'''S'^^'ti. ■'>":■■ .' Gc 941.7301 K77h 1388408 V^M ^\) GENEALOGY COLLECTION G^Al ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY IIIIIIIIIHI! 3 1833 01274 1184 GENEALOGY I94I.73OI iK77h THE HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO THH BURKB EFFIGY, GLIXSK, COUNTY GAIAVAY, II. S. CRAwroRD, i>hoto THE HISTORY" OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO TO THE CLOSE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY HUBERT THOMAS KNOX M.R.I.A., F.R.S.A.I. FORMERLY OF THE MADRAS CIVIL SERVICE DUBLIN HODGES, FIGGIS & CO., Ltd. PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY 1908 13S810S PREFACE. In this first History of the County some errors must be expected, but I trust that they will be found to be very few as to matters of fact. Some opinions are new, for which general acceptance cannot be expected at once, but it is my hope that such readers as study the evidence for themselves will agree with me, if not wholly, to a great extent. The fulness of the parts dealing with the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, and again of those dealing with the latter half of the sixteenth century, as compared with the part relating to the intervening two hundred years, is due to the want of full English Records after the King ceased to govern in Connaught. Ecclesiastical affairs are passed over lightly, because they have been dealt with already in my " Notes on the Dioceses of Tuam and Killala and Achonry," published when I did not expect to finish this history, for which they were prepared. If the Genealogical Tables seem unnecessary in number, and inclusive of names not wanted for this book, it is because it is impossible to understand fully the alhances of Allans and tribes and their quarrels, external and internal, without a knowledge of the family relationships in which they usually originated. These tables are, generally, not accessible in print, and they will be neceseary to those who carry on the history of the Mayo families into the next century. My thanks are due to His Grace the Archbishop of vi PREFACE. Canterbury for leave to publish parts of the " Division of Connaught and Thomond, 1574." To the Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin, for leave to use the translations of the '• Historia et Genealogia Familite de Burgo." To the Council of the Royal Irish Academy for leave to use extracts from " MacFirbis's Great Book of Genealogies." To the Council of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland for the loan of the blocks of the Maps in pp. 326, 328, 338. To the Controller of His Majesty's Stationery Office for leave to quote from the Irish Annals, the Calendars, and other publications of that office. To Mr. H. S. Crawford for the use of his photograph of the Glinsk Effigy of WiUiam Burke. To the representative of the late Rev. D. Murphy for leave to quote from his " Life of Hugh Roe O'Donnell." H. T. KNOX. March 2, 1908. ABBREVIATIONS. yA.C.:= Annals of Clonmacnoise (Murphy's Edition). Volume of the Koyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. A.I. = Annals of Innisfallen in O'Conor's " Rerum Hibernicarura Scrip- tores Veteres." A.T. = Annals of Tigernach in Revue Cdtiquc. A. U. = Annals of Ulster. Rolls Series. C. = Chief or king of tribe. C.S. = Chronicum Scotorum. Rolls Series. D.F.= Annals of Duald MacFirbis in Miscellany of Irish Arcluepilogical Society, vol. i. D.I. = Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, 1172-1207. Ix- D.K. = Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, Ireland. F.M. = Annals of the Four Masters (O'Donovan's Translation). Hist, et Gen. = Historia et Genealogia Familise de Burgo. See Appendix. H.F. = Tribes and Customs of Hy Fiachrach (O'Donovan's Translation). K.C., K.I. = King of Connaught, King of Ireland. L.C. = Annals of Loch Ce. Rolls Series. •^ O.S.L.M. = Ordnance Survey Letters, County Mayo. P.R. = Plea Rolls in the Public Record Office, Dublin. _ y R.S.A.I. = Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, including its earlier titles. J S.P.I.E. = State Papers, Ireland, Queen Elizabeth. In the Public Record Office, London. In the Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, Henry VIII., &c. In a few cases the originals have been used. S.T.L. = Stokes's Edition of the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick. Rolls Series. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The Earliest Legends. PAGE Iberians — Celts or Gael — Tribes of earliest legends — " Invasions of Ire- land " — Three kingdoms of the Olnegmacht — Queen Meave's period — Clann Umoir — Attacottic revolution and Tuathal Techtmar — Clann Morna and Conn Cedcathach — Battle of Moylena — 'I'he Fianna — Cormac MacArt and Lngni Firtri — Cairbre LifFeach.nir nnd Clann Morna 1 CHAPTER II. The Early Milesian Period. Probable transformation of Olnegmacht clans into Milesians — Kingdom of Irrusdomnonn and its constituent tribes— Other tribes of Mayo^ — Those of rest of Connaught — Book of Rights ...... 15 CHAPTER III. The Fifth Century and Establishment of Christianity. Brian and Fiachra — Family rivalry— Fiachra, Dathi, Duach Galach, and St. Patrick — St. Patrick's early work — Amalgaid — St. Patrick's tour in S. Mayo — Death of Amalgaid, and St. Patrick's visit to Tirawlev — Ailill Molt— Battle of Segais ".24 CHAPTER IV. From Accession of Eoghan Bel to a.d. 800. Christian mission work in sixth century — Battle of Sligo— Quarrels of Guaire and Muredach, and murder of St. Cellach — Ailill Inbanna — Decay of kingdom of Irrusdomnonn — Later events — Establishment of great monasteries — Influence on architecture 31 CHAPTER V. From a.d. 800 to the Anglo-Norman Invasion. Invasions by Northmen — Partition between O'Dowda and O'Keewan — Round Towers— Wars with Munster and Ulster— Rise of Torlogh Mor — Sea fight near Inishowen — Relations of King of Connaught with sub-kings — Ecclesiastical affairs .38 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. /' Relations of the King of Connaught ^YITH the King of England in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Ruaidhri's settlement in 1175— Quarrels with sons— Cathal Crobhderg's settlements in 1201 and 1215— Aedh's rebellion— Partition ofCon- nauffht in 1228— Submission of Felim in 1237— Rebellion of his son Aedh— O'Conor's lordship reduced to tln-ee cautreds— Subsequent relations CHAPTER VII. State of the Country from 1170 to 1237 CHAPTER VIII. Events from 1170 to 1224. Rebellion of Murrough O'Conor— Cathal Crobhderg invades Munster- Castlehag— William de Burgo's invasions— He turns against Cathal- Death— Notices of Mayo chieftains CHAPTER IX. From Accession of Aedh to the Submission of Felim IN 1237. Rebellion against Aedh and invasion of Mayo, 1225-Aedh's rebellion- Invasion of 122G— Partition of Connaught in 1228— Invasion of 1230 —Arrest of Felim— Release and attack on R. de Burgo— Invasion of 1235, and fighting in Clew Bay— O'Couors rise in 1237— Peace and colonisation 59 72 CHAPTER X. Ecclesiastical Affairs to the Sixteenth Century. Effects of transfer of endowments and imposition of tithes— New style of abbeys and parish churches-^Appointment of bishops— Power of King and Pope— Decay of cathedral and parish clergy— Parish church architecture— Growth of monastic clergy and architecture- List of monasteries— Course of Reformation 90 CHAPTER XI. Enfeoffment and Colonisation. Organisation of Connaught lordship— Division of Mayo into fees— Early barons' castles— Manors, tuaths, duns, and motes— Early manor houses or castles— Manor of Lehinch— Market towns . . . .101 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. Changes of Appearance of Country. >Ar,E Duns, cabers, and raths — Dwelling-houses — Woods and water — Tillage — Crannogs — The great high forts — Roads — Ecclesiastical cashels and towns — Kound towers and stone churches — • Anglo-Norman buildings 109 CHAPTER XIII. From the Colonisation to the Death of Earl Walter. Incidents in 124t) — O'Conor raids and rising in Umall — Sheriff killed by pirates— MacCostellos fight with O'Conors — Invasions by Aedh O'Conor — War of Burkes and Geraldines — War with Aedh O'Conor — Defeat of EarlAYalter at Athancliip 113 CHAPTER XIV. The Time of Earl Richard. Rising and expulsion of Clan Murtough — Battle of Kilroe— Imprisonment of the Earl by John FitzThomas — Settlement — Sir W. de Burgo — Wars of Thomond — Bruce war and O'Conor war — Battle of Athenry . 120 CHAPTER XV. From Death of Earl Richard to the Fall of the King's Government in Connaught. Walter de Burgo and the O'Couors — His rebellion and death — Murder of Earl William — sir Edmond and Edmond Albanagh and the O'Conors quarrel — Murder of Sir Edmond — Consequences 130 CHAPTER XVI. The De Burgo Family in Connaught and their Irish Xeighbours 137 CHAPTER XVII. Establishment of the MacWilliamship H2 CHAPTER XVIII. The First ^IacWilliams. Edmond Albanagh — Fights with Clanmorris — O'Conor factions — Fights with Berminghams — Sir Edmond's son invades Connaught— Rise of ' Richard Og— Edmond and Clanricard — Subdues Clanricard— Appear- ance of Gallowglassos — His son Thomas— Position as MacWilliam — Wars with neighbours— Wars of the two O'Conors — Admits superiority of Richard Og— Submits to King Richard— The De Exeters— Barretts rise against him— General attack on Sligo O'Conors— Counties of Mayo and Sligo take shape . . " . 146 CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XIX. The MacWilliams, Sons axd Grandsons of Sir Thomas BOURKE— 1401 TO 1503. Outline of events in his sons' time — Walter — Various fighting — Defeat at Ath Lighen — Peace in 1420 between the MacWilliams — At war in 1430 — Great famine — Edmond na Fesoige — Forces Upper MacWilliam to , / submit — Famine and plague — Barrett quaip61 — O'Kellys of Donamona — Thomas Og — Richard — Period of the grandsons of Sir Thomas — Richard O'Cuairsci — Invades Galway with O'Donnell — Battle of Glanog^AUies quarrel over O'Conors of Sligo — Consequent warfare — Theobald — The Bourkes quarrel — Battle of Ardnarea with O'Donnell — TJie Bourkes and Barretts — Peace with O'Donnell — Ships sent to Tirconnell — Lord Deputy sets up O'Conor Donn — Theobald puts him down CHAPTER XX. From 1503 to 1550. General course of events — Edmond III. — Battle of Knockdoe — Murder of John Bourke — Skirmishes with O'Donnell in Leyny and Tireragh — Murder of Edmond — John I. — Mejder — Edmond IV — Connaught marches against O'Donnell and retreats — O'Donnell invades Tirawley — Takes Castleruore — John II. of the Termon— Ulick — O'Dowdas and Ardnarea — Theobald II. — Barretts and Bourkfes — Succession of MacWilliams unknown — Revival of king's power .... CHAPTER XXL From 1550 to 1568. Fighting between Bourkes — John MacOliverus and Scots defeated in the Curlews — David, MacWilliam — Bourkes and Scots defeated at Cloonee — Richard III. visits the Lord Deputy — Settlement of disputes with Lord Clanricard — Claims to Moyne Castle — Sidney comes to Galway . 170 CHAPTER XXII. From the Formation of the County of Mayo to the Death of Sir N. Malbie. Government of Connaught formed — The county defined — The cess— Battle of Shrule — Submission of Bourkes — Fear of changes — Sir John MacOliverus — Rebellion — Fitton's operations. 1571 — MacWilliam rebels and submits—" Division of Connaught " — Sidney proposes com- position— His account of Mayo — Rebellion of Earl's sons — Grace O'Malley— Richard an larainn's rising— Death of Sir John— Malbie establishes Richard an larainn — Rising of Richard MacOliverus — He becomes MacWilliam — Malbie's work in Connaught .... CHAPTER XXIII. The Composition for Cess and the Introduction of the English Law 199 CONTENTS. Xlll CHAPTER XXTY. FrOxM the Composition to thk Retukx of Sir R. Bixgham IX 1588. PAGE The composition introduced— Death of Sir R. Bonrke— Castlehag rising- Lord Deputy's intervention— Extinction of MacWilliaraship apd spread of rebellion— Suppression — Execution of Edniond of Castlebar — In- vasion by Scots— Battle of Ardnarea— Charges against Bingham and acquittal — Remarks on composition — Composition for Costello — Administration of law— English settlers 205 CHAPTER XXV. From the Coming of the Spanish Armada to the Peace of 1589. Spanish ships on this coast— Execution of Ju.stin MacDonnell — Beginning of rebellion — Weakness of Government — John Browne's commission — Rebels kill him — Spread of rebellion — Demands of rebels — Battle of Carras — Peace negotiations and their failure — Bingham's action against rebels — Lord Deputy withdraws him and sues for peace — Further action of rebels — Their submission CHAPTER XXVI. The Persecution of Sir R. Bingham and the Suppression OF the Rebellion. Unfair arrangements for trial of the Governor — Trial and acquittal — Martial law — FitzWilliam's circuit — Taking up of cattle — Scots land in Erris — Blind Abbot proclaimed MacWilliam — Parleying with rebels — Orders from England for action — Further parleying — Bingham ordered to act — The march throusrh Mavo — The Blind Abbot loses his foot — Peace . 