulfilment of the prophecy of Malachi. After the Church was driven from Ohio, the building was denied; benches were removed for firewood; cattle, sheep, and swine were placed in the basement to pro- tect them from inclement weather; other portions of the once-holy place were used at the convenience of the vil- lagers. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints obtained the title to this temple by court decision and have restored the building. It is used by them as a meeting place. For a baptismal font there is not upon the earth, that they, my saints, may be baptized for those who are dead — For this ordinance belongeth to my house, and cannot be acceptable to me, only in the days of your poverty, wherein ye are not able to build a house unto me. But I command you, all ye my saints, to build a house unto me; . . . (D. & C. 124:29-31.) 'X'hus came the revelation of the Lord on January 19, 1841. Obedient to that command, the cornerstones for the temple were laid at Nauvoo, April 6, 1841. Before it was completed, the Prophet had sealed his testimony with his blood at Carthage, Illinois. Nevertheless, on Wednesday, May 4, 1842, the Prophet had taken a select few into the upper part of his store in Nauvoo, . . . instructing them in the principles and order of the priest- hood, attending to washings, anointings, endowments and the com- munication of keys pertaining to the Aaronic Priesthood, and so on to the highest order of the Melchizedek Priesthood, setting forth ' the order pertaining to the Ancient of Days, and all those plans and principles by which any one is enabled to secure the fulness of those blessings which have been prepared for the Church of the First Born, and come up and abide in the presence of the Eloheim in the eternal worlds. In this council was instituted the ancient order of things for the first time in these last days. (D. H. C.:V. 2.) Nauvoo Temple from an actual photograph. This edifice was raised in the words of President Brigham Young: "By the aid of sword in one hand, and trowel and hammer in the other, with firearms at hand, and a strong band of police, and the blessings of heaven." (journal of Discourses, 11:32.) In December 1845 endowment work began, and by the end of that month more than one thousand members had received its blessings, 107 of them receiving the sacred ordinance on Christmas Day. Ordinance work continued for several months, many of the Saints receiving the spiritual strength that was to aid them all during their lives. The building was dedicated on April 30, 1846 and again on the following day. In September 1846 this sacred building was in posses- sion of the mobs, and for two years this once hallowed structure stood as an abandoned building. Then in November 1848, it fell prey to the wanton act of an (Continued on page 270) APRIL 1953 233 by President Levi Edgar Young OF THE FIRST COUNCIL OF THE SEVENTY THE ANGEL MORONI AND CMS DALLIN !he Angel Moroni on the central | spire of the Salt Lake Temple (has won admirers from all over the world. It conveys a beautiful story with precision and deep sin- cerity. It has been called a superb statue to the divine message of Re- ligion, for it recalls the words of John the Revelator: And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judg- ment is come; and worship him that made heaven and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. (Revelation 14:6-7.) It is certainly a statue full of sug- gestion— a work of rare beauty. It is the story of the coming from heaven of the Angel Moroni to Joseph Smith that gave Cyrus Dallin the inspira- tion for making the angel. It was his nature to wonder about the divine life of man, and he was impressed with the great characters of history who at times speak the words of God and enact God's holy purposes. When Dallin read about the visit of the angel to Joseph Smith, directing him in the discovery of the gold plates, he saw something of the eternal and divine in the story. He often quoted Michelangelo: "Beauty cannot be separated from eternity." As one looks at the angel, one is im- pressed with the thought that Dallin caught the spirit of the words of John the Revelator. One beautiful summer morning a few years ago I was seated with Mr. Dallin on the stone curbing which surrounds the Sea Gull Monument on Temple Square. We had listened to 234 the organ recital, played that day by the late John J. McCIellan. It was Sunday, and the theme of the speaker during the hour of service was : "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thy- self." (See Matt. 22:37, 39.) He was greatly impressed with the services that morning. Our conversation drifted to his bronze statue of the American Indian which is called "The Appeal to the Great Spirit." The Indian is seated on his pony, with arms outstretched and his face lifted appealingly to heaven. The statue stands in front of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. There is something universal in its grand appeal. As we were conversing, I asked him if he had ever done anything that equaled his "Appeal to the Great Spirit." His reply was one of the most thrilling things I ever experienced. "Yes," said he, "I considered that- my 'Angel Moroni' brought me nearer to God than anything I ever did. It seemed to me that I came to know what it means to commune with angels from heaven." We both sat quietly for some minutes without saying a word, when he added: "We can only create in life what we are and what we think." Cyrus E. Dallin was born in Springville, Utah, November 22, 1861. His father, Thomas Dallin, was a miner in Tintic, Utah. Later the family moved from Springville to the town of Silver City. Cyrus at- tended a school held in a small church building, and as a mere child he be- gan modeling the individual miners on their way to work. Mr. C. H. Blanchard with Levi E. Riter, who The Angel Moroni on the central spire of the Salt Lake Temple. kept a store in Silver City, urged that the boy be sent away to study. The well-known mining man, Mr. Joab Lawrence, contributed the means to pay the boy's expenses. In Boston, young Dallin became the student of the well-known sculptor, T. H. Bart- lett, where he remained for nearly two years. His first piece to bring him attention was a drawing of a panther from which several copies in terra cotta were made. One of these was exhibited in the fine arts depart- ment of the Salt Lake Fair in 1880 and was awarded first prize. In Boston, after four years of study, the young artist modeled a bust of Voltaire, the French philosopher. Opening a studio, his first statue was that of the comedian William War- ren, which brought high praise from the celebrated actor Joseph Jefferson. Dallin's work from now on received the attention of many people. At THE IMPROVEMENT ERA this time he modeled his Paul Revere, but owing to some misunderstanding, it was not finished and accepted by the city of Boston until nearly fifty years later. It was finally placed on the public square just opposite the old North Church, and the mayor of Boston paid high tribute to the sculp- tor and the work he had done to perpetuate the ideals of America. Mr. Dallin had the training and force of imagination which gave him power to grasp and interpret the many great characters of American history. His "Abraham Lincoln" portrays the humble and powerful character of the great American. His many crea- tions of the American Indian show study and care and an admiration for the native American. All of his art has been largely of a memorial character. Dallin was well-trained as a sculptor, and the years he spent in Paris studying at the most celebrated schools of art brought him well- deserved fame. Among his friends, and they were many, were Rodin, the greatest French sculptor of that day, St. Gaudens, and Daniel French. It may well be written of him: He felt strongly that an American artist should occupy himself with Ameri- can subjects, and to that end should work in his own country. Coming home to Salt Lake City, he created the Brigham Young Monument which was unveiled the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Utah, July 24, 1847. It was a grand celebration and pioneers of the period up to 1869 came from all over Utah to partici- pate in the celebration. The statue of Massasoit, which overlooks the harbor at Plymouth, Massachusetts, has attracted all Amer- icans. It expresses a significant historical fact, for it was a part of Massasoit's country where the Pil- grim Fathers made settlement in 1620. When the great Indian chief heard of the settlement, he sent occasionally some of his men to observe their activ- ities. We have the accounts of Massa- soit's meeting the Pilgrim Fathers when a treaty was entered into, which stipulated that neither Massasoit nor any of his people would "do hurt to the English." The Indians planted corn in fields nearby, and gave it to the settlers. The creation of Dallin's Massasoit came after many months of careful study of his life, from old writings of the Pilgrim Fathers and the English fishermen along the coast. A statue in Philadelphia that touches the heart of everyone who sees it is that of Anne Hutchinson with her little daughter. A deep sup- plication to God in the expression of Three of Dallin's famous works: Lincoln, Brigham Young Monument, and Massa- soit, original of which stands in Plymouth. her face shows that His truth shall prevail in the hearts of men. Her life is one of the saddest of the early- day American women. Anne Hutchin- son belonged to one of the best fami- lies of the English gentry, but she left her home and came to America in 1635. Her maiden name was Anne Marbury. Her husband was William Hutchinson, a true and loyal husband, and Anne was a de- voted wife and the mother of fourteen children. She, with Roger Williams, was banished from the Massachusetts colony, and helped to settle Rhode Island. Historians tell us that Rhode Island was the only colony where complete religious freedom existed. After the death of her husband, Anne sought shelter among the tolerant Dutch in New Amsterdam. She es- tablished her home on a tract of land claimed by the Mohegans; the In- dians avenged themselves for this in- trusion by massacring the intruders, except one little girl whom they car- ried off. She was rescued years later by the whites and became the an- cestor of Thomas Hutchinson, the Tory governor of Massachusetts at the beginning of the American Revolution. It was only a few years ago that Dallin died in Arlington, just out- side of Boston. (Concluded on page 268) ROMANCE OF TEMPLE BUILDING by Marba C. Josephson ASSOCIATE MANAGING EDITOR, THE IMPROVEMENT ERA atter-day Saint temples have been constructed by a people who, while struggling for the we" necessities of life, have refused to be bound by earthly motives. Their ideals were for an eternity- of happi- ness, regardless of the sacrifices they might have to make to gain them. Temple covenants meant that eternal happiness; therefore, temples they must have. Brigham Young recognized this when he spoke to the people of the St. George Stake November 5, 1871: "We want to build a temple here, and we can do this. You may take the people of St. George or you may take the little settlements of Wash- ington, Harrisburg, and Leeds, and I will say that the people of St. George or the people of those little settle- ments are better able to build the contemplated temple in St. George than the whole Church could build the temple in Kirtland or than the whole Church could build the temple in Nauvoo. I was there; I knew the circumstances of the Church at the building of the temple at Kirtland and at Nauvoo, and I know the cir- cumstances of the people in St. George and those settlements named. "When in Kirtland, at the com- mencement of building the Kirtland Temple, the Church used to meet in a schoolhouse 16 by 24 feet, which was capacious enough to hold all the Saints and spectators and visitors; they then undertook to build a tem- ple. Joseph Smith and Brigham Young worked on that building day after day; also many others did so. They did not have much fine flour bread to eat. Did not always have molasses to eat with their johnny cake. Sometimes they had shoes, sometimes not; sometimes they would have tolerable pants and sometimes very ragged ones. "It was about the same experience in building the Nauvoo Temple." Not all the stories of privation and hardship can be told about the build- ing of the temples in these latter days, but always there was privation and real hardship. Temporary pleasures and luxuries they could not have — but poor as they were, they could build for a, future happiness that would be everlasting. One of the men who worked on the St. George Temple, for instance, Nauvoo from an early print. Mississippi River in foreground. ~] moved to Southern Utah and settled the town of Virgin late in December 1862. He made a dugout for his home and lived in it while he built the first houses in Virgin. He also built a loom to weave cloth and made caskets. By 1871 he had built him- self and his family a home and had made a large rocking chair and three common chairs with canvas seats for that home. The timber for those chairs he brought from Zion's Can- yon. All the tools he had to make the chairs were his pocketknife and his drawing knife. In 1876 he spent most of his time doing carpenter work on the St. George Temple donation.1 Without even the comforts of a home, these men and women made their donations to the temples wherever they were built. As one writer stated about the building of the Salt Lake Temple, so it was true for all temples: "As a people, old and young, rich and poor, high and low, they with- held not of their substance that was required to attain the desired end."2 June 18, 1835, the Prophet Joseph Smith recorded in his History of the Church: "Nine-hundred and fifty dollars were subscribed for the tem- ple, by the Saints in Kirtland. Great anxiety was manifested to roll on the work."3 They worked in good weather and bad, so anxious were they to com- plete the "House of the Lord." Even the Prophet marveled at the faith of the Saints, for he wrote of one' of them, "He is still continuing the work, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather."4 The growing worth of temples to the Saints can be ascertained by the materials that were used in them. The Kirtland Temple was built of plaster and hard finish — "commenced on the 2nd of November, 1835, and finished this day [January 8, 1836]. "5 As they learned the importance of temple work, they built for the perpe- tuity of the edifices. The Saints wished the buildings to take on the permanence of the covenants they represented. As a tribute to their foresight the Kirtland Temple still stands; the stones quarried for the Nauvoo Temple are extant; and the other temples are in almost daily use 236 Weart Throbs of the West, Vol. 12, pp. 397-8. 2The Contributor, Vol. 14, p. 282. sHistory of the Church, Joseph Smith, Vol. 2, p. 234. *Idem, p. 363. Hdem, p. 363. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA — a testimony to the faith of those who built them at great sacrifice to themselves. Each of the temples has called for special qualities from those who labored to build them. Before the black volcanic rock could be obtained to drive down with heavy pile drivers to make the bottom hard enough to sustain the superstructure of the St. George Temple, a road had to be built along the ridge at the cost of between three and four thousand dol- lars. Then since the rock was in large boulders, it had to be quarried with drills, slips, and wedges. Thus the project was an expensive one — but one that the Church members would not willingly forego, since the blessings would far outweigh the hardships. The contributions were "in kind": that is, they were what the people had. Eggs laid on Sunday in Manti and the other Sanpete Stake towns were called "temple eggs" and were donated for that purpose. In Manti the women aided by carding wool, making homespun cloth, homemade quilts, shirts, trousers, socks, hats, and gloves. They churned butter and made cheese which they donated for the building fund. Their hus- bands gave labor as well as making cash contributions. The president of the stake gave $10,000 as well as contributing a $1000 picture which still hangs in the Manti Temple. The pay was also in kind, the workmen receiving these things to sustain life while they donated their services to the erection of the temples. Those who had anything at all gave to in- sure the erection of the temples. The Manti Temple posed its Night view of the Salt Lake Temple, with the Capitol dome in the distance. problem also, for as is recorded in their stake history: "On the 19th [November 1877] four elders visited Manti and ex- amined the site for the temple and the work done and in progress there- on. While there they witnessed the explosion of a blast of 375 pounds of powder, which was placed in the form of a T, 20 feet in the mountain, to prepare the site for the temple, the face of the rock and earth before the blast being 22 feet perpendicular. When the explosion took place, it lifted the body of the earth about twelve feet and flung it in fragments upon the plateau, leaving about 3000 yards ready to be loaded into "6 Interior view of the Kirtland Temple. APRIL 1953 wagons In addition the question of getting water for the Manti Temple pre- sented a problem: "... it would be necessary to get the piping to carry the water onto the temple ground, which would cost from $2500 to $3000. It would take an earnest effort to gather this means. * * * A constant stream of men and means should be flowing toward the temple." It was difficult in Manti also since the place was subject to cloudbursts, and the floods were devastating in their intensity, often leaving mud, rock, and debris in their wake. The building of the Logan Temple had necessitated much work also. As the stake reports [Oct. 28, 1877] : 8Unpublished, Church Historian's Office. "The erection of the temple, the completion of the tabernacle, and the erection of the woolen factory engages our attention at present and will doubtless do so until their final com- pletion. The work upon the Logan Temple has progressed thus far as well as the most sanguine could ex- pect under the circumstances. The north extension is about ready for the roof, and the side walls of the temple are above the ground, the immense thickness of the walls at the founda- tion requiring a great amount of rock and mortar. A sawmill will soon be running for the purpose of sawing lumber for the temple, and prepara- tions are being made to quarry and haul rock during the winter, and from the appearance of arrangements the work in all its departments, so far as practicable, will be vigorously pushed during the winter months. It is very gratifying to a person in- terested in the great work of the last days to see the alacrity with which the people take hold of the labor in ques- tion, and to witness the union that is manifested in that direction.* * * "On or about the first of March 1886, rumors reached those in this city that the sawmill known as the Temple Mill was burned. It was not thought safe, however, to send any- one to investigate on account of snow- slides, until recently, when two men were sent up the canyon to ascertain (Continued from page 264) 237 (C. ..All Over This Land of Joseph:. ." By Albert L. Zobell, Jr. RESEARCH EDITOR, THE IMPROVEMENT ERA ... a thousand years will be devoted to this work of redemption; and temples will appear all over this land of Joseph — North and South America — and also* in Europe and elsewhere. . . . (J. D. 19:229-230, September 16, 1877.) I uilt on an eminence commanding a view of the !H Pacific Ocean is the Hawaiian Temple of the Church. This temple is primarily for the Poly- nesian members — some of whom save for a lifetime for the privilege of coming to the island of Oahu, and enter- ing the house of the Lord, there to take upon themselves the ordinances and the blessings which are theirs in the temple. President Goerge Q. Cannon who as a young man in 1850 was one of those privileged to open up Hawaii for the gospel message, returned in 1900, for the golden jubilee of that event. At that time he told congrega- tions at both Laie and Honolulu that the time would soon come when they, in the islands, would have a temple in which to perform the ordinances necessary for the salvation of the living and of the dead. President Joseph F. Smith, himself an early mission- ary to Hawaii, accompanied by Elder Reed Smoot of the Council of the Twelve and Presiding Bishop Charles Williard L. Smith, President of the Canadian Temple. 