237 CHAPTER XXVI 1. From 1590 to 1595. Defeat of Scots in Erris — Attack on John Bingham — Some social conditions — Attack on the sessions— Operations against rebels and terms of peace — Arrest of Tibbot na Long — Grace O'Malley in England — Her petitions and answers — Richard Bourke's raid from I'lster ..... 2i6 CHAPTER XXVIII. The Breakdown of Government. Murder of George Binghaiu and loss of Sligo Castle — Consequences — O'Donnell's raid — Sickness of soldiers — Disastrous attempt to relieve Belleek— Mayo abandoned to the rebels — Charges against Sir R. Bing- ham— His tlight to England — His government ..... 256 XIV CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXIX. O'Donnell's Dominatiox and the Final Peace. PAGE Eebels refuse to meet Sir W. Russell — O'Donnell makes a MacWilliam — Sir J. Norris brings an army to Mayo, negotiates, and retires- Clifford's operations — Terms of peace in Mayo — List of pledges — Agreement with Tibbot na Long — Raids from Ulster — Conditions at end of 1597 — Defeat of the Yellow Ford and rebellion in Connaught — Crannog of Lahardane — Defeat of the Yellow Pass — Tibbot na Long's fleet at Sligo — Terms between the two Tibbots — Mayo rebels in Mun- ster — Tibbot na Long hangs Dermot O'Conor — Plot for capture of O'Donnell — Richard Bourke set up as MacWilliam and killed — Battle of Kinsale establishes the queen's supremacy ..... 2(5.S CHAPTER XXX. The Barony of Kilmaine. Early tribes — Norman settlement — Bourke division — MacSeonins — Maf- Tibbots — MacMeylers — MacDonnells 280 CHAPTER XXXI. The Barony of Carra. Early tribes — Norman settlement — Stauntons — Branaghs — MacPhilpins — Sauvages — Barrys — Bourke divisions — O'Kellys — MacDonnells — Formation of baronv 286 CHAPTER XXXII. The Barony of Tirawley. Early tribes— Mullaghorne—Hy Fiachrach clans — Their chiefs — Norman settlement — Barrett, Carew, and Cusack claims-^-Barrett estates and clans — Branaghs — MacAnallys — Cusacks — Carews — Lynotts-^Mct.- ricks — De Exeters — Berminghams and Ardnarea — Feud of Barretts and Lynotts — MacDonnells — Bourkes 289 CHAPTER XXXIII. The Barony of Erris. ,/ The chieftains — Clan Murtough — De Exeters — Butlers — Fleming- Barretts — Bourkes CHAPTER XXXIV. The Barony of Burrishoole. Formation of barony— Clan Murtough — Butlers — Bourke clans — Mac- Donnells— Manor of Aghagower 300 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXV. The Bakony of Murrisk. Aicill and Umall— Clann Maille— Exploits by sea— Obits— Cruacban of Aigill and Belclare Castle— Lawless estate— MacGibbous—Crannog of Moher Lake ............ 303 CHAPTER XXXVI. The Barony of Gallen. Formation of barony— Division among De Exeters— Gaelic freeholders—De Exeter family — Malbie's settlement between MacTordan and Mac- William — Entries in Annals 397 CHAPTER XXXVII. The Barony of Costello. Early tribes— Early de Angulos— Norman partition— De Angulo lord of Sliabb Lugha — South Costello — Theobald Dillon — Division under MacCostellos — War of MacCostellos and MacDermots — Notices of MacCostcUos — Tlieir genealogy 313 CHAPTER XXXVllI. The Barony of Clanmorkis. Early tribes and divisions — Prendergasts — FitzSimons, &c. — Independence of MacWilliams 32i CHAPTER XXXIX. The Bahony of Ross. Early tribes — The Joys 324 A P PENT) ICES. I. The Early Leoend.s 325 II. Agreement between iiik Kaki, ok Ulster and Sir •loHN FiTzTiioMAS 341 III. Tnqi LsnioNs takkn after the Death of William, Earl of Ulster 313 IV. 'I'm: Divisions of Connaught, 1570, 1574 .... 34ti V llisrouiA KT C'ENEAlogia Famiii.k ok HrnGo . .351 h XVI CONTENTS. PAGE VI. Indenture of Composition for Co. Mayo . . , 356 VII. Indenture of Composition for Iar Connaught . . 369 VIII. Barrett Inquisitions ....... 370 IX. Genealogical and other Tables of Gaelic Families. 1. Revised view of early tribal relations, p. 373. 2. Domnonian kings of Connaught and pedigrees, p. 374. 3. Succession of kings of Connaught down to Eochy Moyvane, p. 374. 4. The Irish genealogical system, p. 375. 5. Relationship of principal Milesian clans, p. 376. 6. Relation- ship of Hy Fiachrach clans, nortli and south, p. 378. 7. The race of Dathi, p. 37!». 8. The clans of Hy Briuin of Connaught, p. 381. 9. The Hy Briuin Ai, p. 382. 10. The Silmurray clans, p. 383. 11. Genealogy of Torlogh Mor O'Conor, p. 384. 12. Succession of kings of Connaught of race of Eochy Moyvane, p. 387. 13. Ui Briuin of Umhall, p. 388. 14. Clan Donnell Galloglass of Mayo and Tireragh, p. 390. X. Genealogical and other Tables of English Families. 1. Succession of the Mac Williams, p. 395. 2. Relationships of the Lower MacWilliams, p. 395. 3. Relationships of the Upper MacWilliams, p. 396. 4. The chief de Burgo clans of Ireland, p. 397. 5. Descend- ants of Sir Edmond Albanagh, Sliocht Walter, p. 399. 6. The Bourkes of Castlebar, Carra, and Umall, p. 400. 7. Sliocht Ulick of Carra and Umall, p. 402. S. Sliocht Ricaird of Tirawley, p. 404. 9. Clan Seonin, p. 406. 10. Clan Philij!, p. 407. 11. Clan Gibbon of Umall, p. 408. 12. Sliocht Ulick of Umall, p. 411. 13. Clan David and Clan Walter of Corcamoe, p. 412. 14. The Burkes of Munster, p. 413. 15. The Joys of Ross, p. 414. ]6.i/rhe Barretts, p. 41(i/ 17. Clan Jordan of Gallen and Clan Stephen, p. 4W. 18. Clan Costello, p. 420. INDEX 424 ILLUSTRATIONS. THE BURKE EFFIGY AT GLINSK . . . Frontispiece PORTRAIT OF SIR R. BINGHAM . . . To face j). 199 M APS. CONN AUGHT WEST OF THE SHANNON IN THE FIFTH CENTURY . . Between jqi. 24 ami 25 THE DE BURGO LORDSHIP OF CONNAUGHT Between pp. 100 and 101 THE COUNTY OF MAYO At end THE EARLY IIISTOKY OE THE COUNTY OF MAYO. CHAPTER I. THE EAIiLTEST LECIENDS. Men who used the Paleolithic tools once inhabited these countries, but it is supposed that a gap due to change of climate separated them from those of the Neolithic, or Polished Stone, Period. The first race identified in Ireland is the Iberian, known to have inhabited nearly all France, the British Isles, Spain, and the north-western parts of Africa, now recognised in the Basqiies, the Guanches of the Canary Isles, and the Berbers of Morocco. They are the foundation upon which have settled strata of Celts, Scandinavians, and English, and are held to be the element which supplies the people with black hair, blue or grey eyes, sallow complexions, and fine features. To them ai-e attributed the dolmens or cromlechs ; the stone circles, mounds, and cairns with small cists to the Celts. These forms pass into each other and are combined, as each race was influenced by the practices of the other and by change of fashion. The great chambei-ed cairns seem to be the greatest result of the combination of both styles, and to have fallen out of use before the historic or even legendary period, being supplanted by burial in cists in small mounds and raths. Cremation was in use when they were made. They are unsuitable for disposal of unburnt bodies. The earliest monuments show burnt remains, then a jieriod of burial, followed by burning and burial. The practices were to some extent contemporaneous as new fashions came in. There is some indication that burning was pi-actised even up to the Christian period, but it must have been rare, as the legends and annals do not clearly refer to it. Upon the Iberians came the Celts from the countries about the Danube and Central Germany, occupying France, Northern Italy, a great part of Spain, and the British Isles. These were tlie Gael or Cruithne, who were long afterwards followed by the British Celts who A 2 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. supplanted them in Northern France and nearly all England, but made no settlements in Ireland, or only small colonies which were absorbed by the Gael, The Gael of Ireland were a long-headed race. The monuments testify to the settlement of round-headed men in Ireland, whom Mr. Borlase identifies as the Celtte of Cfesar, who must have been few in number, as they have not left marked traces in the population, and are known only by their skulls in tumuli. ^ The Iberian population had lost its identity before the period of the oldest legends, which never mention such a race as extant in Ireland. The ancient Irish historians identified the dark type with the Firbolg, but this identification does not show the existence of a separate race, because their legends show a common descent of Firbolg, Tuatha De Danann, and Milesians. The best opinion seems to be that the Celts came to these isles about 1250 B.C., bringing bronze into Ireland, if the Iberians had not already got it by trade, as is most probable. The second Celtic invasion of Britain is assigned to the fourth century B.C. Iron had come into use somewhat earlier. The Dolmens are of almost any period before history. The cairns of New Grange, Dowth, and Lough Crew are believed by Mr. Coffey, on evidence of ornament inscribed on stone, to range from about 800 to 300 B.C. Thus they would coincide with the coming of the Gael in their beginning, and in their end with the introduction of new fashions into Britain by the Belgic Celts. No credit can be given to the ancient history of invasions of Ireland by Parthalon, Nemed, Firbolg, Tuatha De Danann, and Milesians. At most these invasions represent vague legends of early Celtic migration. Examination shows that they deal with events which occurred when the Gael had been long established in the land, and were broken up into clans as in the historical period, and that those events were of local rather than national importance. The Fomorians were northern families who took their name from an ancestor named Fomor. The name appears in the pedigree of the Irian race of Ulster. They are the same as the TJladh of later legend. The Tuatha De Danann were clans of Meath and Connaught, ancestors of the Delbna, Cianachta, Luighne, and Gailenga of later times. They were acknowledged to be related to the Domnonians by descent from Nemed, who descended from Partholan's brother. The Domnonians are called Firbolg, a name of obscure meaning which comprises Danonians, though it came to be restricted to the Firdomnonn, Firgaileoin, and Firbolg. I cannot find that the last named had any distinct existence, unless the general name stuck to a 1 Borlase, " Dolmens of Ireland," p. 1012. THE EARLIEST LEGENDS. 3 clan of the Domnonians, being abandoned by others in favour of new names, the usual course in subdivision of Irish royal families. The only trace I find of it is in the Bolg Tuath of Badgna. D. MacFirbis tells us that the Bolg Tuath, the Gabry of the Suck, the Cathry, and the Cruithne of Croghan were descendants of Genann, son of Dela.^ The Firgaileoin are identified without doubt as Tuatha De Danann of Meath and as Cruithne. If I am right in recognising the Delbna, Luighne, and Gailenga as Danonians, their distribution in Meath and Connaught, the traditional descent of Danonians and Domnonians, and the evidence of the legends combine to prove that they were two great clans of the Gael, who fought wdth each other and with the Fomorach for supremacy in these provinces and in Leinster, and that there was no more difference between them tlian between Hy ISTeill, Hy Briuin, and Hy Fiachrach of history. All these tribes are of the same great Cruithne race, which includes the Irian race of Ulster, and is the Gael of Ireland. In later times the Milesians arrogated to themselves the name of Gael. The INIilesian pedigree before the fourth cerrfcury is untrustworthy. It is likely that a man of the Domnonian royal family of Connaught or Meath went to Spain, and acquired distinction and the name of Miled of Spain in the wars between the Celts and the Romans, or between the Celts themselves. Miled is an Irish form of Miles, and translates Galam, his Irish name. His sons may have returned to Ireland. So far there is nothing improbable. He has been utilised in making up Milesian genealogies, largely fictitious, but probably made up of names of real persons available in tradition. The true ancestry of Eochy Feidhlech is Domnonian. Tuathal Teclitmar was a scion of one of the branches of the Domnonian royal family of Con- naught. When it acquired pre-eminence a pedigree was worked up, and many of the great families which maintained their position were in course of time grafted on it, and so lost their real and greater connection. The quarrels of the three great tribes having ended in Domnonian supremacy, the Domnonians themselves were partly turned into Eremonians, and partly disavowed and stigmatised as Firbolgs and Attacots.- Mayo seldom appears in these legends. But it was a large part of the kingdom of Irrusdomnonn, which, as defined by Keating, extended from the River of Galway to the River Drowse, and seems to have been the dwelling-place of the Gamanry clan. Though the stories of invasions of Ireland and the dates assigned by Irish historians must be set aside, I see no reason to doubt that ' " Hist, of Firbolgs." Quoted by Borlase, " Dolmens of Ireland," iii. 1117. - For reason, see Appendix. 4 THE EARLY HISTORY OE THE COUNTY OF MAYO. the main events are generally accurately marshalled according to relative dates, and that they embody some historical facts. Partholan killed in battle Cical Grigencosach, great-grandson of Uadmor, who is said to have landed at Inver Domnonn, now Broad- haven Bay, twenty years after Partholan according to some his- torians, to have been in Ireland before him according to others. He and his people are called Fomorach, but I take that to be because the historians found no tribe name but that of Fomorach in the earliest legends, and did not recognise Clann Umoir as then in existence. We may take Cical to have been a king of Ti'rusdom- nonn, a MacUmoir. Nemed next appears fighting with Fomorach, whom he defeated in three battles, one being at Ros Fhraochain in Connaught, said by O'Donovan to be Rosreaghan in Murrisk in this county, a place which I cannot identify. There he slew Gann and Genann, two of their chiefs. Afterwards the Fomorach got the better of the Nemedians, whom they cruelly oppressed. Rivalry may be inferred between the clan of Nemed and that of Umoir for the sovereignty of Connaught, or perhaps for that of Ireland, which the latter now held for a time. It does not appear who Partholan and Nemed Avere. The indications point to chieftains of a great family living to the east of Irrusdom- nonn, probably the ruling family in Connaught and Meath, from wliich came the Tuatha De Danann. It is impossible to give any kind of date to these legends except that they are a shadow of events which occurred before the battles of Moytura, which may be dated as not long before the beginning of the Christian era. The Nemedians appear again as the Fiibolgs, who invade Ireland under the command of the five sons of Dela and divide all Ireland among themselves, Connaught falling to Genann. The fact is that they appear as settled in Ireland, in Meath and Connaught, and that members of the family are said to have held the chief sovereignty for thirty-seven years. Their last High King, Eochaidh MacErca, made Tara the residence of the High King of Ireland. The other branches of the clan of Nemed, the Tuatha De Danann, appear and challenge the supremacy. The Danonians, having landed on the coast of Sligo according to the legend, encamped on Slievanierin. When the Firbolg under King Eochaidh prepared to meet them, they went to the west and took up a position in front of ]Mount Belgadan, now called Benlevi, that is at Cong, to the west of Magh Nia, the Plain of Heroes, now called Moytura. It is a curious feature that they aie given as an ally Aengabha, King of Iruaithe, which has always been translated Norway, the usual meaning of the word. He played a distinguished part in the battle. In this case Iruaithe did not mean Norway, but THE EARLIEST LEGENDS. 5 tlie Iri.sli kincjdom of Herota or Hirota, which was about Galway,^ whei^e we find in later days two Delbhna clans. The battle began on midsummer day. On the second day Eoehaidh left the field with 100 men to get water. The three sons of Nemed, son of Badrai, and 150 men chased him to the Strand of Ballysadare, where Eoehaidh and the sons of ISTemed were killed in fight. Eoehaidh was buried where he fell, and a great monument was raised over him, which existed until the nineteenth century. The sons of Nemed were buiied at the west end of the Strand, where the flagstones of the sons of Nemed were set up over them. After four days' battle the Firbolg were reduced to 300 men under Sreng, son of Sengann. Being outnumbered, they accepted peace, which left them the province of Connaught. Thus the Danonians acquire the sovereignty of Ireland. Though the monuments of Moytura Cong have been assigned to various persons slain in this battle, and ]Moytura Cong has been accepted as the site, there are good reasons for believing that the battle was fought in Coillte Luighne, near another Cong, a denomina- tion of land discovered by Col. Wood-Martin in an old survey. That site agrees with the position of the Carn of Eochy and the flagstones of Nemed's sons, and the explanation of the name of L. Key given by Gilla Isu Mor Mac Firbisigh in the beginning of the fifteenth century. His opinion deserves great respect, and the Cong site does not fit in with these incidents and traditions. Unfortunately we cannot place much reliance on identification of monuments, but it is a matter of some significance that the writer of the Tale of the First Battle accepted the Strand of Ballysadare as the scene of his death. Yet on the whole the matter must remain in doubt, for a king who ran away from Cong may have been followed up and killed near Ballysadare. The second battle of Moytura does not concern Mayo directly. It was between Danonians and Ulster men called Fomorach, aided by some Domnonians, who are called Firbolg ancestors of the Claim Umoir. No doubt some Clann Umoir men were concerned, but the legend does not give their names. The Danonian supremacy is said to have lasted 197 years. It must have lasted long, as so many families which I class as Danonian were settled in Meath and Connaught, but it may have been before as well as after the fir.st battle of Moytura. The sons of Miled and their cousins, the sons of Ith, now appear, called collectively Clanna Breogain, and the Tuatha ])e Danann disappear as ruling families, but survive in legend as fairies. The Milesians spread quickly over all Ireland except Connaught, whose Domnonian kings acknowledged the supremacy of the High 1 Profes.sor Bury in KwjUsh Hist. Review, April 1902, p. 2U4. 6 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. King of Tara. They were divided into four great bi'anclies, called the races of Eremon, Ir, Eber, and Ith. The Irish genealogists of later times called all the families whose pedigrees they did not carry up to one of these races by the names of Firbolg and Attacot. What seem to me to be the true relations between the Domnonians, Eremonians, Milesians, Firbolgs, and Attacots are set out in Appen- dix I., but for practical purposes of history it is convenient to call the tribes by their well-known names, and to accept the tribal group- ing which accords with their relations among themselves, though the supposed origins be not true. Our knowledge now becomes more definite. Connaught is recog- nised as comprising three divisions, without very distinct boundaries, and under three ruling families, whose history can be traced for three hundred years, and even to this day if they have been transformed into Milesians as I suppose. Fidach, son of Fiach, was King of the Fir Craibe, whose kingdom was South Connavight from Limerick, that is from the mouth of the Shannon, to the Palace of Fidach. O'Flaherty mentions the " Palace of Fidach," Keating only " Fidach," as the boundary. The place is not known, but as it was a boundary between the Fir Craibe and the Tuatha Taiden, we shall not be far wrong if we take it to have been a place near the northern and eastern border of Aidhne. Eochaidh Allat was King of the Gamanry, over the kingdom of Irrusdomnonn, comprising Clann "L'moir tribes north of Aidhne, in the kingdom of the Hy Briuin Seola, and the lands afterwards of the Conmaicne in the county of Galway, all the counties of Mayo and Sligo, with the lands of the Gregry and Calry in the counties of Roscommon and Leitrim, according to the bounds given, from the River of Galway to the rivers Duff and Drowse. But we must believe that most of the minor clans gave but slight allegiance to the Gamanry in the period now opening, as so great a kingdom would have always predominated in Connaught if its tribes had acted together. The bounds are likely to have been handed down by very ancient tradition, and I should take it to have been really the county of Mayo and the countries of the Calry at this time. Tinni, son of Curaidh, was King of the Tuatha Taiden, whose kingdom comprised the Plain of Sanb, not identified, and the lands of the Tuatha Taiden, from the Palace of Fidach towards Tara. It seems to represent what was afterwards the great kingdom of Hy Many in its largest extent, and may have included the country after- wards called the Three Tuatha and most of Magh Ai. The Fir Craibe are the chief family of the Clann Umoir, who occupied nearly all their kingdom and part of that of Irrusdomnonn. From this family came Brian, ancestor of the Hy Briuin of Ai, who THE EARLIEST LEGENDS. 7 has been given a false pedigree, and the Conmaicne and Ciariaige tribes of Connanght, except the Conmaicne of Moyrein and Annaly, who were not in Connaiight as known in early times. The Gamanry and the Clan Morna branch I believe to be the ancestors of the northern Hy Fiachrach, whose Fiachra ancestor has been wrongly identified with the Fiachra ancestor of the Hy Fiachrach Aidhne, who have been made descendants of his grandson, Eochaidh Breac. The Hy Fiachrach Aidhne seem to be of the Clann Umoir race from which Brian sprang. In O'Conors, O'Dowdas, O'Kellys, and O'Heynes, we may recognise these ancient families. Fir Craibe, Gamanry, and Tnatha Taiden are called Olnegmacht, whence the early name of the province of Connaught. The detailed reasons for these views will be found in the Appendix, and an explanation of the manner in which the royal families changed their tribal names, and developed fresh teiritorial groups, is set out in an article in the Journal of the Gahcaij ArclKeoloijical and Historical Society, vol. iv. p. 99. Some probably historical facts relating to Mayo in this period may be gleaned from legends and references in the poems recounting the exploits of the Red Branch Heroes and the great wars between Ulster and Connaught. The wars seem to be historical, and the principal persons may be taken to have existed, though there is great doubt regarding their relations with each other, Eochaidh Feidhlech and his brother, Eochaidh Airemh,who succeeded him as King of Ireland according to the poets and annalists, seem to have been kings of Meath and Teffa, a branch of the Domnonians of Connaught which sank about this time, but revived under Tuathal Techtmar. Eochaidh Allat, King of the Gamanry, was King of Connaught at this period, and is reputed to have built Rathcroghan, which was called from him Rath Eochaidh. This must refer to the great Rath of Croghan, as the place seems to have been for many ages held by the Domnonian kings of Connaught, as the earliest Milesians and some of the Danonians are said to have been buried in the Releg of Croghan. 1 Tinni, son of Curaidh, King of the Tuatha Taiden, killed Jujchaidli Allat, and became King of Connaught. Eochaidh Allat Avas succeeded by Ailill Finn as King of the Gamanry — that is, of Irrusdomnonn. Their relationship does not appear. Ailill is said to have married Flidais, daughter of Ailill Dubh, son of Fidach, son of Fiach. Ailill's ance.stry is uncertain, 1 The name of Cruachan seems to be drawn from the high mound which formed a kind of citadel within the great rath, the Little Peak or Kick. From such a citadel Cruachan came to be used as a name for a king's fort (//. U.S.A. I., xxxi. p. ;J5). 8 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. except that his mother was Magu of Murrisk. Her pedigree is equally unknown. She is stated to have married Ailill, son of Cairbre Fir da Lochji and Cairbre Cennderg.^ Her seven sons were men of note, namely, Ailill Finn, Get, Anluan, Mogcorb, Toca, Scandal, Anfind, Fergal. There is much confusion in pedigrees from identity of names. Magu may have been the name of many other women. Her daughter, or the daughter of a Magu, by name Mata, was mother of Cairbre Niafer and of Finn File and of Ailill, King of Leinster, who has been confused with Ailill, the husband of Queen Meave. Fergal is said to have married a daughter of Eochaidh Feidhlech. Tinni married the celebrated Meave, Medb, daughter of Eochaidh Feidhlech, who after his death married Ailill Moi", King of the Tuatha Taiden, who succeeded Tinni as King of Connaught. In their time occurred the Tain Bo Cuailgne. Several Ailill Mors of this peinod have been confused. Fergus MacRoigh, having been driven out of Ulster, was received by Ailill and Meave, and played a principal part on behalf of Con- naught in the War of the Tain. He comes into Mayo history only if the Tale of the Tain Bo Flidais be based on fact, according to which Fergus started from Croghan to attack Ailill Finn's dun, which was in the country of Cairbre in the north of the Ciarraige, and was reached immediately after passing over Ath Feni. The situa- tion answers to that of Ailech Mor at Castlemore Costello. Fergus killed Ailill and his sons, and carried off Flidais and her cattle. Though Ailill of the Gamanry was in that dun, it does not follow that it was the heritable property of the Gamanry clan. He may have occupied it only as King of Ii-rusdomnonn. Ferdiad was a warrior of distinction, second only to Cuchulain, who was his greatest friend since the days when they were together in Scathach's military school in Scotland. Meave induces him, niuch against his will, to engage in duel with Cuchulain, who is defending the ford. Cuchulain kills him after a long fight, and the ford is called after him Ath Firdiad, Ardee to-day. He is called MacDaire MacDaman, chief of the clan Dega, a branch of the Gamanry. In Mr. O'Grady's "History of Ireland in the Heroic Period," he is said to have lived at Moytura, described as the seat of the kings of Irrus- domnonn, " where they held their games and solemn assemblies and interred their kings." If Mr. O'Grady has found this distinctly stated in a legend, it follows that some of the Gamanry were settled in the country afterwards occupied by Conmaicne, and the fair of Ballin- challa may have originated in those games. The Clann Umoir appear in these legends in a curious way. The ^ O'Flaherty, " Ogygia," p. 269. ' " Death of Sons of Usnech," Irische Texte, 2nd series, Pt. H. THE EARLIEST LEGENDS. 