238 Ralph E. Woolley, President of the Hawaiian Temple. W. Nibley, visited that mission in 1915, and while there, June 1, 1915, President Smith selected a temple site, some thirty- two miles north of Honolulu, on the Laie plantation, which the Church had purchased in 1865. The Polynesian Saints did much of the construction work. The building is of concrete made from the crushed lava rock of the area. It is built in the shape of a Grecian cross, and measures 102 feet from east to west and 78 feet from north to south. It rises to a height of 50 feet. President Heber J. Grant dedicated the building on Thanksgiving day, November 27, 1919. He is the only elder who has been privileged to dedicate three Latter- day Saint temples, and by coincidence, these three, Hawaiian, Alberta, and Arizona, are the only three which have been erected without towers. The accompanying grounds are beautifully landscaped with tropical vegetation and with appropriate figures cast in metal and stone. Laie, the temple-crowned city in Hawaii, before the coming of the white man, was a place of refuge where the natives could retire in time of danger. Since the building of the temple, Laie has become a place of spiritual refuge. One of the first sites to be designated by the Latter- day Saint pioneers of western Canada that summer of 1887 was an eight- acre tabernacle square which was given to the Church by President Charles Ora Card, the colony's leader. The prairie-land community on Lees Creek, just south of the surveyed boundary of the Blood Indian reservation, soon came to be known as Cardston. On July 27, 1913, President Joseph F. Smith dedicated this square as a temple site, the first to be built outside of the United States. Ground was broken that November 9, and on September 19, 1915, Elder David O. McKay of the Council of the Twelve directed the cornerstone cere- monies. President Heber J. Grant dedicated the com- pleted temple August 26, 1923. As one approaches the town of Cardston from any THE IMPROVEMENT ERA direction, the large, white straight lines of the temple, which is built upon a rise of ground, are the first things that attract the eye. The building is constructed of a light gray granite from the quarries at Nelson, British Columbia. It is built in a Maltese cross design, and is 118 feet square. The double approach from the west leads up broad granite steps toward large ornamental steel gates. An outside fish pond, about 12 x 30 feet, between these two approaches, is fed by a stream of water falling from a solid granite wall. On this wall is an artistic frieze of cast concrete depicting the Savior offering the woman of Samaria living water as he greets her at the well. (See John 4.) Knowing the purpose of this and the other temples of the Church, one contemplates again the words written by the late Elder Orson F. Whitney of the Council of the Twelve: Hearts must be pure to come within these walls Where spreads a feast unknown to festive halls Freely partake, for freely God has given And taste the holy joys that tell of heaven. Here learn of him who triumphed o'er the grave, And unto men the keys the kingdom gave; Joined here by powers that past and present bind The living and the dead perfection find. Tn Arizona's Valley of the Sun, at Mesa, stands the Arizona Temple, in an area first noted by Church members as they marched west with the Mormon Battalion in 1846, as part of the armed forces of the Mexican War. It wasn't until the late seventies, however, that the care- fully worked-out Church colonization program planted a colony in this fertile but arid, area. The temple site was dedicated on November 28, 1921, by President Heber J. Grant. Ground was broken April 25, 1922, and the structure was finished in 1927. It is estimated that over two hundred thousand tourists and friends of the Church were conducted through this temple between the time of its completion and its dedi- cation, a practice long followed by the Church with a new temple. President Grant dedicated the Arizona Temple, October 23, 1927. The building is reinforced concrete. The north to * President Payne died March 8, 1953. south walls are each 128 feet long and the east to west walls, 184 feet. The foundation of the main building is 12 feet 6 inches thick and the walls, 3 feet 11 inches in thickness. In excess of one hundred thirty tons of steel were used to reinforce the concrete. The outside wall is faced with a glazed, cream-colored, "pulsichrome terra cotta" tile. At the four corners of the temple, in the frieze portion of the cornice, are sculptured panels de- picting the gathering of Israel from all nations in this dispensation. The height of the building is 55 feet. ' The structure is surrounded by a terrace built up four feet high, which together with the one -story temple annex, gives the building a terraced appearance similar to the temple of Herod. The building is located in the center of a twenty- acre tract, which is beautifully landscaped with the striking vegetation that that climate affords, including rare citrus trees and cacti. Long called the Lamanite Temple because of its close proximity to the homes of several Indian tribes, since 1946 it has become the scene of the annual temple ex- cursion of the Spanish speaking members of the Church. Tt was in March 1937 that the First Presidency stated that the Church was contemplating the erection of a temple in Idaho. Soon the announcement followed that the site had been selected adjacent to the Idaho Falls L.D.S. Hospital, near the banks of the Snake River. Here (Concluded on page 265) William L. Killpack, President of the Idaho Falls Temple. Harry L. Payne,* President of the Arizona Temple. APRIL 1953 239 Sites for Temples ^Several temple sites have been selected by the Church where the structures are yet to be built. And thus saith the Lord your God, if you will receive wisdom here is wisdom. Behold, the place which is now called Independence is the center place; and a spot for the tem- ple is lying westward, upon a lot which is not far from the court-house. (D. & C. 57:3.) Obedient to this revelation, the fol- lowing month, August 1831, the Prophet Joseph Smith proceeded to dedicate the spot for the Tem- ple, a little west of Independence, and there were also present Sidney Rigdon, Edward Partridge, W. W. Phelps, Oliver Cowdery, Martin Harris and Joseph Coe. The 87th Psalm was read. . . . The scene was solemn and impressive. (D. H. C. 1:199.) :s»i« Sites for Temples: Above, Far West, Missouri; left, Oakland, California; right, first temple site selected in Europe at Berne, Switzerland. But persecution was already an old story for the restored Church. The first temple was built at Kirtland, Ohio, and not Independence. But this temple in Jackson County, Mis- souri, will someday be reared, to be- come the center place of Zion. A temple site at Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri, was designated by revelation (see D. & C. 115) in April 1838. On July 4, 1838, the corner- stones were laid with solemn and im- pressive ceremony. Four days later the Prophet received the revelation for the Twelve to take leave of my saints in the city of Far West, on the twenty-sixth day of April next, on the building-spot of my house, saith the Lord. (D. & C. 118:5.) Enemies of the Church declared that here was one revelation of Joseph Smith that would fail. The Twelve were scattered, and Far West was in the hands of bitter apostates, who threatened to kill any of the Twelve who came. But at one o'clock in the morning of the designated day, seven of the Twelve Apostles held a con- ference on that temple site, and the master workman re-commenced lay- ing the foundation of the Lord's House. Special business was trans- acted by the conference, including the ordination of Elders Wilford Wood- ruff and George A. Smith as apostles. At the general conference, April 4, 1943, President Heber J. Grant an- nounced that the Church had acquired a temple site in Oakland, California. This temple will serve the Saints in the fast-growing stake and mission area of northern Cali- fornia. The site has been described Temple site at Independence, Missouri. as "at the foot of the Oakland hills overlooking the bay area. . . . The Golden Gate is directly west of the temple site." Easy access to this tem- ple will be had from San Francisco, Oakland, and the other cities of the bay area. One of the purposes of President David O. McKay's European visit during the summer of 1952 was the selection of a temple site to serve the Church members of the Old World. This was done at Berne, Switzerland. In the words of President McKay the location is "in an area just now be- ing subdivided and built up within the city limits of Berne. The three and one-half acres is on high ground, just at the end of a streetcar line in the southeast section of the city, just a short distance from a main high- way." IPllflll 240 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA SAIT LAKE TEMPLE INTERIORS Top: Celestial Room Bottom: Terrestrial Room — Photos by D. F. Davis. — Copyright 1937 by Heber J. Grant, Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Reproduction in full or in part expressly prohibited. APRIL 1953 241 Salt lake Temple Interiors, continued Two Views of the Main Assembly Room — Copyright 1937 by Heber ]. Grant, Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of fesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Reproduction in full or in part expressly prohibited. 242 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Top: Sealing Room for the Dead. Bottom: The Baptistry. —Copyright 1937 by Heber J. Grant, Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Reproduction in full or in part expressly prohibited. APRIL 1953 243 Salt lake Temple Interiors, continued Top: Council Room of the First Presidency and the Council of the Twelve, Center: The Garden Room. Bottom: The Archives, Temple Annex. 244 — Copyright 1937 by Heber ]. Grant, Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Reproduction in full or in part expressly prohibited. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA U&cJkSIMj; feed leaf-Packed hay the forkless way The camera moved up close to give you this Holstein's-eye view of nutritious roll-baled hay. See how the leaves are roll-pressed and stems are flattened. Packed with protein and carotene, they approach the feeding value of a concentrate feed. Three tons of early-cut, roll- baled alfalfa can equal a ton of protein meal — plus a ton of ground ear corn or grain. Sure you can make choice hay like this . • , t with a home-owned ROTO-BALER. Be ready to move . . . fast ... before hay is over-exposed to sun, dew, or rain. Rolled bales are weather-resistant. You can feed them whole, on the open range or in a feed rack. They're self-feeding. Hay is dispensed layer by layer without waste. Be weather-wise. Store plenty of rolled bales and you'll never be caught short on feed. Feed hay the forkless way — roll-baled — with the leaves rolled-in! :::: ,.,-,:■.■■■.: . . three tons of self'feeding Rolled Bales can equal two tons of ground feed ROTO-BALE ALUS CHALMERS ■ TRACTOR DIVISION MILWAUKEE 1. U. S. A ROTO-BALER is an Allis-Chalmers irademarK. The ROTO-BALER handles a wide, double windrow, cuts driving distance in half. APRIL 1953 245 Salt lake Temple Interiors, Continued Top: The World Room (Looking West) Center: The World Room (Looking East) Bottom: Lower Lecture Room 246 -Copyright 1937 by Heber ]. Grant, Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Reproduction in full or in part expressly prohibited. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA YOUR BEGINS THE MOMENT YOU STEP ABOARD! More than just "a way to get there," a trip on a Union Pacific train adds to the pleasure of your excursion. Leave all cares behind . . . take your choice of modern accommodations . . . rest as you ride in air-conditioned comfort. Through your window, watch a continually changing panorama unfold. When you feel like stretching your legs, stroll around — or enjoy the congenial atmosphere and hos* pitality in the lounge car. Visit the diner, where famous Union Pacific "meals that appeal" are courteously and at- tentively served. You will enjoy our fea- tured item for April — Baked Ham, with spiced wine-and-fruit sauce. Delicious! Yes, on your next trip — for fine food, fine trains, fine service — for extra fun, the moment you step aboard — go Union Pacific, For details and reservations see your near- est Union Pacific Railroad ticket agent. For Dependable Passenger and Freight Transportation Be Specific - - - SAY APRIL 1953 UNION PACIFIC 247 Salt Lake Temple Interiors, (Continued *X. mm Top: Council Room of the Twelve Apostles. Bottom: Assembly Room in the Temple Annex. -Copyright 1937 by Heber ]. Grant, Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Reproduction in full or in part expressly prohibited. 248 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA SPECIAL CONFERENCES, CLINICS, WORKSHOPS School Building Program A carefully prepared section on the con- struction of school buildings for school administrators, school board members, architects and other interested persons, which will feature Dr. Paul W, Seagers, School Building consultant of Indiana University. Dr. Seagers is nationally rec- ognized as a school building consultant. Radio-Television Workshop A special workshop in the use of radio and television in secondary and elementary courses. It is open to all interested per- sons, but is geared to those teaching this age group. I. Keith Tyler Home of Ohio State University and Edna L. Sterling from Seattle, Washington will appear as guest speakers during the sessions. Speech-Hearing Clinic A special workshop of interest to all teachers, particularly those in counseling, speech and hearing. Dr. Jon Eisenson, dir- ector of Speech at Green's College, New York; Mrs, Gee, State Office; Dr. Boyd Sheets and Burnett Anderson of the Un- iversity of Utah will participate in the workshop. Conservation Courses Two classes in conservation of natural resources will be taught under the subjects soils and botany, offering a total of 6 hours of college credit which can be applied toward a degree. With great accent now being placed on conservation, these courses will eminently prepare teachers for effective classes. om£& # 4eeK€6 vteui. f *> GMm, & point-of-view It is our point of view that school teachers need and deserve more than grad- uate class room activity as a vacation from their home rooms across the state. At Brigham Young University we endeavor to provide not only a strong academic program, but complete relaxation from the cares of the work-a- day world in order that teachers may get the most from a summer of graduate study. Our thrilling natural setting in the Wasatch Range provides a perfect study scene. Activities such as assemblies, dances and parties, plus the recrea- tional facilities of the West's most modern fieldhouse along with the world- famous events listed below, help demonstrate our Point of View toward a teacher's graduate education. LEADERSHIP WEEK MUSIC FESTIVAL TIMPANOGOS HIKE Leadership Week at the University has become a tradition throughout the west. During this annual event men and women of all ages, vo- cations, and educational backgrounds are invited to enjoy the facil- ities and services of the campus. Leaders of church, state and edu- cation are daily lecturers in religious and other fields. The fifteenth annual Music Festival will bring to the campus many great musicians and artists who will serve dually in concert and in the classroom. The world famous Paganim Quartet will again appear as a special feature of the festival. The frequent concerts by the Quartet and others will provide a delightful musical summer Here is an opportunity for mountaineers or plainsmen to participate in one of the country's most popular and thrilling hikes This famous hike to the top of 12,000 ft. Mt. Timpanogos is scheduled July 17 and 18. The conquering of the peak and the slide down America's southernmost glacier are experiences always to be remembered. FIRST TERM: June 15- July 17 SECOND TERM: July 20 - Aug. 21 FREE CATALOG: Write Dean of Summer School Brigham Young University P R O V O UTAH APRIL 1953 249 The Stick of JUDAH and the Stick of JOSEPH Part IV by Hugh Nibley, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, HISTORY AND RELIGION, BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY The sticks around which the scrolls of the law were rolled were always regarded as holy and treated as scepters.106 It will be recalled that nearly all commentators point out that the sticks of Ezekiel are in some way or other scepters. The scrolls of the Law were used by the kings of Judah as other kings used scepters, being "kept near his throne and car- ried into battle."107 "The scroll it- self," we are told, "is girded with a strip of silk and robed in a Mantle of the Law," while the wooden rod had a crown on its upper end, like the mace or scepter of a king. "Some scrolls," says the Jewish Encyclopedia, "have two crowns, one for each upper end."107 These honors show the Jewish scrolls of the Law are the same given to the royal herald's-staff or scepter in other parts of the world. "At the feast of the Oschophoria," at Athens, for example, "the herald's staff was crowned with garlands, but not the herald himself."108 As in the ancient North, "the staff was a wil- low bough always cut from a living tree, and was never allowed to wither or dry up" — which exactly recalls the blossoming rod of Aaron, which withered when Israel fell from grace.108 Among our Norse ancestors this rod was taken from place to place, and at each place to which it went, a roll-call was taken and a notch cut on the rod, which was the king's own staff. "The king was represented by the bailiff of the Hun- dred carrying a ward-staff. It was the staff (not the bailiff) which repre- sented majesty and received the honours."108 The peculiar honors bestowed upon the sticks of the Jewish Law -scrolls show by their nature that the sticks themselves were regarded originally as the bearers of the law. But once parchment had been rolled around these sticks (and the antiquity of this custom may be surmised from the fact that all official scrolls of the Law should be on the skin of wild beasts),109 could they still be brought together like tallies to make one stick? The accompanying illustration shows an actual application of this idea: to an edict of the Empress Wu, her successor, the Emperor Tai Tsung (763-779 A.D.) wished to add a sup- plement of his own, incorporating it in the original law. The two rolls, each with one stick in it, are here seen placed side by side and bound The two rolls, each with one stick in it, are here seen placed side by side and bound together as one by a silken cloth, just as the roll of the Jewish Law with its two sticks is "girded with a strip of silk." (After J. Lechler, Vom Hakenkreuz [Leipzig, 1934], p. 74.) together as one by a silken cloth, just as the roll of the Jewish Law with its two sticks is "girded with a strip of silk" when it is rolled up to be put into the tabernacle.110 There are two rolls having different designs on them and of different colors, show- ing that originally the scrolls do not have two sticks to them, but only one apiece.110 This suggests the origin of the scroll in the single mes- sage-stick with the message-scroll wrapped around it, as well as the probability that in Ezekiel's day the scrolls were still of the primitive one- shaft variety. That the scroll-sticks of the Greeks and Romans were de- rived from message-arrows is indi- cated by a number of things. Instead of having convenient handles at the bottom and smooth knobs at the top, the roll-sticks had points at both ends which made them resemble the well-known double-headed thunder- bolt, the scepter of Zeus and the best- known of all rods of office.111 That the resemblance is not accidental appears not only in the impractical arrange- ment of the thing and the identifica- tion of scroll -rods with scepters, but likewise in the name given to the points, koronis, Latin, cornua, usually explained as referring to the shape of the sharpened ends. But these do not resemble horns, and the name probably has the same origin as that of the little arrow-marks often used in the marking of scrolls by their makers, called ceraunia, "little thun- derbolts."111 We have seen that the heroes of Israel identified themselves as emis- saries of the Most High by bearing his rod before the eyes of those to whom they were sent, Jew or Gen- tile. In this connection the rod is also interchangeable with the scroll, for in the Middle Ages every Jew was required by Jewish law to carry a scroll of the Law with him at all (Continued on page 267) %■:*&?