9 story handed down thus is that they are Firbolg who went to the Western Isles of Scotland after the first battle of Moytura, and about this time returned to Ireland and were allowed by Cairbre Niafer to settle in the best parts of Breg upon agreements to pay rent, Conall Cearnach and Cuchulain of Ulster, Cet MacMagach of Con- naught, and Curoi MacDare of Munster or Leinster being their sureties. They throw up their tenancies, and are allowed by Queen jSIeave to settle in Connaught, where they built the great drystone forts. Their sureties, being called upon by Caii-bre, attack them and kill each a chieftain. This seems to point to a real event, that befoi'e Caii-bre Niafer's time the Clann Umoir — that is, the race of Fiach or Fir Craibe — had been for a time dominant in Breg and had settled some families there, who in his time were driven out or subdued, as I have suggested more fully in Appendix I. These stories evidently were invented after the growth of the Milesian legend to explain the presence of MacUmoirs in Breg and in Westmeath. The attack on them is useless, as it leaves matters as they were. But the stories show their presence along the western seaboard of Connaught at tliis very early period. A Medon of this clan is supposed to have given his name to Inish- maiue, and I suppose to Mag Medoin, or the country about Inish- maine and Kilmaine. At the death of Ailill Mor a war of succession ensued. His son Maine Aithremal, supported by the people of Croghan, the Tuatha Taiden, the Fir Craibe, and others, defeated Sanb, son of Cet Mac Magach, supported by the descendants of Magach, the Clann Umoir, and others. The Fir Craibe were of the Clann Umoir, but I take them to be a tribe of that race which had developed into a group of clans like the Silmurray, and that a number of the old clans retaining the old tribe name supported Sanb. We know that in later times Clann Umoir occupied much of Sanb's kingdom of Irrusdomnonn. Maine reigned for thirty-four years. Sanb succeeded him as King of Connaught. For these events in Connaught, O'Flaherty's " Ogygia " is my chief authority, considered with extant legends and tales, and modified in accordance with my own interpretation. The events known as the Attacottic Revolutions fell out in the period between the death of Meave and the accession of Tuathal in A.D. 130. In my opinion, much of the confusion and obscurity of the accounts of these events is due to the attempts of the Irish histoi'ians to reconcile Eremonian genealogy and legend with facts which they could not ignore, that Firbolg kings reigned at this period in countries which Eremonians should have held. Tuathal Techtmaremerges as king of a new and (?reat kincrdom of Meath, and historv becomes less obscure. 10 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. The Attacots of Irish history are not the Attacots of Roman history. Attacotti seems to represent the Irish words Aitec tuata, which O'Curry translates, " rent-paying tribes." I prefer " tributary tribes," as O'Curry's explanation does not restrict the meaning to rent in our sense of the term. The Roman Attacotti seem to have been Celtic clans dwelling south of the wall of Antoninus, who submitted to the Roman Empire, and in the period of its weakness in the fourth cen- tury made raids on the Empire in company with the Picts, who were the Gael or Cruithne of Alba living north of the wall, and the Scots, who were ruling families of the Irish. Aitec tuata distinguished them from the free tribes of the same race to north of the wall. The Irish Avi'iters called all clans not descended from Breogan by this name, and applied it to members of the Clanna Breogain who had lost rank in various ways. According to this classification all the Domnonian kings were Attacots, and so were all the provincial kings during the revolutionary period except the kings of TJLster. Cairbre Cinnchait, who was made King of Ireland on the first occa- sion, seems to be Cairbre, son of Maine, King of the Tuatha Taiden. On the second occasion, Sanb, King of Connaught, is said to have taken part in setting up Elim, King of Ulster, as King of Ireland. Tuathal Techtmar now appears, alleged to have taken refuge with his grandfather, the King of Alba, and to have landed in Irrusdomnonn with a large force from Alba. Fiachaidh Caisinn, who had been levying war against Elim, joined him. This Fiachaidh is called a Son of Donn Desach— that is, an O'Conmaic. They killed Elim near Tara, and afterwards killed Sanb at Duma Selca in Mag Ai, when Sanb was in extreme old age. Eochy, son of Cairbre, was made King of Connaught in his place. Eochy is the last of the Tuatha Taiden, or Hy Maine race, who is recognised as King of Connaught. Tuathal is said to have fought battles in Ceara and Umall and Cruachan Aigle, among 133 battles fought all over Ireland in subdu- ing Attacots. He seems to have revived the power of the Domnonian or Firbolg clans of Meath. Those clans I suspect to have been those called Delbhna and Luighne and Cianachta, or cognate tribes. Unless all known facts of Irish history are disregarded, he must have been head of a grovip of clans. I take him to have been the representative of the Danonian kings, the head of the Tuatha De Danann branch of the Domnonian or Firbolg race in Meath. He died about the year A.D. 160. He is said to have transplanted Attacottic tribes abovit Ireland. This also is not easy to believe. The Book of Ballymote and Duald MacFirbis give lists of foity-six Fiee Tribes who were extinguished by the Rent-paying Tribes, and of forty-seven Rent-paying Tribes, Tllb: EARLIEST LE(rEXDS. 11 and the positions occupied hy the latter, whereof I give so much as concerns Irrusdomnonn and the adjoining countries, from O'Sullivan's Introduction to O'Curry's " Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish," I. p. xxvii. "The Rent-paying Tribes were distributed througliout all Eriu, and the bondage rule of the lords of Eriu was established over them after they had distributed them, uf est hie. . . . "Tuath Sen Cheneoil in Northern Ui Maine. The Tuath Conco- barni and of the Sons of Timor upon Ui Briuin, and around Loch Cimi^, and in Cluain Fuiche. Tuath Resen upon the Conmaicni, from Ath Mogho to the sea. The Tuath Mic Umor in Umall. Tuath Fer ]3omnann in the country of Oeara and in Ui Amalgad, and in Ui Fiachrach North, from the Rodb to the Congnaig in Carpri of J)rom- cliabh. Tuath Cruithnech in ^Magh Aei, and Magh Lurg, from Loch Ce to Brogail, and to the Shannon. *' Tuath Crecraighe in Luighni of Connacht and around Loch Techad, and about Corann and about Bernas of Tir Oililla, as far as Magh Turedh." Tuath Resen appear in another part of the list as Tuath Resent Umoir. The allegation that conqueied tribes were moved shows us that Cromwell's policy of transplantation into Connaught was an attempt to govern Ireland according to Irish ideas, though he did not adopt the policy for popularity's sake, and does not appear to have absorbed other Ii"ish ideas of government. After Sanb the kings of Irrusdomnonn disappear from the list of kings of Connaught until Aid, son of Garad, who is the last recognised Domnonian king. After the death of Eochy, son of Cairbre, five generations of kings of Connaught of the Fir Craibe race are recognised. Irrusdomnonn and Mayo drop out of sight for a time. Conn Cedcathach set up Crimthann Culbuide as King of Leinster. Cumall deposed him. Conn called in Conall Cruachna (K.C.), and Aedh MacMorna, the chief of the Gamanry. They defeated Cumall and his Munster allies in the battle of Cnucha, where Aedh killed Cumall, but lost an eye, whence he was called Goll. Eogan Mor, alias Mogh Nuadhat, and his father, Mogh Neid, King of Munster, attacked Conn, who was joined by the same allies. In a battle in Magh Siuil, in Northern Eile, Goll killed Mogh Neid. They followed Eogan to Carnbuide, supposed to be near Cork, where Eogan was defeated again by Goll and Conall, whom he tried to surprise in camp. Eogan fled to Spain, and ^Lunster was divided between two kings, Conaire and MacNiadli. After nine years Eogan came again with l!0()0 Spaniards. The 12 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. kiugs of Munster submitted to him. The King of Leinstei' joined them. The two kings of Ulster attacked Conn, who abandoned Tara and joined his allies in Connaught. Eogan came by Athlone into Magh Ai. Conn and his allies encamped at the Mound of the Well of Tulsk, opposite to Eogan. Conn there made peace by accepting Eogan's terms, that he should have half of Ireland. Thus originated the division of Ireland into Leath Cuinn and Leath Mogha. Eogan's Spaniards wanted to go home. Eogan feared that without them he could not make head against Conn, so picked a quarrel by making extortionate demands, denounced the peace, and assembled his forces at Magh Leana, round Tullamore in King's County. Eochy Muinderg, King of Ulster, attacked Tara. Conn returned from Con- naught with Conall Cruachna's sons, Eochy Whiteknee and Fiachaidh Whitehand, sons of Crimhthann Oulbuide, King of Aichill and Umall, and of Gairech, daughter of Criomall, and other allies, and saved Tara by defeating and killing Eochy. Thence they marched to Magh Leana. Eogan's force was so much the larger that Conn asked for terms and offered to surrender Ulster and keep only Connaught and Telfa and the profits of Tara. Lest it should seem like suing for peace, he made the offer not by poets but by the two sons of Crimhthann, King of Umall. Eogan asked them if they came as hostages. They said no, and that they did not believe that Conn meant the terms to be accepted. Thereupon Eogan hanged them. Conn heard of this in the evening and prepared a night attack, as his forces were small. Goll MacMorna refused to join, as he was under vow never to make a night slaughter or attack, but promised to help Conn if Eogan pressed him. At dawn Conn surprised Fraoch's camp and killed him before he could put on his armour. Fraoch was Eogan's brother-in-law and leader of the Spaniards. Eogan made a furious attack on Conn. Goll, supported by his thirty brothers, came forward and covered Conn. Eogan wounded Conall Cruachna so that Conall died within a year. Conn and Eogan wounded each other. Other kings rushed in upon Eogan, who was fighting with Goll, and raised him aloft on their spears. Then his army fled. Conn could not pursue. His losses were said to have been greater than Eogan's. The sovereignty of Munster was again divided between Conaire and MacNiadh, and Conn was for twenty years undisputed King of Ireland. He is allowed a reign of thirty-four years, ending about A.D. 157 or 212, according to different computations; the latter is probably the more accurate. This important battle may be dated abovit A.D. 190. In all these events we find Conn, and afterwards we find his descen- THE EARLIEST LEGENDS. 13 dants, relying on Connaught to support their pretensions to he kings of Ireland. Here Conn has the support of his foster-father, Conall of the race of Fiach, who is recognised as the King of Connaught. But Aedh or Goll Mac^Morna is the greater figure in the legends. At this time appear the Fianna, who are said to have been three organised bodies in Leinster, Connaught, and Munster. 