> : **, 250 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA It is difficult to write a definition of the American way. But it is easy to find good examples. Here is one: Every day 7,423 more mouths to feed "Who will help me harvest my grain?" asked the farmer. "Not I," said the hired man. "They need me at the defense plant and in the service." "Then I'll do it myself," said the American farmer. And he did. Last year the American farmer produced about 40% more livestock, vegetables, cotton, grain, milk than he did pre-war. And he did it with only 1% more land and 17% fewer man-hours. When you witness a productivity in- crease like that, you can guess electricity has been at work. When the hired man left, the farmer called for more electricity and farm machinery. And he got them — at an incredible rate. In the past ten years his use of electricity has increased nearly 500%. Today American farms use twice as much mechanical and electrical horsepower as all manufacturing combined. In jobs like pitching hay, pumping water, grinding feed, one electric horsepower is equal to the work of 22 strong men. That means that with electricity and auto- matic feed handling, a one-man farm can handle 20 or 30 cows. It means that where, eighty-two years ago, it took four farm families to feed a city family, today one farm family can feed and clothe itself and 15 other families besides. People who nick at the American system imply that we in this country can use successful methods because we are rich. We prefer to think that the successful methods came first. Research, engineering and manufacturing skill produced modern farm machinery, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, electrical equipment. Such ideas and products were tested competitively in many places. The best were chosen; the rest discarded. General Electric has been busy passing ideas and prod- ucts along to the farmer to test for more than 25 years — how to motorize his pumping, dry his hay electrically, warm chicks with electricity, how to get his wife's elbows out of the washtub. Someone figured out that more than 400 different farm jobs can now be done electrically, which means better living for the farmer as well as better business. This story has a happy ending for all of us. Tonight there will be 7,423 more mouths at the American dinner table than last night. In spite of Malthus, there need be no empty plates. oa cwi/mz y#at GENERAL ELECTRIC APRIL 1953 251 HISTORIC FORT LARAMIE THE HUB OF EARLY WESTERN HISTORY by Hazel Noble Boyack Conclusion Wrouti ROUTE OF THE MORMON PIONEERS AND PRESENT US 20,26 ° jg 20 4 Scale of Miles tHI O L 0\R A D O SYNOPSIS Fort Laramie — one of the great landmarks of the Old West! How it gave succor and hope, first to the trappers and then to the early settlers who passed its way en route to make homes in California, in Oregon, and in the valleys of the mountained west! That was told last month. This is the concluding chapter of that part of western history. The year 1850 witnessed an even greater mgiration of people. Fifty- five thousand travelers signed their names to the fort's register. The Latter-day Saint influx to Utah was estimated at five thousand. Towns and cities sprang up mushroom-like along the California and Oregon coasts and in the mountain valleys of Utah. With this rapid growth in the commonwealth came a variety of business opportunities, chief of which was overland freighting. The color- ful trio of Russell, Majors, and Wad- dell organized their gigantic freight- ing firm during this period and made transportation history. The broad- wheeled, heavily-laden wagons, con- stantly churned the dust along the old trail past the fort. Simultaneously, another interesting figure by the name of Ben Holladay entered the picture. Gifted with a genius for organization and showman- ship, he became the West's greatest transportation king. A partnership was formed with Theodore Warner, a leading merchant of Weston, Mis- 252 souri, and together they started a freighting venture to the settlements in Utah. In 1849 they made up a caravan of fifty wagons loaded with seventy thousand dollars worth of merchandise. Mr. Holladay carried a letter of recommendation to Presi- dent Brigham Young. In a confer- ence assembled in Salt Lake City in 1849, President Young announced the expected arrival of Mr. Holladay with his load of goods. It was a much ap- preciated gesture of friendship, and the entire stock of merchandise was soon sold at a fine profit. A similar venture was undertaken in 1850 ex- cept that the wagon trains carried one hundred and fifty thousand dol- lars worth of goods into the valley, and again Mr. Holladay successfully disposed of the entire stock. At the height of his fame in transportation, Mr. Holladay hired fifteen thousand men, had twenty thousand wagons and one hundred and fifty thousand animals for transporting one hundred million pounds of freight between the broad Missouri and the Rocky Moun- tains. Fort Laramie was an im- portant halfway station for the freighting industry. Here blacksmith- ing facilities were available, and jaded oxen were turned out to feast on the lush grasses. Clerks were stationed here to receive monies and check on merchandise booked for many points west. A veteran of this busy era re- marked: "It is doubtful if there is another section on the face of the globe over which passed so much traffic by ox, horse, and mule teams as passed by Fort Laramie during those early years when the West was being settled." A difficult problem was posing itself for the western-bound emigrant — the justifiable indignation of the Indian at the invasion of his domain — and Congress was compelled to act in the matter. A sum of one hundred thousand dollars was set aside for a great peace parley with the Indians in September 1851, and Fort Laramie was the site chosen for the event. Ten thousand gaily-bedecked Indians arrived for the event. The horses of so vast a number could not long be sustained in the vicinity of the fort, so the scene was moved to Horse Creek, some thirty- six miles to the southeast. Here a treaty of peace was drawn up and signed by the twenty - one chiefs present. The Indians were to be compensated for the tightly cropped grass along the route of the Oregon Trail and for the many buffalo slaughtered for food and sport. The government promised to pay an annuity of fifty thousand dol- lars for fifty years. Presents were distributed, the council disbanded, and the tribes went their way. Pros- pects for peace did indeed look bright, but peace was not to endure for long. During the years from 1850 to 1855 an estimated 155,000 persons trekked past Fort Laramie. During the spring, summer, and early autumn, there was an almost unbroken chain of migration. To undertake this western journey with slow-moving oxen required a stout and courageous heart. The accumulated fears of ill- ness, choking dust, heat, mirages, treacherous rivers, and always the ap- prehension of Indian difficulties did not deter them. The trail tested the mettle of everyone. All the good and bad qualities of human nature are forced to the surface under the stimuli {Continued on page 279) THE IMPROVEMENT ERA The Bufcher,the Baker,the CandlestickMaker They Help Produce Copper tor You The butcher doesn't operate a churn drill at Kennecott's Bingham Mine. The baker isn't a crusher operator at the Magna or Arthur mill. The candlestick maker isn't in charge of an elec- trolytic furnace at the refinery. Yet these, repre- sentative of hundreds of Utah businesses, help the 5500 members of the Utah Copper family produce the copper that means so much to every- one in our State. Here is the picture — for each member of the Utah Copper family, four additional Utahns are employed in our State, supplying Utah Copper and the individual members of the family with needed services and supplies. In other words, one job at Utah Copper makes four other jobs. It adds up to this — there are 5500 members of the Utah Copper family, plus 22,000 employed in other Utah industries furnishing them supplies and services. This makes a total of 27,500 Utahns — 13.7% of our State's 200,000 families — who can trace their earnings directly to the successful mining, milling and refining operations of this pioneer Utah enterprise. So you see — the benefits brought to us by the continued success of Kennecott's operations result from the direct efforts of many people — 5500 members of the Utah Copper family and 22,000 other Utahns representing nearly every activity and industry in our State. This inter-independence of people and jobs is a major factor in Utah's progress and the well- being of us all. Utah Copper Division KENNECOTT COPPER CORPORATION ? GOOD NEIGHBOR HELPING TO BUILD BETTER UTAH APRIL 1953 253 We Can Arrange Immediate Financing for New Home Construction or Remodeling If it's a new home you want ... or an old home made over for better living . . . see Tri-State for ideas, modern materials and prompt financ- ing. We will be happy to enter into your plans . . . suggesting ways and means to accomplish the most for your building dollars. Materials are the finest and the widest in variety . . . and as a final step, we will be happy to arrange for financing on low, monthly terms. mm PLAN HOME BUILDERS SERVICE Includes scores of plans, blueprints and specifica- tions for modern homes obtainable at very moder- ate costs. Ideas, too, on all types of modernizing, dec- orating and yard improve- ments. See the Tri-State store in your community Ancient Temples and Their Uses (Continued from page 231) worship of a god and those confined to the worship of a dead king. The latter are usually called mortuary temples.7 Ritual in Egyptian temples is de- scribed by Miss Margaret Murray as follows : The daily ritual in a temple varied little from one temple to another, except in the few details which differentiated the lives of gods or goddesses. It was practically the same as that of their fellow-deity, the Pharaoh. The god was roused in the morn- ing by the singing of a hymn of praise; then followed his morning toilet, the per- fuming with incense or other scents, the decking with robes and crowns; after which came the first meal of the day, in other words the morning sacrifice. That finished, the god was brought out with chants and hymns into the main part of the temple to transact business by receiving petitions, giving judgment in difficult cases, receiving and acknowledging offerings; in the after- noon he retired to his private apartments, where he either rested or was entertained with music and dancing girls; in the eve- ning he appeared again and had his evening meal (the evening sacrifice), then retired for the night, the robes and crown were removed, incense was burnt before him, the evening hmyn was sung, the shrine doors were shut upon him, and he was left to pass the night in peace. On certain special festivals the god was carried out in procession. On these occa- sions it was not unusual to carry the image of the god to some place where there was a dispute over land which the deity had been asked to settle. The god could thus have the opportunity of viewing the dis- puted property and would be enabled to give a more reasoned decision.8 Abraham tells us that the earliest Egyptian Pharaoh was a good man who attempted to imitate the true order of priesthood. Here is Abra- ham's account: Now the first government of Egypt was established by Pharaoh, the eldest son of Egyptus, the daughter of Ham, and it was after the manner of the government of Ham, which was patriarchal. Pharaoh, being a righteous man, estab- lished his kingdom and judged his people wisely and justly all his days, seeking earnestly to imitate that order established by the fathers in the first generations, in the days of the first patriarchal reign, even in the reign of Adam, and also of Noah, his father, who blessed him with the bless- ings of the earth, and with the blessings of wisdom, but cursed him as pertaining to the Priesthood. Now, Pharaoh being of that lineage by which he could not have the right of Priest- hood, notwithstanding the Pharaohs would (Continued on page 256) 254 7A good popular description of Egyptian temples will be found in Margaret Murray's The Splendour That Was Egypt; also, her Egyptian Temples. 'Ibid., pp. 183, 184. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Xr mumt OF ENDURING BEAUTY fBBO&x&M&M ' " "",<"™"1""1"1 A new LDS Temple will soon rise above the Los Angeles landscape ... a symbol of the growing importance of the Church on the West Coast ... a great new mecca for Church workers from the entire area. Church architect, Edward O. Anderson, in counsel with many Specialists, selected for this inspiring building a material of sparkling beauty and ageless durability— ARCHITECTURAL CAST STONE with Mo-Sai finish. This product is manufactured by Otto Buehner & Company and will coyer the entire facing, including the steeple and the ornamental grill work. The 7'xfcV Buehner stone units will be made of quartz aggregate set in a warm-toned matrix to produce this material of enduring beauty. ■'vjf»f*,r' ' •" n j •'i^wiiPi'^fan t- .* '"x en in Concrete for over half a centum 4 0 WILMINGTON AVE. SALT LAKE CITY, U J A- ..'A: «;fc_. _..■-.........."■..- _._ .'■'■■>.'...._ . ... APRIL 1953 255 plan your kitchen this NEW, sure way! Now you can have fun planning your kitchen with our marvelous new Curtis Kitchen Planning Kit! You can fit miniature Curtis cabi- nets right into a little room that's scaled to the size of your kitchen — choosing exactly the combinations that fit your needs and your budget. Stop in and use our Curtis Kitchen Planning Kit— let it help make your new kitchen more charming and more convenient! There's no obligation! UURTlS WOODWORK MORRISON-MERRILL & CO. BUILDING MATERIAL DISTRIBUTORS 205 NORTH 3rd WEST • SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH Boise, Twin Falls, Pocatello, Idaho, Reno, Nevada ANCIENT TEMPLES AND THEIR USES NOTICE WE SPECIALIZE IN OLD AND OUT OF PRINT L.D.S. PUBLI- CATIONS. IF YOU ARE DE- SIROUS OF OBTAINING OR SELLING, PLEASE SUBMIT YOUR LISTS TO . . . ZION'S BOOKSTORE 65 East 2nd South SALT LAKE CITY 1, UTAH Phone 4-3465 (Continued from, page 254) fain claim it from Noah, through Ham, therefore my father was led away by their idolatry; . . .9 It is possible that in the temples built by the early Pharaohs, attempts were also made to imitate the holy endowments, but of this we have lit- tle or no certain knowledge as yet. It would be interesting to study the temples of other ancient peoples, if the scope of this article permitted: the Babylonian temple, with its zikurat (ziggurat) construction of stage towers; the Greek temple, with its chaste beauty; and the Middle American temple, with its close parallels to the Babylonian type. Our interest here is mainly in temples or sacred structures in which we are sure the true priesthood played a part. This narrows us pretty much to those of the ancient Hebrews. Let us now look at the Hebrew Tabernacle, which was constructed in the desert and used by the Israel- ites in that desolate land as well as in Palestine before the building of Solomon's Temple. The description of the tabernacle will be found in Exodus, Chapters 25-28 and 36-39. When the Lord gave command that the tabernacle should be erected, he said, "And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them."10 This statement gives the tabernacle a more than ordinary in- terest to us. The attention of the reader is called to the cuts of Dr. Baurat C. Schick's reconstructions of the taber- nacle and its immediate precincts. These reconstructions will save us the pain of long descriptions. The open space in which the tabernacle is shown was one hundred cubits long and fifty cubits wide. These dimen- sions, according to our usual units of measurement, would be approxi- mately one hundred fifty feet by seventy- five feet, assuming the cubit to be about eighteen inches. The white linen curtain shown about the outer court was held in position by sixty posts with silver caps and brass sockets. The entrance to the court faced East, and its hangings were em- broidered in blue, purple, and scarlet. In the outer court will be seen (see illustration) the altar of burnt offer- ing, which was made of acacia or shittim wood overlaid with brass. It was hollow so as to facilitate its re- moval during the journeys of the Israelites; whenever they pitched it, it was filled with earth, and sacrifices were burned thereon. The tabernacle proper (see illus- tration) was thirty cubits long, ten wide and ten high, which would be equivalent to forty-five feet by fifteen feet by fifteen feet. Its small size may surprise many. It was divided into two main parts, the front division being called the Holy Place and the back part the Holy of Holies. The tabernacle was divided by a white linen veil embroidered with leaves and flowers and figures of cherubim in blue, purple, and scarlet thread. South of the Holy Place was stationed a seven-branched lamp stand of gold, and on the north side stood the table of the shewbread made of shittim wood overlaid with gold, containing twelve trays, each one of which con- tained a loaf of bread so that all the Twelve Tribes of Israel were repre- sented. The loaves of bread were known as the loaves of presentation; none but the priests and their families were to partake of them. The ark of the covenant, containing the two tables of stone on which the ten commandments were written and Aaron's rod that budded, was placed within the Holy of Holies. The lid of the ark was known as the mercy seat; over it were two cherubim with outstretched wings. The Lord told Moses these words: ... I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat, from between the two cher- ubim which are upon the ark of the testi- mony, of all things which I will give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel.11 We learn from these words that one great function of the tabernacle was to provide a suitable place where the great leaders of Israel could speak to their God. Did the tabernacle proper have other important func- tions? That it did is implied by these words of the Lord to the Prophet Joseph Smith: And again, verily I say unto you, how shall your washings be acceptable unto me, except ye perform them in a house which you have built to my name? For, this cause I commanded Moses that he should build a tabernacle, that they [the Hebrews] should bear it with them in the wilderness, and to build a house in the land of promise, that those ordinances might "Abraham 1:25-27. 10Exodus 25:8. vibid., 25:22. 256 (Continued on page 258) THE IMPROVEMENT ERA te co^oks too co&* inZiEE toilet tissue ! SOFTER tlian ever before... WHITER than ever before... MORE ABSORBENT than ever before ! QUALITY ROLLS of the color you like in each thrifty, easy-to-carry FlMLY-PAlfe Warn "^PWMWBW (£) 1952 AtSO TRY ZEE LUNCHEON NAPKINS'DINNER NAPKINS 'FACIAL TISSUE* WAXED PAPER 'PAPER TOWELS 'Crown Zelle rbach Corporation APRIL 1953 257 ANCIENT TEMPLES AND THEIR USES (Continued from page 256) be revealed which had been hid from before the world was.12 From this revelation it is obvious that certain ordinances or endowments for the living were given in the taber- nacle and subsequently in the Hebrew temples. Just how much of the holy endowment was given the Hebrew people under the Law of Moses we are not in a position to say. In this connection we should examine an- other scripture; in another revelation given to Joseph Smith, the Lord gave this explanation: David also received many wives and con- cubines, and also Solomon and Moses my servants, as also many others of my servants, from the beginning of creation until this time; and in nothing did they sin save in those things which they received not of me. David's wives and concubines were given unto him of me, by the hand of Nathan, my servant, and others of the prophets who had the keys of this power. . . .13 These words lead one to believe, with good reason, that keys of the V*D. & C. 124:37-38. ™Ihid., 132:38-39. sealing powers resided in Nathan and other prophets by which Moses, David, Solomon, and others had their wives and concubines given to them for time and all eternity. And may we not suppose that, even as now, the sacred rites necessary for such marriages were conducted whenever possible in the tabernacle or in Solomon's Temple? Notice these words from the mouth of Joseph Smith: . . . What was the object of gathering the Jews, or the people of God in any age of the world? . . . The main object was to build unto the Lord a house whereby he could reveal unto his people the ordinances of his house and the glories of his kingdom, and teach the people the way of salvation; for there are certain ordinances and principles that, when they are taught and practised, must be done in a place or house built for that purpose. It was the design of the councils of heaven before the world was, that the principles and laws of the priesthood should be pred- icated upon the gathering of the people in every age of the world. Jesus did every- thing to gather the people, and they would not be gathered, and he therefore poured out curses upon them. Ordinances instituted in the heavens before the foundation of the world, in the priesthood, for the salva- tion of men, are not to be altered or changed. All must be saved on the same principles.14 That the faithful in Israel from the days of Moses to the time of Solomon received important endowments in the tabernacle, there can be little doubt. The tabernacle was used for holy ordinances until the people were in a position to construct a beauti- ful temple to the Lord. Now let us turn our attention to Solomon's Temple. We need say little concerning the ordinances car- ried on in this and succeeding temples in Israel. They were apparently the same as those performed in the taber- nacle. The temple of Solomon was evidently constructed on the same general model as the tabernacle, but in every part its dimensions were about twice as great. In modern units its dimensions would be about ninety feet long, thirty feet broad, and forty-five feet high. It will thus "Joseph Fielding Smith, Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 307-308. No appoint- ment is necessary when you visit the skilled optometrists at Standard Optical for a complete eye examination. Drop in at your convenience to find out if your vision is up to par. Standard PAY NOTHING DOWN ONLY $1 A WEEK FOR AMERICA'S FINEST GLASSES MODERN OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE WEST 258 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA be seen that the temple of Solomon was surprisingly small. Its appoint- ments were exceedingly lavish, how- ever, and for that reason it has been called a "jewel." Until recently, Dr. Schick's recon- struction of the temple of Solomon has held the field. (See illustration.) This famous model is now in the Harvard Semitic Museum. However, a few years ago a more scientific model was constructed when two men, Mr. E. G. Howland of Troy, Ohio, and Dr. Paul Leslie Garber, professor of Bible at Agnes Scott Col- lege, Decatur, Georgia, collaborated in this worthy undertaking. Their work continued over a period of four and one-half years. They were aided by a grant from the Carnegie Founda- tion, and many educational institu- tions and Bible scholars gave advice and encouraged them in their efforts. Their model incorporates the latest views of scholars on the Biblical text and makes use of pertinent archae- ological data acquired during the last twenty-five years. Whereas the Schick model included both the temple and its immediate environs, the Howland- Garber reconstruction is restricted al- most to the temple alone. Through the courtesy of Mr. Howland, a pro- fessional model maker, I am able to present to Era readers a number of photographs of the model which he built.15 These illustrations can tell the reader more at a glance than I can impart in many paragraphs of description. (See page 214.) The only feature of these photos upon which I desire to comment at any length is the "molten sea" or fount supported by twelve oxen. The fount is shown in the courtyard of the temple a little distance from the southeast corner of it. Many Latter- day Saints, I am sure, have always been under the impression that this fount was under the temple and stood as a symbolical representation of the fact that baptismal work for the dead would someday take place. That such was not the case is shown in II Chronicles and Josephus. Notice these words: . . . the sea was for the priests to wash in . . . and he [Solomon] set the sea at the (Continued on following page) ^Readers who may be interested in a full description of the Howland-Garber reconstruction are referred to a brochure entitled Solomon's Temple — A Reconstruc- tion, which may be obtained from Mr. E. G. How- iland, 609 Michigan Ave., Troy, Ohio for a nominal price of one dollar. See also an article by Dr. Paul Leslie Garber entitled "A Reconstruction of Solomon's Temple," which appeared in Archaeology, Vol 5, Number 3 (September 1952). 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Mac Donald Mesa, Arizona Leonard Dowling 1651 Ashland Santa Monica, Calif. Melvin W. Dunn Chas. W. Allen 603 8u Ave. 10708 1st Ave., N.W. Salt Lake City, Utah Seattle 33, Washington WICKS ORGANS Zhe WICKS ORGAN COMPANY Please write Dept. E-2 HIGHLAND . . . ILLINOIS 259 Chinook, Montana Dear Sirs: We have just received our bound "Improvement Eras" and are thrilled with it. We would like to thank you very much for the lovely job you have done. Our only wish would be that everyone who subscribes to the Improvement Era could see how lovely the 12 issues are bound into one book that will last for years. Thanking you again, we re- main. Sincerely, Mr. and Mrs. Clare A. Johnson The cost is just $3.00 per volume (F.O.B. Salt Lake City; postpaid, add 30c. Canada and other foreign countries add 75c). Save your Eras and send them for binding to Deseret News Press 31 Richards Street 260 Salt Lake City, Utah ANCIENT TEMPLES AND THEIR USES (Continued from preceding page) right side of the house eastward, over against the south.16 Josephus says: Now, he [Solomon] appointed the sea to be for washing the hands and the feet of the priests when they entered into the tem- ple and were to ascend the altar; . . ,17 It is quite clear that Josephus re- garded the fount as being outside the temple proper. lflII Chron. 4:6, 10; cf. I Kings 7:39. 17 Antiquities, vii. 3, 6. In the reign of Ahaz (736-721 B.C.), the king took down the "sea" from off the brazen oxen and put it upon a stone pavement.18 When Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem in 590 B.C. (Book of Mormon chro- nology), he broke the fount to pieces.19 It is of additional interest to us that scholars affirm the fact that "seas" 18II Kings 16:17. "Ibid., 25:13; Jeremiah 27:19-22. 9i ^Jke l^uMviit or pleasant j^astimeS o Richard L. Evans ften we complain about being busy, and certainly at times we are — too busy — sometimes at essential things and sometimes at non-essential things. And because we are so busy, we may sometimes wish for inactivity, even for idle- ness; we may wish for the leisure to pursue what have come to be called pleasant pastimes. But before we sever our- selves from pressing assignments, before we turn away from work, before we disengage ourselves from real responsibility, we should take a realistic look at what are sometimes called pleasant pastimes. There are times for all of us when leisure is essential for rest and refreshment. And there may be times when even the avid pursuit of pleasure may seem at- tractive on the surface. But actually people sometimes pursue amusement and synthetic pleasure to the point where it is more work than work is. And sometimes it seems that a considerable part of the people are working at relieving the boredom of another considerable part of the people who are bored because they aren't working. Why this great effort anyway to pass time? As the poet said, so each of us could say: "O time too swift! O swiftness never ceasing!"1 — a swiftness ever swifter, at whatever age we are. And some of the so-called pastimes and synthetic pursuits only press us faster along a road which already we scarcely seem to sample before we leave the years breathlessly behind. Al- ready an appreciable part of this year has passed. From now till next week will seem in its shortness almost as if it were tomorrow morning. And it seems ironical that men should so persistently pursue the so-called pastimes when time, which is the essence of all our opportunities, is already running a race which it always wins, without any synthetic assistance. And as to pressure, as to being busy : It is so much better than the opposite of being busy that we may well be grateful for the urgency that presses us into constructive pursuits. 1George Peele, Polyhymnia, 1590. Jhe Spoken Word FROM TEMPLE SQUARE PRESENTED OVER KSL AND THE COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM, JANUARY 25, 1953 Copyright, 1953 1 I THE IMPROVEMENT ERA were built in Babylonian temples.20 Solomon's Temple stood for several hundred years but was finally de- stroyed by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar. When the Jews returned from the Babylonian captivity, they built an- other temple, which has been called the second temple or Zerubbabel's Temple. We know that the Persian King Cyrus authorized the building of a structure sixty cubits (90 feet) in breadth and height,21 but the dimensions of the several parts of the temple are not known. In general, however, the plan of Solomon's Tem- ple was followed, but on a far less lavish scale. When the foundation was laid, the people sang and shouted, but many of the old priests and men who had seen Solomon's Temple wept with loud voices when they contem- plated the fact that the new structure would not be as grand as the first house.22 The second temple was completed in the sixth year of Darius, which was about 515 B.C. The Holy of Holies in this sanctuary was empty, because the ark of the covenant had disappeared when Jerusalem was de- stroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. Not many years after the completion of this temple (see photo of Schick's reconstruction), the Jews had be- come worldly and unworthy of ad- ministering the holy rites of the tem- ple. The book of Malachi (1:2-2:17; 3:5-18) is a great protest against the corruption and unworthiness of the people. We are not in a position to say how long the Lord was willing to accept the ordinances performed in the second temple following its dedication, but it cannot have been many years. Herod's Temple superseded Zerub- babel's Temple. We are indebted to Josephus23 for full descriptions of the structure, with which he was com- pletely familiar. The Mishnah (part of the Hebrew Talmud) also con- tains descriptions of the building. The materials for the new temple were assembled before the second temple was dismantled. Work on the temple of Herod was commenced in the eighteenth year of the king's reign (20-19 B.C.), and the main structure was built by priests in about a year and a half. The cloisters were completed in eight years, but (Continued on following page) 2°See J. A. Montgomery in International Critical Commentary, "Kings," p. 173. mEzra 6:3; Josephus, Antiquities, xi. 4, 6; cf. xv. 11, 1. 22Ezra 3:10-13. zi Antiquities, xv. 11; War v. 5. APRIL 1953 Order By Mail With Confidence m Pi, eoSe »y, „-•■-*« >oA in #• M Nt"n* ■4 r. res* ... § („ °yer -. ,Con>PletJ!,Qn*n9 th J"*** ,;» 'y »© £™9-95 di(im & m •■i/. • .f.'V w cr**t. & WHAT A WONDERFUL WAY TO SAY YOU". . . . Pay nothing down. Take months to pay 261 NEW DRIPLESS Plastic Sacrament Set with AUTOMATIC LOCKING folding handles Here is the long needed ideal Sacrament Set that practically eliminates the problems of inconvenience of dripping water and ex- cessive storage space. Set consist of 2 pieces, a bread and water tray, in beautiful appearing plastic (choice of Crystal or Milk White). Note the large sturdy handles (all handles are Crystal) that auto- matically lock in place. Handles fold down, out of the way, when not in use; requiring only 1/3 the' space of old type sets. Water trays feature a special rim around each individual cup opening as well as around outer edge of tray. This practically eliminates inconvenience of dripping water. This is a special patented feature. Since there are no water stains or condensation, Sets are easier to clean and keep clean. ORDER FOR YOUR WARD TODAY . . . Sets available at the Presiding Bishop's Office — Salt Lake City — or Order Direct from THE PLASTICAL COMPANY-3575 Manchester Blvd., Inglewood, Cal. U)sl QnviisL ^jul Jo ULtJL OUR NEW STORE at 155 South Main Street, Salt Lake City (Former location of Eastman Kodak Store) Most beautifully appointed and completely stocked photographic store in the Intermountain West UTAH PLto MATERIALS CO. — Photographic Supplies Since 1909 — W. Earl Lyman, Owner Ancient Temples and Their Uses {Continued from preceding page) the entire area of courts and build- ings was not finished until about 64 A.D., in the procuratorship of Albinus.24 The temple proper was built of great blocks of white stone. Its length and breadth were the same as Solomon's Temple, but its height was greater, being forty cubits (sixty feet). It was even more lavish in its appointments. Herod's Temple was divided into the Holy of Holies and the Holy Place on much the same lines as those in the previous temples. The Holy of Holies was empty and was separated from the Holy Place by means of a veil.25 One wonders to what extent those who ministered in the temple of Herod had proper power and author- ity. There must have been some good priests, even if the majority. of them were deserving of the Savior's denunciations. Zacharias, the father of John the Baptist, is a good illus- tration of such a righteous priest.26 During the great siege of Jerusalem, in A.D. 70, the temple of Herod was destroyed as the Savior long before had predicted it would be.27 On the site of Herod's Temple, A.D. 136 or thereabouts, the Emperor Hadrian dedicated a temple (see il- lustration). The ruins of this struc- ture were seen by the Bordeau Pil- grim in A.D. 333. Emperor Julian undertook to re- build the temple, but his plans were frustrated. In A.D. 534 Emperor Justinian built the Basilica (see Schick's reconstruction) in honor of Mary over the place where the porch of Solomon had stood. In A.D. 637 the conquering Mohammedans turned the Basilica into a mosque. Sultan Abd-al-Malik built (A.D. 691) on the site of Solomon's Temple the Dome of the Rock (it should not be called "Mosque of Omar") essen- tially as we see it today in Jerusalem. (See illustration.) The Nephites, another branch of Hebrew people, built temples upon this (the American) continent, but the Book of Mormon says little about them. (See illustrations on page 215.) When Nephi and those who be- (Concluded on page 264) 262 ^Josephus, Antiquities, xv. 15, 5 and 6; xx. 9, 7; cf John 2:20. 25Josephus, War v. 5, 5. ^Luke 1:5-23. 27Matthew 24:1-2; see also Joseph Smith's revision of Matthew 24 in "Writings of Joseph Smith," Pearl of Great Price, verses 2-4. 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Here is Nephi's account of the con- struction : And I, Nephi, did build a temple; and I did construct it after the manner of the temple of Solomon save it were not built of so many precious things; for they were not to be found upon the land, wherefore, it could not be built like unto Solomon's tem- ple. But the manner of the construction was like unto the temple of Solomon; and the workmanship thereof was exceeding fine.28 Nephi, of course, took the specifica- tions of Solomon's Temple from the brass plates, where they were doubt- less given with an exactness not found in our present scriptures. Nephi's brother Jacob must have taught in this identical temple,29 but King Benjamin's last oration to his people could not possibly have been delivered in the same building, be- cause the temple in which he stood was in the land of Zarahemla, whither his father, the elder Mosiah,' had fled away from the main body of the Nephites.30 The people of Zeniff seem also to have built a temple because King Limhi sent a proclamation to his peo- ple to gather there.31 Amulek also mentions the writing of God upon the wall of a temple, but we have no means of knowing what temple is referred to.32 It was near the temple in the land 282 Nephi 5:16. 2»Jacob 1:17; 2:2, 11. *>See Omni 12-15; Mosiah 1:18; 2:8. siMosiah 7:17; see also 11:10, 12; 19:5. ^Alma 10:2. of Bountiful33 that the resurrected, glorified Savior appeared to the Nephites for three successive days and taught them the things spoken of in chapters 11-28 in 3 Nephi. We know that up to the time of the coming of Christ, the Nephites, like the Jews, were obliged to observe the law of Moses.34 Therefore, what we have observed regarding the ordi- nances and endowments given in the ancient tabernacle probably applied to the temples erected by the Nephites prior to the coming of Christ. During the Savior's visitation to this people on this continent, he quoted and ex- plained to them chapters three and four of the book of Malachi.35 Inas- much as many of Malachi's -words have to do with the coming of Elijah and the sealing powers of the priest- hood, our Lord must have explained in full the necessity of having tem- ples and the nature of the ordinances to be performed in them both for the living and the dead. After Christ's coming, ordinance work for the dead could be performed, because he had conquered death through his resur- rection. Prior to the resurrection, onlv ordinance work for the living was possible. Unfortunately, little is known about ordinance work for either the living or the dead as carried on by the Saints on this continent or in Palestine and surrounding lands fol- lowing our Lord's resurrection. Bap- tism for the dead is mentioned in I Corinthians 15:29, but little or noth- ing is told us about authorized tem- ples or other sacred structures in which this and other holy ordinances might have been carried on. 333 Nephi 11:1-2. ^See Jacob 4:5. ^See 3 Nephi 24:1; 26:1. THE ROMANCE OE TEMPLE BUILDING (Continued from page 237) the facts. It was found that the en- tire mill was burned with the excep- tion of the pen stock and flume. The loss is estimated at $3,000. Tracks of two men were found in the snow leading from the mouth of the right hand forks of Logan Canyon to the mill and back to the forks again. It is -evident that carelessness in leaving the fire through camping was not the 264 cause of the burning, for the parties could have stopped in one of the cook houses near the mill. Indications are that the work was that of an in- cendiary." The sorrow that was felt was the same as that for a tried and true friend, for the sawmill had served the citizens in their need in building the temple. Even today the cost of the erection THE IMPROVEMENT ERA of the Logan Temple would be stu- pendous— one half a million dollars — but at the time when it was erected it was nothing short of miraculous that the people in their dire need and poverty could have given of the very necessities to build this monument to the Lord. The building of temples has been its own reward to the people who have erected them. Through the ordinances administered therein, they have bound their dead to themselves, the living, and have tied together the families as units for eternal love and association. No sacrifice is too great in this eternal covenant which will bring lasting happirftSr to mankind. ". . . all Over of Jo ground was broken i^J&e/ structure on December 19, 1939^a!#W Octo- ber 19, 1940, PresicfepyDavid O. McKay, then Secondj^^inselor to President Heber J. Grant, laid the cornerstone amid appropriate cere- monies. President George Albert Smith offered the dedicatory prayer September 23, 1945. The temple, striking in appearance, has a white exterior and is built with reinforced concrete. During con- struction the concrete was bonded with a facing — slabs, two inches thick, made of selected aggregates which had been tooled and finished. The structure is adorned with marble from Utah, France, Italy, and Sweden. The building is two stories high (not including the tower) and is 95 x 131 feet. The tower rises about 150 feet. Sixteen hundred evergreens have been used in landscaping the temple grounds. Numerous other trees and flowers help to beautify the property. Three picturesque lagoons, joined by man-made waterfalls, are also part of these grounds. As one enters this, the most re- cently dedicated temple of the Church, from its annex, one is greeted by the soul-searching admonition of the Old Testament prophet, Habak- kuk: "... the Lord is in his holy temple: let all the earth keep silence before him." (Hab. 2:20.) APRIL 1953 You'll feel carefree as a child when your bathroom is Hexol clean. For you've protected your family by banishing contagion spreading germs. And it's so easy to use this effective germicide-deodorant. Just run a little water into your wash basin and add Hexol. Dampen a cloth in this snowy-white solution and go over tub, basin and floor. Pour a little Hexol from the bottle into the toilet bowl. Then you are sure your bathroom is fresh and pleasant, as clean as it can be. the pleasant bathroom germicide - deodorant AT ALL DRUG COUNTERS 265 we uoup hupcn ^4 3 menca 5 ine4 t (Lsleciwnic Lsn f an Connsonata offers amazing performance and thrilling tone, wide selection of solo "voices" and rich, full organ effects. Come to Daynes Music and see it . . , hear it . . . compare it! . . . at no obligation. Find out why more and more people are buying Connsonata after try- ing all the rest. 'aiines ftlusic 45-47 SOUTH MAIN t 5aft fate City 145 NORTH UNIVERSITY, PROVO w'2260 WASHINGTON BLYC.OGDEK TO WARD BISHOPS A talented group of Hawaiian musi- cians will leave Hawaii June 15th to tour the intermountain region. If you need a good show to boost your ward building fund this group might be available to you. For informa- tion on rates and schedule write to L. E. Clissold 56 South Main St. Salt Lake City, Utah THE STICK OF JUDAH AND THE STICK OF JOSEPH (Continued from page 250) times as his identification and pass- port.112 The connection between staff and book is here not far to seek — the staff is a mark and token, sym- bolizing that by which the Jew is known to the world; the scroll is a step closer to home — it is almost the thing itself. The scripture, says Clement of Alexandria in an eloquent discourse on the subject, is the rod by which God teaches his people.113 The double function of the rod, says Gregory of Nyssen, is that of con- solation and direction, which are the offices of the scripture for all be- lievers.114 If the rod is the sym- bolic means by which Judah is identi- fied and set apart from the rest of the world (and the use of such a V<>.>^^x3s£N3s>5"Ov>5>^^ c=Lo$t ^rnt erva\ Richard L. Evans '"There are many circumstances and situations in which we may feel that we are marking time- — or worse — wasting time. There are times when we are waiting for people and appointments when we feel cheated as we think of what we might have done with the time we waste in waiting. There are times of routine travel, of commuting between places when the interval may seem more or less lost. There are times when we are pressed into pursuits not of our own choosing, on detours from our intended destination — as for example time spent in making a living at uninteresting routine work, or while preparing for other pursuits, or time spent by young men in military service when they are eager to settle down to other purposes. In these unavoidable interruptions, on these side trips on side roads, there is often much more that can be salvaged than is sometimes supposed. Wherever a man is, he has his mind with him. Wherever he is, he can think and plan and pursue, in blueprint at least, con- structive purposes. Almost wherever he is, he can arrange to read — not trash or trivia but from the best books. It isn't always so, but it can often be so. Almost wherever a man is, he can write. It takes only simple tools to write — and some significant writings have come even from within prison walls. Some interesting and profitable activities have been pursued from the bedsides of shut-ins, by those who couldn't go out from where they were but who have reached out with what they had, with some wonderfully useful results. A man may be immobilized without immobilizing his mind. Some of the most successful people have learned what to do with odd moments, with the in-between times that so many of us waste — sometimes just sitting, sometimes just waiting, sometimes with impatient pacing. Almost wherever a person is he can find some constructive purpose to pursue, without wasting time in shoddy or trivial or tawdry pursuits. In a sense we can't "save" time as we can save water that would otherwise run away. But often when we are diverted from our intended course, we can make time serve as water that runs into a reservoir — a reservoir of preparation, of stored knowledge, of acquired skills — to be used for a better purpose at a better time and place rather than let it run downstream at the wrong season. ~Jke J^)poketi vVord 266 jpoken Word from temple square PRESENTED OVER KSL AND THE COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM, FEBRUARY 1, 1953 Copyright, 1953 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA symbol was regarded by the early Christians as a thing of great sig- nificance and secrecy), what is the means by which Judah is actually thus distinguished, i.e., what is the real equivalent of the rod? It is the Bible, of course. In figurative lan- guage the Jews will recognize the Messiah by examining the rod; "search ye the scriptures," said the Lord, "for they it be that testify of me." The identity of staff and scripture was noted by the earliest and best informed of the Christian historians. For the great Eusebius the sticks of Ezekiel represent the Old Testament and the New Testament.115 A cen- tury and a half earlier Irenaeus speaks of the (hidden) meanings of the sticks as "hidden from us, for," he says, "since by the wood we rejected him, by the wood his greatness shall be made visible to everyone, and as one of our predecessors has said, by the holy reaching out of the hands the two people are led to one God. For there are two hands and two nations scattered to the ends of the earth. . . . "116 There is every indica- tion that the Saints of the early Church regarded the teaching of the sticks and the gathering as of great secrecy and great significance, the meaning of the whole thing being later lost.117 The later Fathers took the usual allegorical liberties in deal- ing with Ezekiel 37. (To be continued) REFERENCES loeJewish Encyclopedia, s. v. scroll. 