'No such body is ascribed to Ulster. The descriptions show that they were organised bodies of soldiers, and it is supposed that they were an imitation of the Roman Legion. But they existed, by the name of Fianna, for only a short time. The Connaught Fianna were called the Gamanry, and wei-e com- manded by Goll MacMorna. Also they were called Clann Morna, but these terms apply only to their commanders. As the only Connaught force is under the kings of Irrusdomnonn, we should expect that the sovereignty of Connaught would be held by those kings during the period in which they made much show in legend. So also in Leinster their commanders, Cumall and Finn, were not kings of Leinster. It seems stranger still that there were no Fianna of Meath. The ex- planation which commends itself to me is that they were bodies of Gallowglasses such as appeared in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies, but then under command of adventurers who were not inhabitants of the province, Free Companies who sold their services to any one who could raise their wages. I take the Fianna to have been similarly drilled and trained as professional soldiers under permanent commanders, but raised by each chieftain out of his own people. All maintained them in some form or other — at least the great chieftains would do so — but some made more show than others, and have survived in legend because of the distinction of their com- manders and the events in which they were concerned. In the third century the King of Corann or Gailenga or Luighne appears. King Cormac MacArt was closely connected with Corann, so that he bore the name of Cormac of Corann. He is said to have been born there and to have been brought up by his stepfather. The persons now mentioned in connection with this country are supposed to be closely related as follows : — Feliiu Eechtiuar. ^1 I Conn. Fiacha Sui^hde. I I Alt. Fiacha Kaidhe. Cormac. Fothad. Luia:lini Fiitri. 14 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Thus O'Flaherty gives the descent of Luighni Fh*tri, " Ogygia," p. 333. According to another account, Luighni was son of Dermot. There is another connection between those families and the Clann Cein in the person of Trea, who was mother of Cormac MacArt and married Luighni, called from her Firtri, after the death of Art. Conn. Cian. 1 I I I I Art = Trea = Luighni Firtri. Tadhsr. I i I ^ Cormac (K.L). Cormac Gaileng. Nia Mor (K.C.). Lngad (K.C.). From Luighni Firtri the Corco Firtri of Corann, from Cormac Gaileng the O'Garas and O'Haras, are made to descend. From Cian also the Gailenga and Luighne of Meath and the Cianachta of Meath and Ulster are supposed to descend. We may believe that Luighni Firtri and his sons and Cormac Gaileng did exist about this period, and that they helped and were helped by Cormac MacArt. The Gregry, who occupied all this territory and all or part of Tirerrill in Tuathal Techtmar's time, and who appear again in St. Patrick's time, seem to have been now eclipsed by the Corcofirtri. But I think that no credit need be given to the alleged descent of the Corcofirtri from Felim Rechtmar, or to that of Clann Cein from OilioU Olum. Cormac attacked Aid, who was King of Connaught, and put up Xia Mor in his place. Aid killed Nia Mor, whereupon King Cormac came again and killed Aid, making Xia Mor's brother Lugad King of Connaught. This Aid is the last King of Connaught of the race of Fiach mentioned by O'Flaherty. Cormac MacArt's son, Cairbre Liffeachair, King of Ireland, quarrelled with the Fianna of Leiuster under Finn MacCumal, who defeated him. After Finn's death they took service with Moghcorb, King of Munster, and gave battle to Cairbre and the Clann Morna at Gabhra in a.d. 284. The victory was with Cairbre, though he was killed. The Fianna on both sides were almost exterminated, and were not formed again. Aid, son of Garad Glunduff, King of Connaught, commanded the Clann Morna. Aid followed Moghcorb and killed him in the battle of Spaltrach in Muskerry. Aid is suc- ceeded by Condeus (a Latinised name) of the Corcofirtri. Thus the Olnegmacht kings of Connaught disappear from history, and their place is taken by the Milesians. Cian, son of Garad, King of the Sencheneoil, is mentioned in the legend of the Hy Maine. He seems to have been king of the old kingdom of the Tuatha Taiden. But we have no further indications regarding him. Thus closes what I may call the Olnegmacht or Firbolg period of Connaught's history. CHAPTER II. THE EAPtLY MILESIAN PERIOD. OoNMAUGiiT history is broken in the middle of the fourth century. Muredach Tirech, of the Eremonian race of Meath, appears as King of Connaught after Condeus of the Oorcofirtri, and is succeeded by his son, Eochaidh Muighmhedhoin. Both are recognised as kings of Meath and of Ireland. Neither seems to have had any local con- nection with Connaught, except that the latter is called "of Mag Medhoin," which may be the country about Kilmaine. In their times the ancient kingdoms of the Fir Craibe and of the Gamanry disappear from view. On Eochy's death his son Brian Orbsen is King of Connaught, and his son Fiachra is king of the territories of the Fir Craibe and of the Ferdomnonn. Fiachra transfers the Fir Craibe kingdom, except Aidhne, to Munster, as an eric for the murder of Crimhthann Mor by his sister, mother of Brian, Fiachra, and Ailill ; or in his time Conall Echluath conquered it, unless Conall's father, Lughaidh Menn, had done so already. These transactions and the transformations of Connaught clans are discussed in the Journal of the R. S. A. I., vol. xxx. I am inclined to think that the kingdom of Fir Craibe did not include more of the county of Clare than the eastern part along the Shannon occupied by Clann Umoir tribes in the Attacottic list, and that the conquest was no more than the establishment of supremacy of the king of the Ua Cathbharr and Ua Corra tribes over them. It is quite likely that O'Flaherty's and Keating's extents of the Fir Craibe kingdom are based on the same authority, and that the Fir Craibe territory did not really extend south' of Aidhne, that the error is due to the identification of Fiachra of Magh Tail with the Fiachra of the north. In Ulster a like state arises. Muredach Tirech became King of Ireland by driving out Colla Uais and his brothers, who retire to Scotland. After three years they return and are well received by Muredach, who advises them to conquer for themselves a settlement in Ulster. With his help, and that of a large force from Connaught, they destroy Emain Macha and settle themselves in Ulster about A.D. 331, and develop into the tribes of the Oirghialla. 16 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. If these changes are taken to have occurred, we must admit that conditions existed in Ireland in the fourth century which have no parallel before or after. As far as we can judge from the legends of earlier and from the historical records of later centuries, the political conditions of Ireland were the same from the time of Queen Meave to the twelfth century. Christianity only softened manners and got rid of some savage customs. No one could be king of a province, or of a main division thereof, without the support of a large group of families closely related to each other, and forming the foundation of their chief's power over other tribes. The descendants of kings spread over the land, indeed, but by very slow degrees, encroaching on less powerful clans. Ulster suffers soon another conquest. After the death of Niall of Nine Hostages, his son Laegaire is King of Meath and King of Ireland in succession to Dathi, but his sons Eogan and Conall Gulban are settled in North Ulster, where they leave dominant clans. That the Oirghialla clans of the north would have submitted quietly is incredible, and Meath could not have imposed them violently on that distant part of Ulster. After the fifth century, when the High Kings were of Meath and Connaught alternately, the Hy Neill of Ulster provided almost all the High Kings for 150 years. If Niall of Nine Hostages is the Niall who was buried at Ochaine, it follows as almost a certainty that he was a King of Ulster, and was not son of a King of Meath and Connaught. In Munster a somewhat similar condition is found, where the King of Munster is generally of the Eoghanacht and only occasionally of the Dalcais race. In Connaught the chief kings come from Hy Briuin and Hy Fiachrach, north and south, vintil the former establish a supre- macy. In no case is there satisfactory evidence of the alleged origin of the rival families. In that of Ulster we should infer from analogy that Eogan sprang from the Oirghialla, the tribe of Ulster which had grown strong enough to drive the Dal Araidhe from Emain. In that of Munster we should infer that Lugaid Menn and Conall Echluath were kings of the ancient Ua Cathbharr and Ua Corra tribes who occupied nearly all Thomond. The confusion of this and of earlier periods seems to have arisen when the Milesian genealogy was framed some hundreds of years later. The spread of Christianity over all Ireland during the fifth century must have made the vise of letters general. To bring great families together whose real origin had been lost for ages, the genea- logists had to go back to times before written record, when they could nail a branch on a convenient place in the tree. Thus, I take it, they THE EARLY MILESIAN rElUOD. 17 brought the principal kings of Meath and Ulster and Connaught together in the person of Eochy Moyvane in the fourth century. It has been so long accepted, and, subject to these considerations, so well expresses the relationships of the tribes of each province towards each other, that it must be used for the historical period. The case of Connaught has to be set out as we find it at the close of the fourth and beginning of the fifth century, when a fairly accurate history begins. As the Fir Craibe kings had for several generations eclipsed the Gamanry and Tuatha Taiden kings in the sovereignty of Connaught, so now the kings of Irrusdomnonn, afterwai^ds called the kings of the Hy Fiachrach, predominate in Connaught, holding the sovereignty of Ireland alternately with the kings of Meath, and sharing that of Connaught with the Hy Briuin during the fifth century. During the first half of the sixth century, when they no longer attain to the sovereignty of Ireland, they keep the sovereignty of Connaught in the line of Ailill Molt. After that time their power declines quickly. At this time their power seems to have been based upon their immediate possessions of great extent, which were in my opinion the countries of Carra and Tirawley and Erris, inhabited by Ferdomnonn clans, whose names do not appear, save that of the Corcu Temne in the north of Carra, and a clan of Calry about Magh Eleog, now repre- sented by Moylaw in Crossmolina parish, and the mass of Calry who occupied Coolcarney in Mayo and all Tireragh and Carbury in Sligo, and the baronies of Rossclogher and Dromahaire in Leitrim, and the country of Moylurg in Roscommon, and a part of Corran. The power of Fiachra, Dathi, Ailill Molt, and their immediate successors seems to have been based upon the support of the Calry, as the royal tribe which had grown up during their period of obscurity. As the O'Conors left the Silmurray and began to settle in other parts of the country, so I suppose these kings, while resting on the great mass of their own tribe, moved into Carra and Tirawley and began to settle their relations upon the older clans in those regions. Their loss of power after the middle of the sixth century may be due to various causes. The tribes forming the foundation of their power were very much scattered. The rising power of the Hy Neill of Ulster at this time enabled them to impose themselves upon Carbury, Avhile the tribe from which O'Rourks and O'Reillys came imposed itself upon the Calry of the County Leitrim. They dropped a clan in Corran, whose position I cannot ascertain. The Calry of Moylurg were of some importance, as they are recorded to have been fighting in 751 and 811 (A.U.) with the Hy Briuin of Ai, who eventually suppressed them. The C«regry are still a great race. The Cailenga and Luighne 15 18 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. have not yet come into sight as tribes. The Gailenga and the Hy Ailello are mentioned in the Annals of Ulster for the first time in the note of the battle of Lorg in 742. But the Hy Ailello appear from Tirechan's notes to have borne that name in St. Patrick's time. The Luighne first appear in 770 (A.U.) in a note of the death of a chieftain. The Hy Ailello disappear after 791 (A. U.), when they are defeated by the Ui Briiiin. Their previous appearances are fights with Gailenga, Gregry, Luighne, in 752, 788, 789 (A.U.). The name Gailenga seems to have been the most general name, denoting that they belonged to the Fir Gaileoin race. This eventually adhered rather to the Muinter Gadhra division. Gregraige denotes a clan descended from Greg or Grec, which held supremacy. Corcofirtri is another section, Luighne yet another, which was used to denote the whole kingdom when the O'Haras gained ascendency. As we know that the Gregry once extended over Tirerrill, and as we find the Hy Ailello there at this time, and cannot regard their alleged descent from a son of Eochy Moyvane as deserving credit, it is, I think, safe to take them to have been a section of the Gregry. At some time a split occurred in the tribe of the Gregry, which divided itself into two independent kingdoms of Gregry and Luighne, whom we find in the Book of Rights paying tribute in the proportion of two to five. If we take the kingdom of the Gregry to have comprised the baronies of Coolavin and Tirerrill or thereabouts, and that of the Luighne to have comprised the rest of the territory, the tributes ai'e fairly apportioned. Umall was the baronies of Murrisk and Burrishoole or thereabouts, inhabited by Clann Umoir families, from whom came Clann Maille, whose alleged descent from Brian Orbsen is contradicted by the Book of Rights. With such a descent the King of Umall would not have paid tribute. His full title was once " King of Aicill and Umall," i.e. of Highland and Lowland.