107Ibid. 108F. S. Burnell, "Staves and Sceptres," Folklore LIX (Dec. 1948), p. 165. 100Jew. Encycl. 110J. Lechler, Vom Hakenkreuz (Leipzig: Kabitzsch, 1934), p. 74, fig. 6. "*F. Cabrol & H. Leclerq, Dictionnaire d'Archeologie Chretienne et de Liturgie. 112]ewish End., loc. cit. "''Clement Alex., Paedog. I, in Patrol. Graec. VIII, 324. Xliln Patrol. Graec. XLIV, 1031 and XLV, 1250. UoEusebius, Demonstr. Evang., in Patrol. Graec. XXII, 745. 118Irenaeus, in Patrol Graec. VII, 1171. "Though modern critics fail to detect anything of great importance or mystery in the rods of identification, for the earliest writers of the Church they were regarded as objects of great symbolic significance, conveying a message of real, if hidden, im- portance: Migne, Patrol. Graec. VI, 681, n. 43. APRIL 1953 Ea9t »' f "*' Ride the Extra comfort . . extra pleasure . . no extra fare I You travel relaxed, arrive refreshed. Take your choice: sleeping cars with varied accommodations., .or reclining-seat coaches. Distinctive dining cars . . . serving delicious meals. DAILY SCHEDULES • The Vista-Dome California Zephyr leaves Salt Lake City 5:40 am. . . arrives Denver 7:00 pm . . . arrives Chicago 1:30 pm • The famous Denver Zephyr leaves Denver 4:00 pm . . . arrives Chicago 9:05 am. (Connecf/ng service leaves Salt Lake City 5:30 pm.) • The Texas Zephyr leaves Denver 12:01 pm . . . leaves Pueblo 2:31 pm... arrives Ft. Worth 6:00 am... arrives Dallas 7:15 am. (Connecf/ng service leaves Salt Lake City 5:30 pm) m CE H. J. WALTHER, General Agent 218 Kearns Building Phone: 22-5519 Salt Lake City, Utah i: V: it BURNED OUT n REALLY MEANS BURNED OUT TODAY A fire may mean you are out of a place to live, with tremendous added expense before you find another. v Let us explain your need for ample insurance to cover today,s higher values. UTAH HOME FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY HEBER J. GRANT & CO., General Agents, Salt Lake City 267 QuickCU TO WINDROW PICK-UP OR CUTTER BAR UT Forage Harvester Chops hay into palatable lengths that are easy to feed and livestock like to eat. Gathering units are changed in a few minutes. This quick, easy switch lets you work row crops, standing hay or windrows for silage or hay . . . whether green, wilted, or cured . . . with one base machine. Low-speed knife wheel handles hay gently, helps to make Case the lightest-running forage harvester. Its outstanding light draft also aided by simple design with few moving parts, anti-friction bearings, oil-bath gears, high-strength steel for light weight. All this saves power to cut extra tons with 2-plow or larger tractor. SEND FOR "HOW TO MAKE HIGH PROTEIN HAY" Get this book, also other pictorial catalogs or folders. Mark here or write in margin machines that interest you. J. I. Case Co., Dept. D-44, Racine, Wis. D Long-Cut Forage Harvester Q Forage Blower Q Standard-Cut Harvester Q Portable Elevator D Automatic Baler Name_ Post Office, RFD _State, The Angel Moroni and Cyrus E. Dallin (Concluded from page 235) The great and enduring creations of art that Dallin has left us bring to mind the noted words of Paul Cret: "In a memorial the end to be achieved, primarily, is the perpetua- tion of the memory of a great man or a great event to future genera- tions." The Church Moves On 25 (Continued from page 216) Scores in the all-Church M Men basketball tournament: Championship Logan Fifth 83; Salt Lake City Twenty-sixth 41. May wood 42; Spanish Fork First 40. Mesa Tenth 76; Eugene 28. Edgehill 62; Reno 43. Brigham City Fourth 69; Provo Park 44. Fairmont 57; Washington, D. C. 32. Salt Lake City Thirty-third, 45; Dublan 41. Logan College Hill 54; Redondo Beach 41. Consolation Blanding 54; Aurora 44. Gooding 63; Mt. Emmons 47. Sugar City 53; Salt Lake City Seventeenth 43. St. Anthony 64; Murray Third 56. Hill Spring, bye; Mantua, bye; Rock- ville, bye; East Midvale, bye. 26 268 Scores in the all-Church M Men games: Championship Logan Fifth 51; May wood 33. Salt Lake City Thirty-third 45; Logan College Hill 41. Edgehill 59; Mesa Tenth 25. Brigham City Fourth 51; Fairmont 41. Second Round Losers Reno 65; Eugene 53. Park 70; Washington, D. C, 50. Salt Lake City Twenty-sixth 57; Spanish Fork First 46. Dublan 38; Redondo Beach 35. Consolation Sugar City 48; Rockville 38. Blanding 50; Mantua 42. St. Anthony 55; Hill Spring 34. East Midvale 64; Gooding 58. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA o 7 The First Presidency issued a " ' statement endorsing the current Red Gross drive. Scores in the all-Church M Men basketball tournament: Championship Brigham City Fourth 54; Salt Lake City Thirty-third 33. Edgehill 54; Logan Fifth 38. Third Round Losers Mesa Tenth 64; Maywood 26. Logan College Hill 60; Fairmont 29. Second Round Losers 40. Reno 47; Salt Lake City Twenty-sixth Dublan 46; Park 38 Consolation Blanding 45; East Midvale 39. St. Anthony 56; Sugar City 49. 28 Scores in the all-Church M Men basketball tournament: Brigham City Fourth 48; Edgehill 45. (Overtime.) First and second. Logan Fifth 43; Salt Lake City Thirty- third 39. Third and seventh. Mesa Tenth 47; College Hill 39. Fourth and eighth. Dublan 50; Reno 38. Fifth and ninth. Blanding 62; St. Anthony 46. Sixth and tenth. Edgehill Ward won the sportsman- ship trophy. SPRING NIGHT By Vesta Nickerson Lukei Here lie the dead beneath the hilltop sweep As silent as the pointed cypress that bear No sign of change. I only am aware Of stirring spring that touches not their sleep. Beyond all feeling, sorrows cannot invite Their tears, nor joys awake their ecstasy. For them no blossoms whiten the orange tree Nor wakeful mockingbird disturbs the night. Here lie the sleepers far beneath the ground. No prick of thorn can sharpen senses so, Nor single note arouse the world of sound As these mute symbols that the seasons go. These moments must be deeply lived for fear I too forget, forget when sleeping here. APRIL 1953 ¥}&* What Do You Mean? Bobby «g\ Be Given a Readiness Test? /""--a ° %£a M Too many parents fail to realize, until it is too late, that children must be ready to enter school. Nine out of ten schools now give your child a READINESS test when he enters first grade to determine if he is prepared for school work. How will your child rate? Don't suffer £3 embarrassment by having him graded BELOW PAR. START NOW to give his mind and personality the same attention you give his body. Find out now what MY BOOK HOUSE can ( -~-S^p do for your child. mL " ' H „ Teachers say they can actually rec- ognize the child from a BOOK HOUSE home. That's why thousands upon thousands of parents the country over have used MY BOOK HOUSE Plan to get their children started right for School and for Life. -Mil BOOK HOUSE FRtf1- FRtti Opportunity: We train high type women for well paid, interesting sales and executive positions. For information, write Miss Dorothy Wilcox, Box 287, The Book House for Children, Chicago 1, III. For You Tells how habits ore formed; what to expect during each phase of your child's growth; what you can do in his early years. For Your Child The famous character building story of "The tittle Engine That Could" that teaches determination. Mail this coupon TODAY! {"The BOOK HOUSE FOR CHILDREN, Dept. IE-43 360 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago I, Illinois Please send me— FREE— the booklet, "So Little Time "-together with the child's storybook gift. Name Address Children's Names \ and Ages are: j 269 MORE FOOD VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY All Mothers know both bread and milk are good foods — good body builders for children, and fine nourishment for adults. That is why they buy Royal Table Queen bread — because it is Milk Improved Each pound contains the nonfat milk solids of 7 OUNCES OF MILK Salt Lake City ROYAL BAKING COMPANY Ogden Does Your Ward NEED EXTRA MONEY? Here is a pleasant solution to the difficult problem of raising funds for ward organ i rations. Take orders for beautiful Temple Stationery. This stationery selts itself. Send for further information and a trial box on approval. We also have many exciting cards for birthdays, Christmas . . . and gift items for every occasion that earn for you up to 100 per cent profit on every Sale. You'll turn fund raising into "fun" raising. -TEMPLE STATIONERY" Gorgeously gW» *»«f : containing 45 .heel* * ^-.97de'toHnaeToend Lake Temple in K°YP SS and l5ASTh sheets; also, 30 match- ing envelopes. SERVICE GREETING CARD CO. WHOLESALE GREETING CARDS 4937 South Durfee Pico, California □ Please send sample box of Temple Stationery on approval and further information. □ Please send information on complete line of greeting cards I can sell for all occasions. Name Address City and State Ward.. Stake □ I am selling for myself. Early Houses of the Lord (Continued from page 233) incendiary. Flames swept through the entire structure, leaving only blackened walls. The Icarians, a group that had settled in Nauvoo fol- lowing the exodus of the Saints, at- tempted to rebuild the temple for a school building. But while this work was in progress, in May 1850, a tor- nado completely leveled the walls of the building. Over the years the stones were carried away either for building material in Nauvoo or by souvenir hunters. Last year the members of the Chicago Stake held a work day on which they assembled many of these original temple stones for some future use. Ceveral places were temporarily but reverently used by the Saints for holy purposes after their trek to the valley. Elder Addison Pratt, called to return to his labors in the Society Islands (now Tahitian) Mission, re- ceived his endowments on Ensign Peak. Endowments for the living were given from 1851 to 1855 in the Council House on the southwest cor- ner of South Temple and Main streets. In April 1854 the northwest portion of the Temple Square was selected as the site for the Endow- ment rooms. This building was be- ing plastered in February 1855, and was completed that April. President Heber C. Kimball of the First Presi- dency offered the dedicatory prayer for this building May 5, 1855, and it was he who used his time for years in conducting the services here. Sometime after an addition was built in 1856 the building became known as the Endowment House. Here many of the convert- emigrants 270 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA of the Church came to receive their blessings and lay the foundation for their establishing homes in Zion — homes which produced families who are still adding strength to the Church by their testimonies and by their works. Baptisms for the dead were ad- ministered here until 1876, endow- ments until 1884, and sealings of couples were performed here until 1889. Although it was never in- tended to be a permanent temple, for thirty-four years this house of the Lord had served its purpose well. In 1889 President Wilford Woodruff had the building razed; the Saints then had temples functioning at St. George, Logan, and Manti, Utah, and it would not be long before the Salt Lake Temple would be dedicated. Three Utah Temples (Continued from page 232) for the construction of a temple over a quarter century later, on April 25, 1877. During the intervening years the hill had been used for a quarry to obtain stone for home construction and also for fortifications against un- friendly Indians. Five days after the dedication of the ground one hundred men met at the quarry and knelt in prayer before commencing their labors for this House of the Lord. Two years of blasting and scraping were required to prepare the footings and foundation for the building. Then, on April 14, 1879, the corner- stones were laid, and work was be- gun on the walls, which were built of the cream- colored oolitic limestone which was taken from the hill. The eleven year construction period would have broken the spirits of a less -valiant group, or a corps inspired with a less loftly ideal. Their strength was taxed still with the grim task of pioneering a harsh, strange, unfriend- ly land. Theirs was the constant struggle against drought, grasshop- pers, poverty, and the Indians, who readily accepted the challenge of driving the settlers' cattle off for their own purposes. But at last this house was com- pleted, and Elder Lorenzo Snow of the Council of the Twelve offered the dedicatory prayer, May 21, 1888. The temple, simple in its elegance, representing the best that those Saints could give of their worldly goods and of their labors, is 171 feet (Continued on following page) APRIL 1953 NEED 0 i FOR HOME IMPROVEMENTS? WALKER BANK FOR A HOME IMPROVEMENT LOAN YOU SAVE MONEY $:&^^#ZV&ft$iK.m*^;^?;;/ WITHIN MINUTES ENJOY IT WHILE PAYING FOR IT REMEMBER, YOU'RE ALWAYS WELCOME AT WALKER'S WALKER BANK &£ MAIN OFFICE - ■ ■ 3 LOCATIONS: PIONEER BRANCH - - SUGAR HOUSE BRANCH Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. Main at Second South 450 South 2nd West 1030 East 21st South Member Federal Reserve System g>towsi of 2|pmng Wt lobe vit vox! By Cecilia Margaret Rudin, M. A. Read, Enjoy and Give This Gem Volume A Blessing to Many; A Joy to All! Reveals the secret springs of great hymn writers— tells how Martin Luther came to write, "Away in a Manger"; what moved Isaac Watts to compose, "O God, Our Help in Ages Past"; Wesley's "Hark the Herald Angels Sing"; how God used blind Fanny Crosby to enrich our hymnals. Here you will discover the human drama behind these and many other favorites. 400 YEARS OF INSPIRED HYMN WRITING Covers 74 writers and composers. Contains 110 choice stanzas for medita- tion and memorizing, 38 illustrations and decorations — over 150 subjects. Truly a work to own, enjoy and give. Beautifully printed and illustrated, only $1.25. (Mailing charge 10c). Order your copy and a gift supply from your Dealer today or JOHN RUDIN & COMPANY INC. Publishers of THE BOOK OF LIFE 1018 S. WABASH AVE. Dept. IE CHICAGO 5, ILL. 271 YOUR NAME d^/n cJhis [Bracelet You will be delighted with the nickle silver name bracelet beautifully hand-polished. This bracelet will make an excellent gift for birthdays or any gift occa- sion — or you may love it for your- self. Fits any icrist. Any given name will be reproduced on the bracelet. Just $1.25 plus 25c federal tax Postpaid. BUCKO MANUFACTURING COMPANY P. O. Box 144. PROVO, UTAH When You Open Your SAVINGS ACCOUNT with $50.00 or more and you will receive FREE your lovely Schaeffer Fineline pen and pencil set. Savings Accounts in any amount $1 to $25,000. 33 years of continuous operation. CURRENT DIVIDEND 3i% Per Annum 272 Utah Savings and Loan Association PROVO, UTAH D. Spencer Grow, President MAIL HANDY COUPON Send your check or money order to Utah Savings, 172 West Center Street, Provo, Utah and your savings pass book and pen set will be mailed to you imme- diately. Name Address City Zone.. ..State THREE UTAH TEMPLES (Continued from preceding page) long and 95 feet wide. The east and west towers are 179 and 169 feet high, respectively. Like all temples of the Latter-day Saints, the structure faces east, al- though its front view is blocked by the magnificent and unyielding mountains. It is the rear of the build- ing that one sees from the highway, many feet below the base of the temple. From the temple grounds one com- mands a striking view of the quiet, broad valley. The grounds are land- scaped by sloping lawns, brilliant flowers, and a wide variety of trees and shrubs, but even the soil that ^^^^^^^^^^^-^^^^^^^^^ l/l/fiu <=JLt eaue Richard L. Evans O N a certain journey not long ago some travelers en- countered one of those untamed onslaughts of the ele- ments which man, despite all his previous preparations, is never quite prepared for. It became a question of survival or of fear lest they should not survive. And afterward, one who was there soberly said: "There were some people who talked to the Lord that night, who had not talked to him for a long time." It is true that times of emergency, of danger, of fear, of stress, of urgent need often bring us to an earnest awareness of our dependence upon Providence. And when, in extreme circumtsances, we are pressed to petition him to whom we haven't talked for a long time, the question may well be asked: "Why leave it so late?" We never know, not any of us, when we are going to need help or when we shall wish we had done some things we didn't do. We never know how our business ventures are going. We often assume that profits or success are certain when some unforeseen circum- stance enters in, and we find that they weren't so certain. Sometimes in newly acquired affluence short-sighted people assume that they won't need their old friends — or that they won't need anyone. But fortunes change; reverses come; and we often find that we desperately need those from whom we have severed ourselves. There is no one so big, no one so secure, no one who can so far foresee the future, but what he needs to keep his house and his life in order, his record straight, and his friendships in repair. A man who needs friends had better have them before he needs them. There is no one so wise or so self-sufficient but what he needs the services of others. And when the storm has broken, when the accident has happened, when the need is upon us, it may be a little too late. It is always too late to take out insurance to cover a previous casualty. Of course we can repent. But even that we should not leave too late. We are dependent upon others always; we are dependent upon Providence al- ways; and we ought to be on good terms with our family and friends, with ourselves, with life, and with our Father in heaven all the time. Humility and gratitude and con- sideration for all others and a prayerful approach to every problem is the safest insurance against all eventualities. And a good question to ask ourselves in all the ways of life is, "Why leave it so late?" Jke Spoken Word from TEMPLE SQUARE PRESENTED OVER KSL AND THE COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM, FEBRUARY 15, 1953 Copyright, 1953 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA now nourishes this vegetation had to he carried to the temple site. At St. George, in Utah's "Dixie," stands the St. George Temple, oldest in the Church in terms of con- tinuous service. President George A. Smith of the First Presidency dedi- cated the site November 9, 1871, and ground was broken the same day, at a time when there were only fifteen hundred people living in the area. A brass cannon, relic of the Mexican War, was soon rigged up and used as a pile driver for the foundation, in which volcanic rock was utilized. The cornerstone was laid April 1, 1874. The walls of the building are red sandstone, long painted white. On January 1, 1877, the temple was partially dedicated. Elder Wil- ford Woodruff, who became the first president of this temple, dedicated the font room and lower floor. (The font had been the personal gift of President Brigham Young.) Elder Erastus Snow dedicated the second floor, and Elder Brigham Young, Jr., dedicated the sealing room. Ordi- nance work was commenced January 11, 1877. The forty-seventh annual general conference of the Church was held in the temple, April 6, 7, and 8, 1877. It was at this time that the entire structure was dedicated by President Daniel H. Wells of the First Presidency. President Brigham Young and all of his successors in the Presi- dency through President Heber J. Grant were present at this service. It was here, in the St. George Tem- ple, that the spirits of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and of the Presidents of the United States appeared to Elder Wilford Woodruff requesting that temple work be done for them. It was here that the ordi- nances for these men were completed. The building is 141 feet 8 inches long, 93 feet 4 inches wide, 84 feet high to the square, and 175 feet high to the top of the vane on the tower. It has a magnificent appearance. The red bluffs on the north, the volcanic ridges on the east and west, the Rio Virgin, running through the valley on the south, and the city of St. George lying generally north and north- west, form a picture with striking and vivid contrasts. In the words of one plane pilot: "From the air the temple looks like a gem in a green setting." Long will it continue to be a beacon for airplanes, a landmark for tourists, and a holy place to members of the Church. APRIL 1953 See How These Bennett's Colorizer Paint Colors Go With Anything In Your Home! FREE COLOR GUIDE Stop in and get your free copy of the "Colorizer Paint Sampler!" This decorating guide gives you a selection of 42 actual paint samples, expertly chosen from 1,322 colors in Colorizer Paints, to go with the colors and designs of your carpet, draperies, wallpaper, bedspread, wall tile, furniture, bath fixtures and kitchen units. Colorful room pictures show which paint colors to use in each case. Get your copy while the supply lasts! At any of these stores: BENNETT'S, Salt Lake City, Ogden, Provo, Boise; BENNETT'S Logan Hardware Co., Logan; BEN- NETT'S East Side Paint Co., Idaho Falls; BENNETT'S Idaho Glass & Paint Co., Pocatello; BENNETT'S Twin Falls Glass & Paint Co. — and any Bennett's dealer in the intermountain States and Southern California. ADVEKTItIP 11 POST *@JOCO&XDtL— k It's "Good Taste" and It Tastes So Good. HOCO LATES *Easter April 5th GLADE CANDY CO. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 273 This is a continuation of the teacher's supplements for the Melchizedek Priest- hood lesson course for 1953. Helps for lessons 1 to 13 appear in The Improve- ment Era, February and March. THE DIVINE CHURCH (Second Part) Lesson XIV CAESARO-PAPISM Quarrel between East and West (Continued) Text: James L. Barker, The Divine Church, Second Part, Lesson XIV Teaching objective: To show that the churches in the East and West were hopelessly divided on the matter of authority. Suggestions on teaching procedure: Step 1 Place an outline of subject matter on the blackboard. The following is sugges- tive: Quarrel between East and West A. The effect of political divisions and changes upon the church 1. As Emperor Constans gained greater power, the followers of Athanasius gained influence. a. The exiled bishops were recalled. b. The bishop of Rome (Julius) be- came aggressive. c. The Arians of the East were forced to present compromise creeds. B. Attempts by the Emperor Constans to bring about church unity a. Council at Sardica. (1) Purpose. (2) Division into Eastern and West- ern Councils. b. The Eastern bishops: (1) Condemned Athanasius and his followers. (2) Excommunicated Bishop Julius of Rome and others. (3) Drew up a new confession of faith. c. The Western bishops: (1) Reaffirmed the Nicene Creed. (2) Declared Athanasius innocent. (3) Excommunicated Eastern lead- ers. (4) Passed disciplinary canons. (Provided for an appeal to Rome by a bishop deposed by his col- leagues in a province. If the appeal is received by bishop of Rome, Rome is to form a court to try the appeal.) d. Reasons for claim of bishop of Rome to appellate power: (1) Only church in West of apos- tolic foundation. (2) Has backing of emperor. 274 Step 2 If the quorum members have read their manuals, various members may be called on to relate the events as outlined. If there has been no class preparation, the group leader will have to give a brief account of the historical events involved. Step 3 Induce a class discussion by using such questions as the following: 1. Why did the Eastern bishops adopt creeds which compromised their real beliefs? 2. Without God's permission would the Apostle Peter have changed his teach- ings in order to avoid persecution? 3. What happens when members of a church compromise their religious be- liefs in order to get along with those who live around them? Is the L.D.S. Church in any danger because of that same factor today? What safeguards does the L.D.S. Church have against such change? * 4. When freedom of conscience is inter- fered with, how does it affect sincerity of belief? 5. Why is religious division inevitable where the Holy Ghost is not had? Summary Summarize so as to leave this thought with the class: Without Apostles or other central author- ity and without the guidance of the Holy Ghost there was nothing to keep the churches in unity except the state. Where the state was divided as was often the case in the Roman Empire, the church was di- vided also. Thus the political division into eastern and western empires caused a divi- sion of the church into East and West. As went the political fortunes and religious be- liefs of the emperors, so went the church. The power of the emperor was used freely to appoint and depose bishops and in gen- eral to dominate the churches. During this period no bishop was considered as head of the church, but Western bishops agreed to appeal to the bishop of Rome as arbitrator in certain disputes. Assignments: 1. Arouse general interest in the next les- son by leaving with the quorum mem- bers such a problem as the following: a. With the doctrines of churches changing with the views of the suc- cessive emperors, what would hap- pen if one emperor should rule all of the empire? (Read lesson XV to find the answer.) 2. Make special assignments, such as the following: a. Appoint one quorum member to re- late how Liberius, bishop of Rome, changes his religious views to gain favor with the emperor. THE DIVINE CHURCH (Second Part) Lesson XV CAESARO-PAPISM (Continued) The Triumph of the Arian "Heresy" Text: James L. Barker, The Divine Church, Second Part, Lesson XV Suggestions on teaching procedures: Step 1 Place an outline of subject matter on the blackboard. The following is sug- gestive: Teaching Objective: To show how changes of political for- tune affected the doctrines of the church. The Triumph of the Arian "Heresy" A. Changes in the political situation 1. A rebellion occurred in the West. Mag- nentius as crowned emperor. Constans fled and committed suicide. 2. Constantius made war on Magnentius and was victorious. 3. Empire united again under Constantius, a follower of the Arian heresy. B. Changes in the religious situation 1. Constantius called a council of three hundred bishops. a. Athanasius was condemned. „ b. The emperor issued an edict that the bishops must accept the deposi- tion of Athanasius. c. Athanasius was banished. d. An Arian statement of doctrine was drawn up. 2. The bishops hasten to embrace the Arian doctrine. a. Liberius, bishop of Rome, was exiled but readily changed his doctrine to agree with the emperor. (1) Letter of Liberius to the em- peror. (2) Letter of Liberius to the Eastern Arian bishops. b. The Councils of Seleucia and Rimini. (1) Council of Seleucia held in the East. (a) Disagreement prevailed. (b) The emperor forced the bishops to sign the "Third Formula of Sirmium," an Arian Creed. (2) Council of Rimini. (a) Disagreement of the bishops. (b) The emperor forced the bishops to sign the Arian Creed. c. All bishops declare themselves against Athanasius and the Nicene Creed. 3. Attempts of Roman Catholic historians to excuse Liberius. a. Allege that force was used. b. Allege that pope did not really give up his opposition to Arianism. Step 2 Following the outline, discuss with the class how the Christian world became Arian following the lead of the emperor. THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Priesthood Step 3 Discussion: The class discussion may now be con- tinued and given direction by using such questions and problems as the following: 1. If the Church had been guided by Christ, would its bishops have shifted doctrines because of the change of emperors? 2. Should changes in doctrine be brought about by debate in council or by di- vine revelation? 3. Why is the use of force in getting church members to accept a certain point of view an evidence that the church is no longer the church of Christ? 4. In the time of Felix and Liberius can the Roman Church be said to have been "without error"? The Summary: Make a one-minute summary of the class discussion or have a quorum member do so. The following points should be men- tioned: 1. We have found that in the fourth Christian century the religious views of the emperor had a greater effect upon the doctrines of the church than did the views of the bishops. 2. Bishops who disagreed with the view of the emperor were banished or forced to change their doctrines. 3. Liberius, the bishop of Rome, was ban- ished and was restored to his bishopric only when he completely reversed his doctrine concerning the relationship of the Father and the Son. 4. Thus the whole Christian world, the majority of which had been opposed to Arianism, and had accepted the Nicene Creed, now turned to Arianism and abandoned the Nicene Creed. 5. In the face of such historical facts it is evident that the church is like sheep wandering without a shepherd. There are no prophets of God to lead the way. The indecision, the use of force, and the determination of doctrine by governmental decree, show a complete absence of the leadership of Jesus Christ. The Assignment: 1. Arouse general class interest in the next lesson by leaving with the members a challenging problem, such as the fol- lowing: a. When a church is dominated by a civil government, what happens to it when the government undergoes a change? In lessons 16 and 17 of your text you will find the answer of history. 2. Have one quorum member come pre- pared to tell the difference between Arianism and Athanasianism. APRIL 1953 Lessons XVI and XVII CAESARO-PAPISM (Continued) Final Triumph of "Orthodox" Athanasianism Text: James L. Barker, The Divine Church, Second Part, Lessons XVI and XVII Teaching objective: To show how the Nicene Creed was finally forced upon the church by political power, and orthodoxy determined by im- perial decree. Suggestions on teaching procedure: Step 1 Outline on a blackboard the material to be discussed in these two lessons. The following outline is suggestive: Final Triumph of "Orthodox" Athanasianism I. The Emperor Valens supports Arianism. A. Valens becomes Emperor of the East A.D. 364. 1. Supported the Arians. a. Was influenced by the Arian Eudoxius, bishop of Constantinople. * b. Persecuted semi-Arians and Athana- sians. c. Supported only Arian candidates for the various bishoprics. B. The semi-Arians and Athanasians ap- peal to the West. 1, These groups forced together by the persecution of Valens. 2. Sent a delegation to Rome. (Not find- ing the emperor they appealed to the bishop of Rome.) C. A Period of Confusion. 1. Bishops still divided. 2. Letter of Saint Basil, bishop of Caesaria, to Damasus, bishop of Rome. D. Valentinian, emperor of the West, sup- ported the Athanasians — but was as- sassinated in 375. E. Valens killed in battle, 378, by the vic- torious Goths. II. Athanasianism becomes orthodox under the emperors Gratian and Theodosius. A. The Athanasian Gratian succeeded Valentinian II as emperor of the West. 1. Sent his general, Theodosius, to retrieve the Eastern Empire from the Goths. 2. Supported the Athanasians. B. Theodosius 1. Theodosius, having conquered the Goths, is crowned emperor of the East- ern Empire. 2. An ardent supporter of Athanasianism. C. Arian bishops replaced by Athanasian bishops. 1. Ambrose made bishop of Milan. a. Greatly influenced the Emperor Gratian. 2. Anemius made bishop of Sermium. 3. Arian bishops deposed. 4. Gregory made bishop of Constan- tinople. D. Gratius: edict of heresy against Arians. E. The Edict of Thessalonica (380) . 1. Emperial declaration of the Nicene Creed. F. Councils called. 1. Western council called by Emperor Gratian at instigation of Ambrose. a. Condemned the Arians. 2. Eastern Council called by the Emperor Theodosius. a. Condemned the Arians. b. Arians refused seats at the council. c. Decree of Emperor Theodosius as to "orthodoxy." G. Theodosius forbade all heretics (Arians) to hold meetings (A.D. 381) and ordered churches to be turned over to the Orthodox Christians (Athanasians). H. The church was to remain Athanasian. Step 2 Relate briefly the history of events as they affected the church from the death of the Emperor Constantius, 361, to the death of the Emperor Theodosius, 395. Read a few excerpts from the historians quoted. Step 3 The Discussion: The significance of the events related can be brought out by discussion induced by such questions as the following: 1. What evidences do we have that the church, during the period 361 to 395, was without divine guidance? 2. What political edict during that period has affected the Catholic Church to our time? 3. What does catholic mean? 4. Who determined what constituted a catholic or orthodox Christian? What was an orthodox Christian forced to accept? 5. How was a triumph of Athanasianism (the Nicene Creed) a triumph of Greek philosophy? 6. Compare the methods of persuasion used by Jesus Christ with those used by both Arians and Athanasians. 7. Are bishops in the L.D.S. Church re- moved from office if they teach false doctrines? How is it determined whether or not the teachings are false? Are they given a chance to defend their position? Is any force or threat of force used? The Summarization: This is an appropriate time to make a complete summarization of the develop- ment of political influence over the church and to set out some of the far-reaching ef- fects. The summarization should include the following: 1. Before the time of Constantine the Roman government was usually opposed to Christianity. There was no interference (Continued on page 278) 275 The Presiding Revisions in Aaronic Priesthood Programs Emphasized "T'he following revisions in both Aaronic Priesthood programs have been sent to all Aaronic Priesthood leaders by letter but are reprinted here for permanent record and reference. Senior Members of Aaronic Priesthood Stake Committee for Senior Members of the Aaronic Priesthood 1. The designation "stake committee for adult members of the Aaronic Priesthood" is changed to "stake com- mittee for senior members of the Aaronic Priesthood." 2. The chairman of the stake commit- tee for senior members of the Aaronic Priesthood is no longer to be a mem- ber of the stake presidency. The chair- man is to be designated by the stake presidency from among the high coun- cil or chosen at large. Ward Committee for Senior Members of the Aaronic Priesthood 1. The designation "ward committee for adult members of the Aaronic Priesthood" is changed to "ward com- mittee for senior members of the Aaronic Priesthood." 2. The coordinator is hereafter desig- nated secretary. It is felt that the con- tinued use of the title coordinator may encourage a greater delegation of the responsibilities of the presidency of the Aaronic Priesthood than is possible un- der this assignment from the Lord to the bishopric. 3. An "instructor" is to be appointed for each quorum or group of senior priests, senior teachers, or senior deacons to present the weekly priesthood lesson. The instructor may also serve as a group adviser. 4. A group adviser is to be assigned to labor with each group of five senior members of the Aaronic Priesthood or unordained male members over 21 to win them to renewed activity in the Church. Senior Members of the Aaronic Priest- hood to be Organized into Quorums or Groups 1. Where there are seven or more senior deacons, or thirteen or more senior teachers, a quorum organization with a president, two counselors, and 276 a secretary is to be effected in each in- stance. When there are fewer than seven senior deacons or thirteen senior teachers, a group organization should be set up with a group leader, two as- sistants, and a secretary. The bishop presides over the senior priests, and he should appoint a senior priest as secre- tary. All quorum or group officers for senior deacons and for senior teachers are to be chosen from among the best qualified men available in these groups. 2. Separate quorum or group meet- ings are to be held for senior deaeons, senior teachers, and senior priests dur- ing the weekly ward priesthood meeting wherever housing facilities will permit. 3. Unordained male members over 21 are to be enrolled in a special sec- tion in the deacons' roll book: They should be invited to attend the deacons quorum or group meetings and socials as visitors of record. Ward Aaronic Priesthood Leadership Meeting A "ward Aaronic Priesthood leader- ship meeting," to be held each month under the direction of the bishopric, replaces the discontinued "ward boy leadership committee meeting." Those expected to attend, in addition to the bishopric, include all ward leaders of Aaronic Priesthood under 21 and all ward leaders of senior members of the Aaronic Priesthood. The meet- ing is to be held in three parts, as follows: Part One will include the opening exercises, with roll calls, announce- ments, and messages from the bishopric which are of common interest to all assembled. Part Two provides for a separation into three departments with a member of the bishopric in charge of each de- partment. Leaders of priests in both programs will attend the bishop's de- partment; leaders of teachers will at- tend the first counselor's department; leaders of deacons will attend the sec- ond counselor's department. In each of the three departments, the member of the bishopric in charge will, (1) call for a report on all as- signments made to leaders the previous month; (2) review activity records of all quorum or group members and un- ordained male members, as recorded in the respective roll books; (3) make and record assignments to leaders to visit those needing attention for any reason during the ensuing month. Part Three provides for a short coun- cil meeting of each of the two ward committees. While the bishop is at- tending one meeting, his counselors will attend the other meeting, alternating each month. Problems of specific interest to the respective committees will be taken up in each council meeting: These problems may include such items as, (1) ade- quate social and fraternal activities; (2) quorum service projects designed to promote the unselfish giving of oneself in the interest of others; (3) Church welfare projects; (4) training of quo- rum presidencies and group leaders; (5) review of latest monthly report with a view toward overcoming weak- nesses; (6) recommendations for ad- vancements in the priesthood. Ward Aaronic Priesthood Meeting The full time of the second priest- hood meeting in each month is to be a joint assembly attended only by bearers of the Aaronic Priesthood and unordained male members 12 to 21, senior members of the Aaronic Priest- hood, and unordained male members over 21, and their leaders. The object of this joint Aaronic Priesthood assembly each month is to bring the bishopric into a more personal and direct relationship with those over whom they preside as the presidency of the Aaronic Priesthood. The bishopric will conduct the meeting and occupy the entire time of the joint assembly in giving counsel and instruction to all bearers of the Aaronic Priesthood and their leaders. Occasionally, as an ex- ception and not as a rule, a special speaker may be invited to discuss a subject requiring special training and abilities. Aaronic Priesthood Under 21 Stake Committee for Aaronic Priesthood Under 21 1. The designation "stake Aaronic Priesthood committee" is changed to "stake committee for Aaronic Priesthood under 21." 2. The chairman of the stake com- THE IMPROVEMENT ERA Bishoprics Page JORDAN KNIGHT •— ^^— • mittee for Aaronic Priesthood under 21 is no longer to be a member of the stake presidency. The chairman is to be designated by the stake presidency from among the high council or chosen at large. Ward Committee for Aaronic Priesthood Under 21 1. The designation "ward Aaronic Priesthood committee" is changed to "ward committee for Aaronic Priest- hood under 21." 