^ The Partraige were of the Clann Umoir. According to O'Flaherty they were in three divisions : — L Of Odba Ceara, who in historical times are known only in the parish of Bally ovey, Baile Odhbha. They may have been in those of Ballintubber and Ballyheane in St. Patrick's time. 2. Of the Mountain, from Croaghpatrick to Lough Corrib. Here I think O'Flaherty took Aicill to be only Croaghpatrick, or the country immediately round it. From Aicill to Lough Coi-rib would be the barony of Ross. 3. Of the Lake. Cong was in their country. Thus they occupied country possessed first by Tuath Resent Umoir and afterwards by Conmaicne, but shrank much from their early importance. The Book of Rights puts their king on an equality with 1 " Battle of Magh Leaoa,'' p. 87. THE EARLY MILESIAN PERIOD. 19 the kings of Silmurray, Hy Briiiin, and the Hy Fiachrachs, as he receives a stipend but pays no tribute. Next comes a group of three tribes, the Conmaicne, the Ciarraige, and the Corcamoga, the original Connachta, who have given their name to the province. These I take to have sprung from the Fir Craibe kings of Connaught, and the Conmaicne to be more especially the tribe over which Brian Orbsen and his immediate successors presided until the growth of the Silmurray afforded a fresh base of power. The barony of Clanmorris, excepting the parish of Balla, which was in Carra, cannot be ascribed to any of the early tribes. The descendants of Nechtan and Enna, sons of Brian Orbsen, were settled here. This country appears very late in legend and history, and then only as Tir Nechtain and Tir Enna. From jNlacFirbis's Great Book of Genealogies we learn that Tir Nechtain took its name from Brian's son Nechtan, and that the Cinel Enna came from Enna. The Conmaicne were in three divisions : — 1. Conmaicne of Cuil Tolad, in the barony of Kilmaine, south of the Robe, and in the barony of Ross. 2. Conmaicne Mara, in the barony of Ballynahinch. 3. Conmaicne of Dunmore, or Cinel Dubain, in the barony of Dunmore and part of Ballymoe, and at least the parish of Belclare. The Corcamogha made no show in history. In late days they were in the parishes of Clonbern and Kilkerrin. Their alleged descent from Fergus MacRoigh places them among the Connachta. I am now of opinion that they are the Corca of the Woods, that they are the Sencheneoil, and that they come from the Tviatha Taiden. The Ciarraige were in four divisions : — 1. Ciarraige Ai or of Magh Ai, in the barony of Castlereagh except the parish of Ballintubber. 2. Ciarraige of Artech, which was the parishes of Kilnamanagh and Tibohine in Roscommon, and those of Kilcolman and Castlemore in Roscommon and Mayo. 3. Ciarraige of Loch na nAirneadh, Maiinin Lake, or Ciarraige lochtar, in the eastern and southern part of the parish of Aghamore, and in Bekan and Annagh. 4. Ciarraige TJachtar, in the rest of Aghamore, and in Knock. The county of Mayo therefore consisted of fragments of kingdoms and tribes, whereof the Hy Fiachrach were the principal. The events affecting it are mainly those in connection with their kings, and are generally connected with the quarrels between them and the Hy Briuin kings. Tlie Hy Briuin, as already observed, were immediate kings of the Connachta, but whore they lived when not in [)Ower in Croghan does 20 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. not appear. If they did not live among the Conmaicne, and if Brian was in truth an ancestor of the O'Flaherties, which is by no means certain, the barony of Clare may have been their usual abode. This view has in its favour the Book of Rights, which mentions the Hy Briuin among the royal tribes as distinct from the SilmuiTay, and suggests that the general name clung to them when Silmurray grew up. The Three Tuaths, Hy Briuin na Sinna, Corcachland, and Oinel Dobhtha, claimed descent from Ere Derg, son of Brian. But the Book of Armagh and the Tripartite Life make it clear that they came from Ere, son of Bron, of the Corca Chonluain. Descendants of the Ere from whom they came seem to be the Maicne Ere, sons of Heric, who were in Moylurg in St. Patrick's time. These appear to be the Hy Broin, who were distinguished from Hy Briuin by Tirechan, who calls them [Filii] Briuin and Filii Broin. Though they do not descend from Brian, it is not unlikely that the Corca Chonluain had a common ancestor with the Conmaicne, and so being of the royal race, were not under tribute, being included in the direct dominions of the King of Silmurray, as the Calry are omitted because immediately under the Hy Fiachrach kings, as I suppose. Beyond this we know not who were in possession of the rest of Magh Ai and of the Three Tuaths. Next south of Magh Ai came the Delbhna of Sid Nenta, or Delbhna Nuadat, who occupied the country southwards from Fairy- mount to Maghfinn between the Suck and the Shannon. Delbhna Tire Da Loch occupied the barony of Moycullen, and Delbhna Guile Fabhair the country adjoining them and to the east of Galway. It is not now possible to say which of these groups was meant in the Book of Rights, probably the Roscommon group. The latter are likely to have been treated as in Hy Briuin territory. The Delbhna ISTuadhat and the Corcamogha are included within the traditional bounds of the kingdom of Hy Many, which, like those of the- kingdom of Irrusdomnonn, seem to have been handed down from a very early time. Though the Delbhna and the Corca are placed separately under tribute to the King of Connaught, they may have been politically bound to the King of Hy Many. Taking the Corca, as suggested above, to be representatives of the Tuatha Taiden and of the Sencheneoil, and taking into considera- tion the heavy tribvite assessed on them in the Book of Rights, I suppose them to have occupied the Corcamogha and Sodhan territories of later times, and a good deal more, the northei'n part of the kingdom of Hy Many, and I take O'Mainnin, King of Sodan, to be their representative. The Hy Many occupied lands in the southern part of their kingdom THE EARLY MILESIAN PERIOD. 21 at this time, but details are not cleai'. They certainly settled clans in Moenmagh at a very early date in the fifth or sixth centuries. Gaela, which O'Donovan considered to be near Longhreagh, was their chief dwelling. They settled themselves in the old Cathry territory. In the Book of Rights their tribute is least of all, but the stipend is like that of other kings. The small tribute may be due to their being so powerful that they could not be made to pay more than a trifle when they lost the position of a tribe which might aspire to provide a King of Connaught. Aidhne was the country between the lly IMany or Cathry and the sea as far north as the neighbourhood of Athenry. The inhabitants Avere Clann Umoir tribes at this time, even if Eoghan Aidhne was not of that race, tacked on to Eochaidh Breac, son of Dathi. These Hy Fiachrach kings were powerful, and in the sixth and seventh centuries were often kings of Connaught. The historical kingdom of Brefne had not yet come into exist- ence. It was included in the kingdom of Meath, except the Calry of Dromahaire and Dartry or Rossclogher. When the ancestors of the O'Rourks and O'Reillys formed it with the help of the Con- maicne, they attached themselves to Connaught, and eventually were strong enough to make four O'Rourk kings of Connaught in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The alleged descents of Hy Briuin of Brefne and Conmaicne from Brian Orbsen and from Conmaicne of Dunmoi-e must be regarded as fictitious. These are approximately the conditions of Connaught kingdoms about the year a.d. 400, from which grew slowly those which will be found in the year a.d. 1200. As all Irish history turns on tribal relations, and so many tribes are mentioned in connection with events in which Mayo men were concerned, I give tables of descents according to Milesian Genealogies, and tables of the relations of early tribes according to my own views, and lists of the Domnonian and Milesian kings of Connaught. The O'Conor and O'Dowda families are given in detail because they were much mixed in warfai-e, and because the latter is the principal family of Mayo, which had a measure of real independence. Dr. J. O'Donovan, who translated and edited the Book of Rights, held it to have been composed in the time of Cormac Mac Cuileannain, King of Cashel from 901 to 908, and to have been probably revised in the time of Brian Boro, but to have been based on a record drawn up by St. Benen in the fifth century. It is of interest as showing what a ninth or tenth century historian, working from the King of Munster's point of view, ascertained to be the rights and obligations of the kings of Ireland and of the provinces, and of the kings of tribes 22 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. under the provincial kings. The following lists give the tributes and stipends of the Connaught kings, taken from the poetry, which is considered to be older than the prose portion. Poetry and prose go over the same ground, but vary slightly. Tributes payable to the King of Connaught by the Kings of Tribes. Cows. Oxen. Hogs. Cloaks. Iron Sheep.; 1. Umall . 2. Greagraidhe . 3. Conmaicne 4. Ciarraidhe 5. Luighne . (;. Corca of the "Wood 7. Dealbbna 8. Ui Maine 100 100 200 100 350 140 150 1140 100 100 150 350 100 60 80 60 150 350 150 80 100 60 240 60 150 150 80 ... 1 Cloaks or mantles 1 ... j Red cloaks 350 ' '.'.'. ... 700 1030 10.30 350 In connection with the tiibute of iron sheep, note that O'Kelly's iron was with the Hy Tuathaigh of Aughrim and with the Hy Baedain of Badhna,i and that Aughrim is in the country where I would place Sencheneoil or Corca of the Wood. The stipends payable to these kings, and to the kings of royal tribes who paid no tribute, were as follows : — 1. Sil Muireadhaigh : a ring, a dress, a steed, a shield, a sword, a coat of mail. 2. Umhall : 5 steeds, 5 swords, 5 ships, 5 coats of mail. 3. Dealbhna : 6 swords, 6 shields, 6 steeds, 6 tunics with gold, 6 drinking-horns. 4. Greagraidhe : 6 weapons, 6 tunics, 6 bondsmen, 6 bondswomen, 6 coats of mail. 5. Conmaicne: 10 drinking-horns, 10 steeds, 2 rings, 2 chessboards. 6. Ui Maine : 7 cloaks, 7 horses, 7 hounds, 7 deep-red tunics. 7. Luighne: 10 steeds, 10 cloaks, 10 drinking-horns, 10 white hounds. 8. Ui Briuin : 5 steeds, 5 matals, 5 swords, 10 drinking-horns, 10 bondsmen, 10 chessboards. 9. Corca of the Wood : .5 war-horses, b matals, 5 swords, 5 coats of mail. 10. Partraidhe : 3 drinking-horns, 3 swords, 3 tunics, 3 steeds. 1 H.M., p. 91. THE EARLY MILESIAN PERIOD. 23 11. Ui Fiacbrach : 3 drinking-horns, 3 swords, 3 steeds, 10 rings, 10 chessboards. 