2. The coordinator is hereafter desig- nated secretary. It was felt that the continued use of the title coordinator may encourage a greater delegation of the responsibilities of the presidency of the Aaronic Priesthood than is possible under this assignment from the Lord to the bishopric. Ward Boy Leadership Committee The organization and monthly meet- ing of the ward boy leadership comit- tee is discontinued. Ward Aaronic Priesthood Leadership Meeting A "ward Aaronic Priesthood leader- ship meeting," to be held each month under the direction of the bishopric, replaces the discontinued "ward boy leadership committee meeting." APRIL 1953 Tribute Paid to Faithful Member of Aaronic Priesthood (Jordan Knight, a faithful teacher in Cedar First Ward, Cedar Stake, was accidentally killed last October. His former scoutmaster and deacons' quo- rum adviser, Clemont B. Adams, wrote the following tribute, which is pub- lished here for the inspiration of bearers of the Aaronic Priesthood throughout the Church. Jordan is the son of Clif- ford and Alice W. Knight.) HpHE ending of one year and the be- ginning of another bring many joys to most of us, and as I sat working on the deacons' quorum roll book, I was at peace with the world. As I compiled the list of deacons who had earned an individual award, my mind drifted back over the preceding years, and out of the mists of time I again faced Jordan Knight. Not that he had ever been completely out of my mind, for a teacher doesn't forget his boys that easily. It had been only one short year since Jordan's name had headed the list of those who were getting awards. I remember the pride with which I had tabulated his credits and found him to have one hundred percent attendance at Sunday School, sacrament meeting, M.I.A., and priest- hood meeting. Other scenes soon crowded my mem- ory, and I remembered hiking with him in the mountains as Scout and Scout- master. His interest in nature's storybook was a real thing, and he confided to me his desire to make his living from the earth. He turned to a study of agricul- ture and soon experienced successes with his projects. The most important thing in Jordan's life was his membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He planned on a foreign mission and wanted to hold a responsible position in the Church. He had a strong aver- sion to liquor, tobacco, and anything not clean and pure. I'm sure he was more interested in people's respect than in recognition, and his word was a guarantee that assignments would be filled. I remember the determination to complete assignments which he always showed. One time his older brother had been assigned a talk in ward con- ference but became ill on the day he was to speak. A few minutes before the meeting began, Jordan appeared and announced to President Elwood J. Corry that he was there to fill his brother's assignment. I remember the willingness with which he accepted responsibility. A song in Church, a prayer, or a talk — it was always the same, a job well done! The example he set and his leadership as president of the deacon's quorum will always be an inspiration to me. I'll not forget, either, the talks we had as we weeded the corn of our ward welfare assignment or the games of steal-the- flag in the early darkness after our work had been finished. A joyful life, with service to God and his fellow man, seemed to be his creed. Progress and advancement come to all worthy of them, and I saw Jordan promoted into the teachers' quorum. I missed his close association, but he didn't seem to change. He continued to give his best, even up to his sudden death. Only time can heal the sor- row of his passing; but when I think of him, I also think of the words of Jesus when his disciples asked him who was greatest in the kingdom of heaven. Jesus drew a child into their midst and said, "Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven." (Matt. 18:4.) I am sure that the humble spirit of Jordan Knight will bask in the presence of God. I am also sure that my life has been enriched because of the contacts I had with him, and I thank God for the privilege of being a deacons' adviser. n^ i Those expected to attend, in addition to the bishopric, include all ward leaders of Aaronic Priesthood. The meeting is to be held in three parts, as follows: Part One will include the opening exercises, with roll calls, announce- ments, and messages from the bishopric which are of common interest to all assembled. Part Two provides for a separation into three departments with a member of the bishopric in charge of each de- partment. Leaders of priests in both programs will attend the bishop's de- partment; leaders of teachers will at- tend the first counselor's department; leaders of deacons will attend the second counselor's department. In each of the three departments, the member of the bishopric in charge will, (1) call for a report on all assignments (Continued on page 290) 277 BACKSTOPS and BLEACHERS You too can have BASKETBALL BACKSTOPS and WAYNE ROLLING (folding) GYMSEATING tailored to fit your needs. Over 50 new installations in schools and L.D.S. Churches during the past year. 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GUARANTEED FOR A LIFETIME SERVICE AND PARTS ALWAYS AVAILABLE WILLIAMS Sewing Machine Distributing Co. 808 South State Salt Lake City, Utah PHONE 9-5512 f HEADQUARTERS FOR L.D.S. k IN LAS VEGAS, NEVADA YE KING'S REST MOTEL 526 SOUTH 5TH STREET Dr. Harold B. Foutz, Owner Edgar H. Foutz, Manager Beautyrest Mattresses Throughout I HOTEL LANKERSHIM 7th & BROADWAY ROOMS WITH BATH From $3.50 Single — $5.00 Double New Dining and Supper Rooms IN THE VERY HEART OF LOS ANGELES 278 Mekhizedek Priesthood (Continued from page 275) by the state in church government and doctrine, but occasional attempts to stamp out Christianity by persecution occurred. 2. With the conversion of Constantine to Christianity the situation changed. Con- stantine saw an opportunity to use the church for political purposes. The condition within the church made this possible. Fol- lowing the deaths of the apostles, the church had been without any central authority. The hundreds of bishops exercised authority in their separate sees or bishoprics. With a lack of a central authority to receive divine direction and a scarcity of scripture for a written guide, doctrinal disputes were com- mon. In this situation the Greek philos- ophers, who had become Christian, shaped the doctrine of the church to harmonize with philosophy. But some of these changes resulted in bitter debate and conflict. 3. With an emperor who was a Christian (though unbaptized), it was perhaps natural for the bishops to turn to him to help settle their disputes. The first of these disputes was known as the Donatist Schism, a dispute in the African churches over the acceptance into the church again of those who had left the church because of persecu- tion. Constantine interfered by calling councils, financing them, and enforcing their decisions. This was the beginning of the power of the state over the church. 4. One of the most significant develop- ments was the decision of the Council of Aries that baptism was good even if per- formed without authority, a decision that has affected the Catholic Church to our time. 5. In the years that followed the Neo- Platonio school developed in parts of the church, which was, in the main, a compro- mise between Christian tradition and Greek philosophy. But even here there was divi- sion and this gave rise to the Arian contro- versy. 6. Arius taught that God the Father, created the Son, who was inferior to him. Christ did not exist from all eternity but was merely the "first-born of created men." Hence the Son had a beginning, but not the Father. (See page 35 for the Arian position.) Arius' writings are now lost. 7. Athanasius and his followers took the position that God, the Father, and God, the Son, were co-equal, co-eternal, co-divine, and of one substance. 8. The Arian controversy waged so vio- lently that Constantine again intervened, called the Nicene Council, financed it, large- ly determined its decisions, forced the par- ticipants to sign the Nicene Creed and exiled the bishops who would not sign. The Nicene Creed, which defined God, the Father, and God, the Son, as of one substance (omoousios) became the subject for bitter controversy throughout the re- mainder of the fourth century. (Read the Nicene Creed, p. 55.) 9. From the time of the Nicene Council the power of the state over the church developed rapidly. Few moves were made by the various bishops without first appeal- ing to an emperor for sanction. Various bishops became the favorite advisers of the various emperors. The political scene changed very frequently, as it was a time of great turbulence in the Roman Empire. Sometimes the empire was divided into East and West; sometimes into three divisions; and at other times united under one em- peror. The beliefs of the ruling emperor determined the doctrine of the church and the fate of the respective bishops. 10. Even before the death of Constantine THE IMPROVEMENT ERA an anti-Nicene reaction had set in which gained impetus as a moderate Arian bishop, Eusebius, became the confidant of Con- stantine. There began now the deposing and appointment of bishops by the emperor, a practice that was to continue under various emperors to the end of the century. Athanasius now in turn was exiled, together with other bishops and Arian bishops brought back from exile. There developed a quarrel between the East and the West. The majority of Eastern bishops favor Arianism. The majority of Western bish- ■ops favored the Nicene Creed (Athanasian- ism). Likewise Eastern rulers favored Arianism and Western rulers favored Athanasianism. For a period of time Arianism triumphed under Arian emperors and Athanasian sup- porters were persecuted and exiled. Arianism became the "orthodox faith." Finally, however, under the Emperors Gratian and Theodosius (both Athana- sians), Athanasianism triumphed again and has remained since the viewpoint of the Catholic Church. This triumph of Athanasianism was effected by force and by imperial edict. Assignment: Read in Lesson 18 how the general coun- cils shaped, by debate, the doctrines of the church. Historic Fort Laramie (Continued from page 252) of privation and danger. But these pioneers were possessed of strong and hardy bodies, of ardent courage and great force. Too little has been writ- ten of the pioneer woman, of her valiancy and the part she played in the winning of the West. Dr. Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard Uni- versity, paid an eloquent tribute to the pioneer woman from the speaker's platform in the great Salt Lake Taber- nacle in 1892. Said he: Did it ever occur to you what is the most heroic part of founding a colony of people which moves into the wilderness to establish a civilized community? You think perhaps it is the soldier, the armed men, or the laboring man. Not so. It is the women who are the most heroic part of any colony. Their labors are less because their strength is less. Their anxieties are greater; the risks they run are heavier . . . let us bear in our hearts reverence for Christian folk going out in the wilderness to plant a new community. With the establishment of military posts in the West, the soldier became a familiar figure on the frontier. Fort Laramie was garrisoned the year round. During the next two decades of its existence it was an important base for numerous expeditions sent out against the many Indian tribes on the warpath. (Continued on following page) APRIL 1953 You'll never catch Elaine Cannon napping on the job! Whether it's a slumber party, high school hop or any other really important teen-age activity, she's cer- tain to report it in the Deseret News and Telegram "Hi Tales" column. She is in tune with the teens! Elaine Can- non is the Emily Post, fad-finder and head spokes- man for teen-agers throughout the Mountain West. Bm§ie®iet Miew§ pekgram 279 IT'S EASY TO INSTALL FOR HOMES . . . BUSINESSES . . . INSTITUTIONS . . . - It's distinctive, beautiful, convenient, and so easy to operate, easy to install? It's the sensational new FolDoor, the folding door with the cornice top that divides your larger rooms into two rooms. Use to divide offices — to separate Sunday School rooms from meeting areas. LAUREN BURT Inc 557 South 3rd West Salt Lake City LAUREN BURT, Inc. 557 South 3rd West Salt Lake City, Utah Please send me without cost or obligation of any kind more information about FolDoor. NAME ADDRESS CITY ZONE STATE UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLECT Announces Another Distinguished SUMMER SCHOOL for 1953 A Full Quarter First Session Second Session Coaching School June 8 — July 17 July 20 — August 21 June 2 — 6 Beginning, upper division, and graduate courses will be available in the seven schools: Agriculture, Arts and Sciences, Commerce, Education, En- gineering, Forestry, and Home Economics. Professors and lecturers are com- ing from all parts of the country to join the resident faculty in providing many rich educational offerings. A variety of workshops, institutes and short courses has been arranged. The excellent educational and recreational facilities, the friendly campus, the good living conditions, and the cool climate all combine to make a summer at U.S.A.C. a most delightful experience. For a catalog or further information, address: UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE The Summer School Logan, Utah 280 Historic Fort laramie (Continued from preceding page) In 1857 occurred a major event in the annals of western history which took precedent over all others at this period. It was the armed expedition sent by the government against the people in Utah. Before the military forces left Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, orders had been issued placing Fort Laramie under the command of the leader of the expedition, Colonel Al- bert Sidney Johnston. The fort served as an important depot for army supplies, and the quartermaster was heavily taxed because a large part of the food and equipment had to be put in storage and shipped to the troops at a later date. Winter came early to the West in 1857. Colonel Johnston and his troops met with unprecedented transportation diffi- culties and were forced to winter near the site of old Fort Bridger which had been deserted and burned by the Latter-day Saints who owned it. Negotiations to straighten out the difficulties were begun by a trusted and devoted friend of the Mormon people, Colonel Thomas L. Kane. In June of 1858 the troops entered the valley unresisted and established Camp Floyd some forty miles be- yond Salt Lake City. There the army made its headquarters until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. During the "sixties" the responsi- bility of Fort Laramie was greatly augmented by the exigencies of the Civil War. In addition to the con- tinuing emigrant trains there was launched that daring enterprise, the Pony Express which gave to us the "air mail" of the 1860's. Following close upon the heels of the Pony Express came the first transconti- nental telegraph pushed West by Edward Creighton, all following the great central route past Fort Laramie. To the duty of protecting these were added the Overland Stage Coach and the dailv mail service. At the same time the Fort Laramie garrison was reduced considerably to aid in the defense of the Union. Increasing signs of Indian unrest were apparent, and there were sporadic outbreaks of violence at iso- lated stage stations in 1862. By now the Indians understood the bleak fu- ture destined for them by the ever- increasing numbers of white men who came West. In July 1865, three THE IMPROVEMENT ERA thousand warriors of the combined tribes laid siege to the Platte Bridge station on the upper North Platte. Twenty-six white men lost their lives, including the young gallant Caspar Collins, son of a former Fort Laramie commander, from whom the present city of Casper, Wyoming, derived its name. Retaliation for Indian outrages took the form of the famous Powder River Expedition sent out from Fort Laramie during the summer of 1865. The troops barely escaped starvation and annihilation, and the expedition ended in failure. Cries for a new peace council were heard, and in June 1866, peace commissioners and about two thousand Sioux met at Fort Laramie to work out some solu- tion. Hopes for peace were shattered by the appearance of Colonel Henry B. Carrington and a large force in- tent on establishing posts along the route of the Bozeman Trail into Mon- tana. These would penetrate the last fine hunting ground of the Sioux. The belligerent Red Cloud, sometimes called "The Red Napoleon of the Plains," with a large contingent of followers, withdrew in enmity. The tragic Fetterman Massacre was the result of the invasion of this area. In the spring of 1868, peace commis- sioners again arrived at the Fort with instructions to abandon the Bozeman Trail. This was bitter medicine for the army men who felt that their sacrifices had been in vain. The "Second Treaty of Fort Lara- mie" conceded the Dakota lands to the Sioux and stipulated that they abandon the North Platte (Oregon Trail) country entirely. This in turn was "bad medicine" for the Indians because Fort Laramie had been their trading center since the establish- ment of the original fort in 1834. The final conclusive struggle be- tween the red men and the whites came as a result of the discovery of gold in the Black Hills in 1874. Ex- cited miners illegally entered the Sioux country and were arrested by authorities, but this did not deter them. The indirect result of this in- vasion of Indian lands was the mas- sacre of General George Custer and his entire command on the Little Big Horn in June 1876. In the meantime the Union Pacific Railroad had pushed West from Omaha, Nebraska. The rails reached Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 1867, and (Concluded on following page) APRIL 1953 <':' ■!. SHIP'n SHORE cotton blouse For school days and play days, a pert, sleeveless blouse of lus- trous broadcloth. White with white, pink, blue, gray or green binding. 32-3 8. 3.50 WHITE STAG pedal pushers Sturdy, Sanforized trousers for complete comfort when you relax, play or study. Brown, white, blue, coral, yellow, black, navy, red, green or gray. White stitching. 10-20. 4.95 Clever cotton rope belt. 50c ZCMI SPORTSWEAR — Second Floor ORDER BY MAIL ! Add 15$ postage for first item ordered; 5$ for each additional* Utah residents add 2% sales tax. 281 Hammond Organ AT YOUR TOUCH . . . A NEW EXPERIENCE IN MUSIC EQUALLY LOVELY IN THE CHURCH OR THE HOME. MUSIC THAT RELAXES YOU - REFRESHES YOU - RENEWS YOU. SIMPLE TO PLAY. The HAMMOND ORGAN is an electric organ, using no pipes, reeds or pneumatic devices. It therefore costs but a mere fraction of what you would pay for comparable organ music. • NEVER needs TUNING • Capable of producing thousands of tones • Priced to meet almost any budget demand 9 Costs so little to maintain Write or Call Mr. Seldon N. Heaps GLEN BROS. MUSIC CO. OGDEN 2546 Washington Blvd. SALT LAKE CITY 74 South Main PROVO 57 North University Ave. There's One Sure Way-- Yes, there's one sure way, when you travel, to gel the convenience of frequent schedules and downtown depots; the comfort of specially designed seats and air - conditioning ; plus money-saving low fares. On your next trip, go the one sure way - - - GREYHOUHD wow r way/ AN OUNCE OF PROTECTION IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE Good insurance is like good medi- cine— it's easier to prevent than to cure. And "prevention" to us means adequate, well - planned protection that provides prompt and ample compensation in case of loss. See the KOLOB AGENT in your commun- ity. Complete coverage available through strong stock companies. A GENERAL INSURANCE AGENCY FRANK SALISBURY, MGR. 330 Judge Bldg. Salt Lake City 282 Historic Fort Laramie (Continued from preceding page) the line was joined with the Central Pacific at Promotory, Utah, May 10, 1869. Despite the fact that hundreds of thousands of emigrants had fol- lowed the Oregon Trail route past Fort Laramie and over the South Pass area, surveying parties for the rail- road had chosen a more direct course to the south, leaving the fort about one hundred miles north of the line. The beginning of the end of this picturesque outpost was now ap- parent. The use of the railroad for transportation made the fort obsolete as a base of supplies. The power of the plains Indians had been broken, hence the soldier was no longer needed as a deterrent against hostili- ties. Cabins of homesteaders, with their large herds of cattle, were dotting the prairies. These hardy pioneers would get the needed aid from the territorial government then functioning. Old Fort Laramie, faithful guardian on the frontier, would be abandoned! Orders for the fort's abandonment came in 1889, but it was not until April 1890 that the United States flag was hauled down and the last trooper marched away. Movable property was salvaged, and buildings and fixtures put on the auction block and sold for the paltry sum of $1395.00 The entire reservation of 34,560 acres, including the wood and timber areas, was thrown open to homesteaders. As the echoes of the last departing wagon train died into silence that April morning in 1890, an era of vast importance to the West closed. For forty-one years old Fort Laramie had calmed the troubled waters of frontier life and in doing so had held a unique place in the hearts and imaginations of a vast human tide as it swept through the storied gates of the fort, bargained for items at the Sutler's store, or rested in the coolness and shade of the post's buildings. Here had been a halfway house of the nation; here the trails crossed, ended, began. It meant the first hard stretch of the western jour- ney completed, the end of the prairie stretches. From here on bold out- lines of peaks and mountain ranges rimmed the skyline. Facilities at the post had given succor and aid to many thousands of those brave pio- neers of yesterday, men and women THE IMPROVEMENT ERA who dreamed dreams of happy, peace- ful homes in the great West, as they followed the trail by old Fort Laramie, that reached beyond the hills and disappeared into the sunset. During the years immediately fol- lowing the abandonment of Fort Laramie by the army, little or no thought was given by the public to the historical importance attached to the area. The more than sixty build- ings had been stripped of all their valuable material and were rapidly falling into decay. But in the early 1920's public minded citizens went into action. In 1925 the legislature of the State of Wyoming memorialized the Congress of the United States to set aside the land comprising old Fort Laramie. The Historical Land- mark Commission of Wyoming co- operated, and finally, in 1937, just forty-eight years after the govern- ment had auctioned the entire fort, the state of Wyoming purchased from private owners 214 acres of the original reserve and deeded it to the United States. Today Fort Laramie National Monument is rapidly being stabilized and restored. The fort, once aban- doned to the destruction of man and the elements, is to live anew as the West's best representative of the spirit and tradition of those early yearsl SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY The American Fur Trade of the Far West, by H. M. Chittenden, vols. 1, 2, 3 1902 The West In American History, by Don Elbert Clark 1941 Utah and the Nation, by Leland H. Creer 1929 Westward America, by Howard R. Driggs 1942 Ben Holladay, The Stagecoach King, by J. V. Frederick 1940 The Early Far West, by W. J. Ghent. .. 1940 Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, Hafen and Young 1938 Fort Laramie, Guardian of the Oregon Trail, (a commemorative essay) by Merrill J. Mattes. 1945 The Bozeman Trail, by Hebard and Brininstool, (2 vols.) 1922 History of Wyoming, by C. G. Cotuant. 1890 APRIL 1953 GREAT NEW FIMI' OIL NW-ACnON U1DC0! Adds Miles To Your Engine Life! Always a famous fighter against engine wear, UTOCO with its new additives, fights harder than ever against engine-ruining acids, and engine-clogging sludge. This remarkable new-action oil cleans out engine soot and dirt, holds it harmlessly in suspension ready to be drained out. Utoco's new-action actually can add miles to engine life and is especially effective in improving valve life and lifter operation. Surpasses the needs for most severe passenger car service re- quirements established by the American Petroleum Institute — Service"MS" . . . also for diesel engines . . . Service "DG". Utah Oil Refining Co. See your UTOCO Pealer for a "Spring- Clean"Change-over NO BETTER MOT&fcOlL MAPE azaazgZ2zz2a 283 RUBYH. MORGAN Editor Company Manners by Monica Dowries Rhoda Fleming was tired — tired and discouraged. As she looked about the familiar kitchen, she felt that she would like to run straight out the door and never come back. There was nothing wrong with the kitchen, really. It was pleasant, well- planned, and comfortable. It was just that she had too much of it. She was in the kitchen every day, early and late. The family even ate in the kitchen. Rhoda had not planned it that way. She and Henry had built this house with a large dining room, in- tending to serve meals as she had always been used to. But keeping house for a husband and three grow- ing sons, and doing her woman's chores on a farm took all her time and energy. Besides, heating the dining room in winter in time for breakfast was a problem, and there wasn't time for taking those extra steps from the kitchen to serve. First as a makeshift when the boys were tiny, kitchen eating had gradually come to be accepted as a regular part of their life. She knew the effect on the boys was not good. She had always be- lieved that there were no such things as "company manners." She had tried to train her boys to use their best manners every day. But they were slipping into easy going, care- less habits — "kitchen manners" she called them. Perhaps if she had had a daughter to help — Rhoda dropped into the kitchen rocker and picked up a woman's magazine. Henry had asked for a boiled dinner today, and she had only to watch the stove while it finished cooking. She leafed through the pages. Here was an advertisement for silverware, a beautifully appointed table with a delicate flower center- piece. The order, the harmony of line and color, gave her a sense of repose. Such a table was refreshment for the spirit. People who could live like that were fortunate. Near the front of the magazine were photographs of a popular British movie star in her own home. And here was an interview. Of course she tried to look her best for her own family, the star said. It meant getting up ten minutes earlier each morning, but it was worth it. And she always used her best china and silver. Not to do so would an- nounce that she valued guests more than her own family. That hurt. Of course Rhoda didn't care more for guests than for her own family. But didn't she make it appear as though she did? The oil- cloth cover, kitchen china (some of it chipped and none of it matching), the worn plated silver which Great- aunt Matilda had used for forty years before she inherited it. No wonder the family had "kitchen manners." She glanced at the clock. There would be just time enough. Her weariness forgotten, she carried out the best china plates, and put them in the warming oven. She covered the oilcloth with white linen and set out her wedding silver. If they 284 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA couldn't eat in the dining room, at least there would be an oasis of beauty and order in the kitchen. She slipped outside for flowers. California poppies and bachelors' buttons grew in profusion. She would arrange them in the blue bowl Cousin Eunice had given her last Christmas. Then she freshened herself and put on a clean dress. She felt more serene and rested today. Her eldest appeared at the kitchen door. His comment, "Whee, com- pany!" as he caught sight of the table, sent a pang through Rhoda. Had she neglected her own so badly? The other two boys were now at the sink, scrubbing extra hard, brushing hair, and tidying up. They were really putting their hearts into it today. Her husband stepped into the room. He looked shocked, as he asked, "Is this a birthday or something?" Poor Henry! He was always forgetting anniversaries and feeling guilty. Rhoda faced them all, standing straight and dignified, but with a twinkle of mischief in her eye. "Yes, this is a special day," she announced. "It's the beginning of a new plan. The Flemings are enter- taining the Flemings. And we're going to do it every day!" ■ m ■ HANDY HINTS Payment for Handy Hints used will be one dollar upon publication. In the event that two with the same idea are submitted, the one postmarked earlier will receive the dollar. None of the ideas can be returned, but each will receive careful consideration. Your gravy will never be lumpy if you make the thickening this way: Simply place flour in small screw-top jar and add plenty of cold water. Put lid on and shake vigorously to get a very thin, smooth paste. Stir into boil- ing gravy liquid. — Mrs. G. H., Hinckley Utah. Add a little lemon juice to water in which salad greens are to be freshened. This helps make them crisp. — M. M., Grandville, Michigan. Children coming home from school are hungry and like to raid the icebox. Half of one shelf in our refrigerator is called the "snack shelf" and contains leftover dabs of meat, fruits, carrot sticks, jello, etc., stored in empty peanut butter jars; the children know they are free to use any of the things on this shelf.— Mrs. D. R. B., Salt Lake City, Utah. An apron similar to a clothespin apron is handy for collecting small vegetables or fruit in the garden. — Mrs. M. M., Burhank, Calif. APRIL 1953 Just in time for Spring planting ... Boyco's 0 Bigger Poppy Barrow SPRING GARDENING'S MORE FUN THAN EVER with the new Boyco Poppy Barrow, for it features a bigger, more useful tray... one that really lets you cut the corners on hard gardening work. You see, the new tray holds more earth, and that means fewer trips when you have to move dirt or sand or mulch around your yard. The new Poppy Barrow glides through its work, too, on a smooth-rolling, ball-bearing wheel . . . and a big wide tire that won't dig into your lawn. You'll never have to wrestle a Poppy Barrow to keep it upright, either, for its 4-point support under the tray assures perfect balance, even with a full load. Cut your tough gardening chores . . . put the new Boyco Poppy Barrow to work in your yard. Do You Ha^e All These Work Savers ? BOYCO TOOLS are scientifically balanced to take the work load off your hands. They're built to take it, too . . . with tool heads forged out of steel, then securely joined to rugged, ash handles. *<">.. Look for the NEW Poppy Barrow and BOYCO Garden Tools at your Hardware, Nursery, Feed or Department Store UNITED STATES STEEL PRODUCTS DIVISION UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION 2 3 a \ 5100 SANTA FE AVE., LOS ANGELES, CALIF. • 1849 OAK ST., ALAMEDA, CALIF. UNITED STA STEEL W:''!'^MSii!ZS^fV/a of the dead have been redeemed; millions are yet waiting for their prison doors to open.8 President Anthon H. Lund once said in conference: We look forward to the time when the land of Zion will be covered with temples, so that the great work may go on, both for the living and the dead.9 (Concluded on following page) 7Discourses of Brigham Young, pp. 604, 616. sFrom stenographic reports of the dedication pro- ceedings; Saviors on Mount Zion, p. 210. sUtah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, 9:74. APRIL 1953 Born and raised in UTAH! tasting MORNING > Utah's own Morning Milk is the milk with the guaranteed finer flavor. Try it just 7 days and you'll never be satisfied with any other brand. You can taste "the difference! 293 gritos RECIPE OF THE MONTH FRITOS STUFFED CABBAGE SERVES 4-6 1 medium Head of Cabbage 1 Egg Vi lb. (1 cup) Ground Beef Va. tsp. Monosodium Glutamate !'i medium Onion (chopped) 2 tbsp. Evaporated Milk Vi tsp. Salt 3/4 cup Crushed FRITOS Vb tsp. Pepper (Measured after crushing) DIRECTIONS: Fold back several of trie outer leaves of the cabbage, removing the center to allow for filling. Mix the remaining ingredients, place in cabbage and close opening by folding leaves over top. Tie cabbage in thin cloth. Cover with boiling salty water and simmer until tender. Slice in wedges and serve. *Fritos is the registered trade-mark of The Frito Company A MEALTIME TREAT THAT'S HARD TO BEAT! ani You will j&e its *& and. // BAftMB^ HULMAN & COMPANY TERRE HAUTE. INDIANA ALL-O-WHEAT is (DsdLciojAA. • Tasty rich golden-wheat flavor • Full natural Vitamin A, B, E, G value • Costs so little- Cooks so quickly Serve all the family . . . ALL-O-WHEAT Makers of Rolled Wheat Flakes and Unbleached Flour Ogden, Utah >-i>-^»-o-^— ■ [>-— t-r:-— * n iii i>-mm><<4*mm-r:-mm*-<>- »-0-^M-0-^»-04 IN USE for SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS Aids in treatment of Canker, simple sore throat and other minor mouth and throat irritations. HALLS REMEDY Salt Lake City, Utah The Beginning of the Blessing (Continued from preceding page) Of the building of temples and the work therein, President Woodruff ex- plained: This is a preparation necessary for the second advent of the Savior; and when we shall have built the temples now contem- plated, we will then begin to see the neces- sity of building others, for in proportion to the diligence of our labors in this di- rection, will we comprehend the extent of the work to be done, and the present is only a beginning. When the Savior comes, a thousand years will be devoted to this work of redemption; and temples will appear all over this land of Joseph — North and South America — and also in Europe and elsewhere; and all . . . must be officiated for in the temples of God, before the Savior can pre- sent the kingdom to the Father, saying, "It is finished."10 journal of Discourses, 19:229-230. 294 The Salt Lake Temple (Continued from page 224) all others for which the members of the Church had longed. Nor was it the last to be built, and President Brigham Young predicted that the time would come when temples would be erected all over the land of Zion and in foreign lands. Why do we build temples? It is because the Lord commands it. For what purpose are they built? In or- der that sacred ordinances and cove- nants necessary to the exaltation in the celestial kingdom may be be- stowed upon all those who are worthy of the exaltation. In relation to these blessings the Lord has said: That by keeping the commandments they might be washed and cleansed from all their sins, and receive the Holy Spirit by the laying on of the hands of him who is ordained and sealed unto this power; And who overcome by faith, and are sealed by the Holy Spirit of promise, which the Father sheds forth upon all those who are just and true. They are they who are the church of the Firstborn. They are they into whose hands the Father has given all things — They are they who are priests and kings, who have received of his fulness, and of his glory. (D. & C. 76:52-56.) We can discern from this that ac- cording to the letter of the command- ment, none are entitled to enter the temple and receive these ordinances except those who have prepared them- THE IMPROVEMENT ERA selves for exaltation by the keeping of all of the commandments and have prepared themselves by faith and faithfulness to be so endowed. This strictness is not always followed and many are privileged to receive some of these ordinances on the promise of faithfulness thereafter. So important did the Lord consider the need of a temple in Israel, he commanded Moses to build one while the children of Israel were in the wil- derness. This was built of the most costly materials that the Israelites could produce. It was a portable building that could be taken down and set up as the camp of Israel moved in their journeying from place to place. It is frequently spoken of as the tabernacle. It was to this building that Samuel was taken by his mother in his childhood. In the days of Solomon, Israel was com- manded to build a permanent temple which served them until through their rebellion and corruption it was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar at the time of the captivity. On the return of the Jews from this bondage, by decree of Cyrus the Persian, the tem- ple was rebuilt. Later it was neg- lected, and then it was*repaired and partially reconstructed in the days of Herod. This was the temple as our Savior found it. Since the resurrection of our Savior, baptism for the dead has been per- formed. This ordinance belongs to the temple as do all the ordinances pertaining to the salvation of the worthy dead. At the time of the building of the Nauvoo Temple, the Lord said: For therein are the keys of the holy priesthood ordained, that you may receive honor and glory. . . . For it is ordained that in Zion, and in her stakes, and in Jerusalem, those places which I have appointed for refuge, shall be the places for your baptisms for your dead. And again, verily I say unto you, how shall your washings be acceptable unto me, except ye perform them in a house which you have built to my name? For, for this cause I commanded Moses that he should build a tabernacle, that they should bear it with them in the wilderness, and to build a house in the land of prom- ise, that those ordinances might be revealed which had been hid from before the world was. (D. & C. 124:34, 36-38.) Today it is the privilege of the Latter-day Saints to go to this sacred house, and there receive all of these blessings in fulfilment of the promise of the Lord through Jeremiah. APRIL 1953 New classes: • Typing • Shorthand * Hy-Speed Longhand * Gregg Shorthand, Simplified * Accounting • and others You Can Still Register For Spring Quarter Springtime at L.D.S. is beautiful ... a spacious lawned campus nestled among many budding trees and located just across the street from the inspiring Temple. It's the perfect environment for learning. And L.D.S. has many new and interesting classes for you in secretarial, stenographic, accounting, business management, and office fields. New and modern equipment makes learning easier, and conscientious instructors give you the personal attention necessary. Write or phone you're always cordially welcome at your Church school BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Ifflli BIJSIISS COLLEGE Branch I frW Lfll M 70 NORTH MAIN • SALT LAKE CITY MR. CHAIRMAN! FOR CHURCHES AND SUNDAY SCHOOLS NEARLY EVERYONE BUYS "AMERICAN" tfmefflW. FOLDING CHAIRS 3 SEAT STYLES: Formed plywood or shaped steel or imitation- leather upholstered Extra wide shaped seats and deep-formed back panels, for extra comfort ! Rugged, reinforced triangular-steel tubing; steel cross-braces. Metal parts are corrosion-resistant Bonderized, followed by two coats of outdoor enamel. No sliding or binding parts. No snagging, cutting or soiling hazards. Light weight — easy to carry and store. Write Dept. 1 69 AMERICAN SEATING COMPANY 901 BROADWAY N. W., GRAND RAPIDS 2, MICHIGAN BRANCH OFFICES AND DISTRIBUTORS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Over 8 million in use! DRINK ficqo A delightful hot beverage for those who don't drink coffee. AT YOUR GROCERS EHCT SB 167 $1.25 Doz. : ■■:' . " :' i mm BRASS GOODS'CO. ^Unbreakable .. . moulded to look like glass. Light- weight, noise free. Eco- nomical. Standard .height. Order from your dealer. SPECIAL OFFER Mail $1.00 for trial lot of one dozen sent postpaid. 55 Sudbury St., Boston 14, Mass. C/l CENTURY OF Write for information on type of organ in which you are interested. PIPE ORGANS REED ORGANS ESTEY ORGAN CORP., BRATTLEBORO/VT. 3SD PIKES PEAR FLOUR With FOUR Extra Baking Advantages SALT LAKE FLOUR MILLS 425 West 5th South Salt Lake City, Utah fat £&&tty SALT LAKE COSTUME CO. .248 So. Main St., Salt Lake City - Dial 3-1031 295 Dina Kay Bingham Thirty-sixth Ward of the East Ogden (Utah) Stake has reason to be proud of their young people and especially Dina Kay Bingham. She has completed her fifth year of perfect attendance at Sunday School, fourth year perfect attendance at sacrament meeting; and with the recent exception of six meetings which she missed because her employment conflicted with Mutual hours, her fourth year at M. I. A. She has been given three one hundred percent award pins and is a Silver Gleaner. She is the daughter of Asael and Evelyn Bingham. Sandyville, West Virginia Dear Editors: IT gives me great pleasure to see "Evidences and Reconcilia- tions" by Dr. Widtsoe continuing for a time in The Improve- ment Era. These articles have truly been helpful and inspiring. I have often wondered, in late years, if some other gifted writer would take up this same line of work for The Improvement Era after Brother Widtsoe's pen had been laid aside. Dr. Widtsoe himself puts the matter appropriately in Volume 1 of Evidences and Reconciliations in the preface, as follows: "Inquiries from honest searchers after truth should always be welcomed. Intelligent learners, in any field of knowledge, ask for explanations as problems appear in their studies. Indeed, the questions asked often mark the degree of proficiency attained. Those to whom no problems occur are asleep at the wheel of truth." It is my earnest hope that this stirring challenge of this valiant soul shall be accepted by The Improvement Era through the years that lie ahead. May the torch which he carried so faithfully and so long be held aloft by other hands to light the path of truth. Very sincerely yours, hi J. M. Riggs Hatch, Utah Dear Brethren: I first subscribed through F. M. Lyman in 1897 September to The Improvement Era. The next year my Brother, Alvin, got the Era from the P. O. and kept it a month, then it belonged to me. My father F. L. Porter subscribed for it. I have had it ever since. Am very grateful to God for the Era. Yours sincerely, I si L. Leroy Porter Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dear Editors: The issue of The Improvement Era came with my small offer- ing of my work, and an editor also sent me a clipping from the same issue, from Washington — showing how your fine maga- zine gets around! This latter city seeming to have been cut off from the rest of the country for the past some years, to many of its citizens! Thank you very much for sending me the copy. I think this is always a gracious act toward the contributor by editors! And one appreciated even by those who seldom if ever, receive a rejection slip, I have found. Most sincerely, I si Ormonde Butler Beach, North Dakota Dear Friends, Your fine magazine is still as much enjoyed as ever. Every issue makes one again encouraged to be in the association of so noble a people who publish it. I have yet to find anything to be prejudiced against. What a far cry from some of the humiliation heaped on by professed Christians. One would think the tragedies would expose the mockery, but history never seems to be predisposed that way. Many, many thanks again for your good magazine. I also appreciate the Saturday edition of The Deseret News-Salt Lake Telegram. Sincerely, I si Edwin Buldhaupt Reconstruction of a Babylonian temple. Model of the small Egyptian Temple of Medinet Habu under the Ethiopian kings. — Photos courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago (These temples are described in detail in Dr. Sperry's article, page 230.) 296 THE IMPROVEMENT ERA ,:*' >« f ■**;*'' SB Ms Rope. Mas to 6e SUPER S/lfE So should your motor oil! When your life depends on a rope you want it to be the safest rope you can buy. The mountain climber's rope is reinforced with a steel cable in the center, to make it super safe! Your motor's life may depend on the oil you use. That's why Phillips 66 Heavy Duty Premium Motor Oil provides a built-in "safety margin" for emergencies. You can depend on it for lubrica- tion and wear protection under conditions more extreme than your motor is ever likely to face. It's super safe! Surpasses the Recommendations of U.S. Car Makers! Gugmteec/ to Satisfy \ Phillips 66 Heavy Duty Premium Motor Oil actually surpasses the recommendations established for all makes of cars. That's why we can give you a guar- antee certificate which says: Try this great oil for ten days — or up to 1,000 miles. Then, if you aren't completely satisfied on every count, go to any Phillips 66 Dealer and he will refill your car's crankcase with any other available oil you want at our expense. What could be fairer? Get Phillips 66 Heavy Duty Premium Motor Oil. It's guaranteed to satisfy you! / G£f"luAri-fecffon WASATCH STOP AT STATIONS WHERE YOU SEE THESE SIGNS ^ karma tke (jooa Jnmas ofJif? Springtime is a state of mind. 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