12. Ceneal Aedba : 7 women, 7 bondsmen, 3 drinking-horns, 3 swords, 3 hounds. But that the stipend of the king of the Partraidhe resembles those of the kings of Hy Fiacbrach, noi-th and south (Ceneal Aedha), except that the latter, being much the more powerful, get each two additional items, I should suspect their name to be a mistake for that of Ciarraidhe, who are left out, and who ought to receive a stipend. On the other hand, they are not classed with the free tribes who had privileges expressed thus — " The Ui Briuin and Siol Muireadhaigh and the Ui Fiacbrach and the Cineal Aedha are free tribes, and they are equally noble as the king, and they do not go upon an expedition or hosting except for pay ; and they do not go into battle with the king but for leward ; and if they be killed, and upon their being killed, the king is bound to give eric to their king ; and when the kingdom [of Connacht] does not belong to the race of Fiachra or Aedh or Guaire, the best man of them is privileged to sit by the right shoulder of the King of Connacht. If they happen to be in exile in another territory, they are to sit at the right shoulder of the King of Caiseal, or of the King of N'as, or of the King of Emain Macha." CHAPTER III. THE FIFTH CENTmY AND ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY. EocHY MoYVANE died in a.d. 365. His son, Brian Orbsen, is next recognised as King of Connaught. Towards the close of the century he quarrelled with Fiachra, whom he made prisoner and put in charge of Niall (K.I.). Dathi and Ere Culbuidhe defeated Brian at Damhchluain, between Knockmaa and Conmaicne Cuile. Brian was chased by their ally, Crimhthann, son of Enna Cennselach, to Tulcha Domnaill, where he was killed and buried. St. Beo Aidh of Roscam dug up his bones and buried them at Roscam. Brian's Druid, Drithliu, was killed on the shore of Lough Oarra, whence Aenach Drithlind took its name. This was a royal fort of the kingdom of Carra,i which I identify with the great dun near Liskillen. Realin peninsula, on the shore of Lough Cari-a, preserves the Druid's name. Fiachra was released, became King of Connaught, invaded Munster on behalf of King Niall, and died of his wounds on his way back to Tara with hostages, who were buried alive round his f ert at Forud in Moyfenrath barony in Meath. It must be doubtful whether two Fiachras have been confused here or not. But we may believe that Dathi, son of Fiachra Foltsnathach, King of Irrusdomnonn, became King of Connaught towards the close of the century by killing Brian, and opening the succession for his father or himself. Fairly accurate history begins in the fifth century, when the dates become right with a year or so generally, and events are likely to be correctly stated. Diu-ing the fifth century we have little local information, except about church affairs. Fights for sovereignty of Connaught sum up the political history. For 150 years the descend- ants of Fiachra of Irrusdomnonn were the rivals of those of Brian, and decidedly predominated over them, as Dathi and Ailill Molt are recognised as kings of Ireland. At the beginning of the seventh century the Hy Fiachrach Aidhne entered the field, and shared the sovereignty with the Hy Briuin for a hundred years. The Hy Fiachrach Moy held it again in the persons of 1 H.F., p. 205. 24 ANNON IN THE 5^." CENTURY. ■rfb' CLonmaenpise D E LB N A TANFORDS GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABr. LO.yOON. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY. 25 Donogh of Murrisk and Indreclitach for a year or two each. Then from 756 to 772 they held it for the last time. Henceforward it was with the Hy Briuin Ai, save that the O'llourks came in from time to time in the eleventh century, and that an O'Flaherty held it for a short time in a period of unusual disturbance. He was acknowledged to be King of Connaught who was able to seize and hold Cruachan and to take the hostages of the sub-kings. Cruachan was abandoned after the death of Raghallach in 645. An island in Lough na nEn, near Roscommon, was afterwards, down to the Korman Conquest, a house of the King of Connaught. The dates 1 have assigned are fairly correct. Different annals give different dates according to the synchronisms on which they are based, but agree generally in the order and relative dates until they become accurate within a small error. Allowing Fiachra to have succeeded Brian, we find his son Dathi, or Nathi, whose name was originally Feradach, established as King of Connaught. He became King of Ireland at the death of Niall in ■406, and Duach Galach, youngest son of Brian, became King of Connaught. One of Dathi's brothers, Amalgaid or Ere Culbuidhe, should have been King of Ix-rusdomnonn at this time, which it will be most convenient to call hereafter the kingdom of the Hy Fiachrach, as the former name is dropped by all Irish writers. Duach Galach is an important person in this history, because St. Patrick made his acquaintance, according to tradition, before he became King of Connaught, and worked in the territories of the Conmaicne and Ciarraige and of the Partry, and in Umall, and in North Carra among the Corcutemne. He worked also in the countries of the Delbhna and in Moy Ai and in Tirerrill. These are the countries which were especially under the influence of Duach Galach. On the other hand, he was wholly excluded fi-om the countries under the Hy Fiachrach, except those of the Corcutemne, and of the Calry east of Ballysadare. Duach (ialach was a Christian, and his son Eogan Srebh was baptized by St. Patrick. He died in 427. King Dathi's death is recorded in the same year. He " was killed by a flash of lightning at Sliabh Ealpa." The account of his death in the Alps mentions the battles fought by his army under command of his son Amalgaid as they brought the body back to be buried in the Releg of Cruachan, where the pillar stone set up at his grave may still be seen. Sir Samuel Ferguson has identified the places named in the tract, but the evidence does not seem to me to establish the fact of such an invasion of the Roman Empire, which is not likrly to have escaped notice by Roman writers if it had occurred. In l^allycroy in Erris is a mountain called Slieve Alp. Leaght- dauhybaun is a cairn on a high mountain to the east of it, and more 2G THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. to the east is a Lough Dauhybaun. Local tradition derived the name Dauhybaun from a " Fair David," a great robber who was killed by soldiers some two hundred years ago.^ A common robber would not be honoured by the great labour needed to place so great a monument at so great a height. It is not likely that it was put up to commemorate Kinw Dathi, but if King Dathi was killed in that country the local tradi- tion would affix his name to a great monument of forgotten origin. I am inclined to believe that Dathi met his death in Ballycroy, and that the legend was worked up by men who knew not this Slieve Alp. The death of Duach Galach and the settlement of his brother Amalgaid as King of Connaught would account for his presence here, chasing enemies or their cattle. Of St. Patrick's work in Mayo at this period the only fact that has come down is in a note in Tirechan's collection in the Book of Armagh to the effect that he went from Drummut Cerrigi, which is near Kil- roddan, a little west of Lough Glynn, to Ailech Esrachtae in the north of Xarney, where he and eight or nine companions were threatened by certain men. Hercaith of the race of Nothi intervened and saved them. Hercaith was baptized with his son Feradach, whom he gave to Patrick. Feradach studied with Patrick for thirty years, and was ordained by Patrick in Rome. He was given a new name, Sachell. He was a bishop who worked in Moy Ai, having a church at Baslick. It is evident that Patrick had been working much in this country, and that many churches had been established before his episcopal tour. But we have no details of his work beyond the above, only the inferences from general statements and references to churches which consist only with an early period of work in Connaught.- The accession of Laegaire as King of Ireland and of Amalgaid as King of Connaught produced opposite effects in Meath and Con- naught. Though not much of a Christian himself, even if ever nominally Christian, Laegaire held St. Patrick in great respect and gave him protection and freedom of preaching. Patrick seems to have gone to Rome, or at least to Gaul, to report the good opportunity of organising his congregations, and procured the appointment of Palladius as bishop. Only when the Irish rejected Palladius did Patrick accept the bishopric. There is no direct evidence that Patrick procured Palladius's appointment. It is inference from the facts. The Pope would not have superseded Patrick by sending a bishop to rule the church in Ireland unless Patrick suggested it. In or soon after the year 4-13, iSt. Patrick made a tour in the 1 Proc. R.I. A., 3rd Series, vol. iv. p. 108. ■- For reasons for ascribing to St. Patrick a period of work in Connaught before 432, see my " Notes on the Early History of the Dioceses of Tuam, Killala, and Achonry." THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY. 27 Christian parts of Connaught, accompanied by a train of bishops and priests, founding new churches, visiting old churches, and leaving bishops and priests in charge. It seems to have been an organising tour. It has been suggested that the record in the Book of Armagh is that of a tour made by Tirechan himself, into which he worked the written and traditional information regarding places visited by St. Patrick in the form of an Itinerary of St. Patrick. ^ This he has done to some extent, but I am inclined to think that he also developed some kind of eai'lier diary or abstract. Patrick came from Clonmacnoise to the border of Moy Ai, where two Druids who fostered the daughters of King Laegaire met him. They are said to have used their magic art against him, which was overcome by his prayers. The result was that he turned aside and went in the direction of Kilglass to Kilmore. Considering Patrick's relations with King Laegaire, I should expect these Druids to be well disposed towards Patrick, and I therefore suggest that the fact may have been that they met him to warn him not to enter Moy Ai, as King Amalgaid would not countenance his preaching there. From Moy Glass, the Kilmore country, he went to work in the country of the Hy Ailello, and thence returned to Elphin and to Shankill. In the meantime, as I suppose, King Amalgaid had been induced to permit Patrick to work in Moy Ai, though he did not receive him at Croghan. Patrick worked all round, but is not mentioned as having been at Croghan or as having met Amalgaid. On the other hand, it is evident that the resident lords and gentiy were willing to receive him, and especially the sons of King Brian. We also find that Amalgaid's sons brought Patrick to their country and were baptized soon after their father's death, not ten years later. So Patrick worked south to Fuerty, and then north again to the country of the Gregry, east of Lough Gara, the parish of Killaraght, where he founded churches. After a visit to Assylin he moved to Ailech Mor, the old fort near Castle More Costello, and founded the old church at that place, which was then part of Artech and occupied by the Ciarraige, and called Ailech Mor Ciarraige. We may be sure that Enda, the chief of Artech at that time, received Patrick in his house, and thus we may see in that ruined rampart one of the few places which can with any certainty be said to have been inhabited by Patrick. After working about Ikillaghaderreen he moved to Kilroddan, to the west of Lough Glynn, and thence to tlie country of Narney, where he founded the church, now called Kilcronan, on the east shore of Mannin Lake in the paiish of Aghamore. Thence he ^ Professor Bury, English Historical Jievicu; April 1902. 28 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. moved to Mucna's Well, now Patrick's Well, near Ballyhaunis, and founded the old churcli of Kilmullen in Grallagh townland. Thence he came through the Dunmore country to the country about Kilmaine, and founded three churches. Two of them are Kilmainebeg and either Kilquire or Shrule, probably the latter. The Church of Cross might be the third. This country was already converted to a great extent. To an earlier period must be ascribed the fovmdation of the undoubtedly Patrician churches of Kilmainemore, Kilbennan, Donaghpatrick, and perhaps Templepatrick on Inchanguill. From Kilmaine he moved to Cuil Core in Mag Caeri, where he founded a church. These places have not been identified, but are prob- ably in the barony of Clanmorris, as his next halt was in Mag Foimsen, the country about Ballinamore in Killedan parish, where he left Conan a priest, at Patrick's Well, as I suppose. Thence he passed to Stringill's Well, at Bellabourke, where he spent two Sundays, and went on to the country of Raithin, about Ballyheane. These churches seem to have been already established. Thence he went to Aghagower and founded a church. He fasted on the top of Croaghpatrick. Now, oi' earlier, he founded a church in Cloonpatrick graveyard at Oughaval. Thereafter he founded a church at Kilmeena, and moved into the country of the Corcu Temne, where he founded three churches, probably Turlough and Manulla and another in Kildacommoge paiish, Ijut it is not certain when Turlough and Manulla -were founded, though they were certainly Patrician. It may have been on an earlier visit. On this occasion he seems to have lived near Turlough, as he is said to have baptized many thousands in the Well of Sin, probalily the holy well at Turlough. He uncovered a dolmen built over the holy well at Manulla in the presence of a crowd of the Druids and heathen of the country who had worshipped the well. It was called Slan, and from it the church and parish were called Slanpatrick down to the sixteenth century. The uncovering seems to have been a formal, prearranged act, that it might be seen whether the god of the well would punish the Christian who interfered with his altar, or a formal abolition of the worship. It seems clear that the Corcu Temne as a tribe, and their subjects, now generally adopted Christianity. Thus ended the work of the tour, and St. Patrick returned to Meath. King Amalgaid died in -i-iO, and his nephew Ailill Molt became King of Connaught. Seven of Amalgaid's sons came to the Fes of Tara in 451 to settle before King Laegaire a dispute about theii' inheritance. Laegaire decided, with Patrick's concurrence, that the land should be divided, and that Enda, the eldest, should be the chieftain. The brothers THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY. 29 accepted Christianity in principle, but said that they must be baptized after the new religion had been adopted in their tribal assembly. Patrick contracted with them for escort to Tirawley. But the ar- rangements were not pleasing to all. Oengus conspired with Fergus and Fedelmid to kill Patrick and Enda's son Conall in Corann. Fergus and Fedelmid withdrew from the plot, and Oengus seems to have gone ahead to organise opposition. Though Tirechan does not mention the tribal meeting, yet it is evident that it was held, and that the brothers and their people accepted the new faith. For we learn that Enda and his brothers and 12,000 men were baptized in a well called Oen Adarc, according to the Tripartite Life. The local tradition has told that Amalgaid and his sons and 900 persons were baptized in Tobernacreeva in Foghill townland. Except that Amalgaid was not there, the tradition may well be correct. When he was near Mullafarry a mob led by Druids came to attack him between Killybrone and Crosspatrick, but were driven off by Enda and Conall. He founded a church in the Forrach, which probably is Killogunra, and another called Donaghmore near Killala, and one at Kos mac Caitni, which is probably the ruin on Dunbriste. He is said to have founded Killala and Kilmoremoy. He certainly established the faith firmly in Tirawley, but the Book of Armagh and the Tripartite Life relate the Tirawley events in a very confused way. He was in danger of drowning in crossing the Moy near Bouley- fadrick, south of Ballina, between Ardnarea and Breaghwy. He crossed its mouth also from Bartragh. He was opposed and threa- tened by the Calry of Coolcarney on one occasion. I suspect that they turned him back, and that he then took the other course. He made his way through Tii'eragh to Ballysadare, and on to Ulster. In Tirawley he baptized Eochaidh Breac, son of Dathi, whose descendants settled about Killala. Fiachra Elgach and Ailill Molt and their descendants seem to have been pagans until the sixth century. The only important clans who now adhered to paganism were the sons of Dathi and their descendants in the country of Caria, the Gai- lenga, and the Calry. In accordance with the statement that seven sons of Amalgaid came to Tara and were baptized, we find that only Enda Crom, Oengus Fionn, Oengus, Eochaidh, Fergus, Felim, left families of importance in Tirawley. These constituted the Hy Amalghadha. We know nothing more regarding the establishment of Christianity during this century, but may take it to have been spreading quietly. After Laegaire's death Ailill Molt became King of Ireland in 463. The two branches of the Hy ^STeill combined and killed him in the 30 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. battle of Uclia, near Tara, in 482. His son Ei-c must have been of some importance. I). MacFirbis writes : " [Some] books state that Earc, the son of Oilioll Molt, assumed the monarchy of Ireland, and exacted the Borumha without a battle." If he did he was soon killed, or died, and the fact forgotten. The kingdom of Connaught seems to have been assumed by Eoghan Srebh in succession to Ailill. In any case Duach" Tengumha was king at the close of the century. In 499 he was killed at the battle of Segais, the river Boyle, by Muirchertach Mac Erca of Ulster, and was succeeded by Eoghan Bel, son of Cellach, son of Ailill Molt, or, according to another account, son of Ere, son of Ailill Molt. CHAFIKR IV. FROM ACCESSION OF EOGIIAX RKL TO A.I). 800. St. Tigerxax of Errew worked in Tirawley in the early part of the sixth century. His paten still exists. No more is known of him except that he was the founder of the Abbey of Errew. The Breastagh Ogham stone near the Jiing's house of Rathfran commemorates a " son of Cairbre, son of Amalgaid," who may be father or uncle of Tigernan, or a great-grandson of Fiachra Elgach. Apparently at a later date St. Cormac appears. He is called Cormac O'Liathain, but it is not unlikely that a Tirawley man has been confused with O'Liathain. First he applied to Eoghan Bel, the King of Connaught, at his dun on Inishmaine. Eoghan did not encourage him, and he went to Carra, where Ailill Inbandha received him well at Fertlothair. Owing to the jealousy of a Finan of Rathen who was already settled in Carra, he had to move on, and went to Tirawley. This Finan is the first who appears in Carra after St. Patrick. His shrine was kept in the church on Church Island in Lough Carra. The Hy Amalgada received Cormac and let him settle at Kilcormick, near Killala, and it is said that they endowed him with the churches of Killala. The Abbey of Killala, which furnished the bishop and chapter, may have been his foundation. But we have no information about it. He tried to settle and work in the kingdom of the Luighne and Gailenga, and was received well by the king, but had to leave in consequence of objections raised by St. Aodhan of Cloonoghil, who was established there. A party rose against him in Tirawley, but he overcame all opposi- tion. He was especially the saint of North Tirawley as Tigernan was of South Tirawley. According to his Life in Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum," the opponents were in the wrong, were properly cursed by him, and suffered then or in reputation afterwards. We may infer that he was a very quairel- some man, who could not work in peace with any one else. St. Aodhan died in 562. Contemporary with him, or about the same time, his relations, Cuiniin, O'Suanaigh, and O'Triallaigh, were working in Tirawley and Tireragh. The two last seem to have been 32 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. brothers of Aodhaii, but we cannot rely implicitly on the pedigrees of early saints. Cuimin was a first cousin of Tigernan. St. Brendan of Olonfert worked in Erris and lived on Inisglora'. The Nuns Derbiled, of the race of Eochaidh Bieac, and Gegh, carried on the work there in a later generation. "We may allow that all the royal families of this country had adopted Chi-istianity and encouraged its spread in their dominions by the middle of the sixth century. The Ulster kings Fergus and Donnell invaded Tireragh. Eoghan Bel collected his forces and came up with them at Belladrehid as they were driving away the cattle. The battle began at Grinder, now represented by Culleencrin. The Ulstermen were defeated and driven across the Sligo river, but Eoghan was mortally wounded, and died in a few days. He was buried, by his own orders it is said, in the side of a rath overlooking the ford below the town of Sligo, standing with his spear in his hand. Thereafter the Ulstermen were defeated when- ever they attacked the Connaughtmen, until they came with a great host to Rath na Fiachrach, lifted Eoghan and bviried him head down- wards in the flat land by Lough Gill, Aenach Locha Gile, which is supposed to be in Hazelwood demesne. It is evident from his chosen mode of burial that he was a pagan. This is called the battle of Sligo, and occurred in the year 537 or thereabouts. In the same year a son of Ere, son of Ailill Molt, fell in the battle of Tortan in Meath. (A.U., A.T.) From a curious mixture and confusion of traditions called the " Life of St. Cellach," the following historical facts are drawn. Cellach, eldest son of Eoghan Bel, and three of his cousins studied under Giaran of Glonmacnoise. Gellach tried to take up the chief- tainship, but w^as expelled by Guaire, grandson of Eochaidh Breac, and became a priest and bishop of Kilmoremoy. His younger brother, Muredach, became head of Eoghan Bel's branch. Gellach used his local influence on his brother's behalf when Mm'edach quarrelled with Guaire. MacDeoraid, son of Eoghan Bel's brother, supported by Guaire, murdered Cellach and drove Muredach out of his country, assumed the chieftainship, and ruled over at least the lands of the Calry of Murrisk, but was resisted by his subjects. Muredach returned, caught MacDeoraid and hanged him and three allies, called the four Maels, on Ardnarea. He is said to have captured them in a fort called Dunfidhne, having four doors, near Tandrego. Being unable to make head against Guaire, he submitted, and was treacherously murdered. The quarrel seems to have been for supremacy over the lands of Calry of Coolcarney along the river Moy, a family quarrel between the Hy Eachach and Eoghan Bel's clan. A religious element entered FKOM ACCESSION OF EOGHAN BEL TO A.D. 800. 33 into this war, as we are told that 3Iuredach remorselessly wasted the churches of Guaire's land, though he was considerate towai-ds Guaire's people. The events cannot be dated more exactly than as having occurred about the middle of the sixth century. Eoghan Bel's family became extinct, and Guaire's also died out. The saints O'Suanaigh and O'Triallaigh seem to have been Guaire's brothers, as was Aodhan of Cloonoghil. They must have worked after the death of Ailill Inbanna, who succeeded Eoghan, being his brother, or possibly his son. In 544 (F.M., A.T.) Fergus and Donnell invaded Connaught again, and killed Ailill and his brother Aedh Fortamail in the battle of Cuilconaire in Carra, a place not identified. The following curious tradition is given in the Tract on the Boromean Tribute in the Book of Leinster, translated by Mr. S. H. O'Grady in " Silva Gadelica," wherein Oolumcille says : — "As touching Ailillbannda, King of Connaught, the matter whereby be had the Lord's peace was this : the battle of Cuilconaire it was, which he fought against Clann Fiachrach and in which he was defeated, when [as they retreated] he said to his charioteer : ' Cast now, I pray thee, a look to the rear, and discover whether the killing be great and the slayers near to us.' The driver looked behind him, and replied : ' The slaughter that is made of thy people is intoler- able ! ' ' Not their own guilt, but my pride and unrighteousness it is that comes against them,' said the king : ' wherefore turn me now the chariot to face the pursuers ; for if I be slain, it will be a redemp- tion of many.' Then Ailill did earnest act of penance, and by his foemen fell. 'That man therefore,' said Columcille, 'attained to the Lord's peace.'" The mention of Clann Fiachrach as his adversary suggests that the Ulstermen found local allies in the rival families of the Hy Fiachrach. His successor probably was Feradach Mac Rossa, whom I insert here on the authority of the Annals of Clonmacnoise. Aedh, son of Eochaidh Tirmcharna, became King of Connau<,dit in 556. To this period I assign the disintegration of the great kingdom of Irrusdomnonn, and its reduction to the historical kingdom of the Hy Fiachrach. The race of Ailill Molt in Carra becomes insignifi- cant, no longer mentioned in the Annals. The line of Fiachra Elgach comes to the front, and replaces in Tireragh the lines of Eochaidh Breac and Eoghan Bel. His son Amalgaid had been chief, as to him is attributed the building of Carnamalgada, now Mullaghorne, at Killala, as a burying phice for himself and a meeting place for his C 34 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COI'NTY OF MAYO. tribe. Tibraide is mentioned as having given St. Coluniba land on which the church of Skreen was built. Owing to its inability to aspire to the sovereignty of Connaught, the kingdom of the Hy Fiachrach is seldom mentioned in the Annals. But there is more information regarding the affairs of the church. 602 (A.U.). The battle of Echros in Muirisc, between the Cinel- Coirpri and the Ui-Fiachrach of Muirisc. Maelcothaig, king of the Ui-Fiachrach, was put to flight. Ulcha Derg O'Caellaighe, of theConmaicne of Cuil Toladh, captured the house of Cennfaelaidh, King of Connaught, and killed him in 680. Duncad Muirsce became King of Connaught, but was killed in the following year (A.T., A.U., F.M.).i In 704 Duncad Muirsce's son, Indrechtach, became King of Con- naught, but was killed in 706 by the Ulstermen (A.U.). In 742 the Gailenga appear fighting the battle of Lurg against the Hy Ailellp (A.U.). In 757 Ailill Meadraige, who had become King of Connaught in 755, defeated the Hy Briuin Ai in the battle of Druim Robaigh or Brecmagh, killing three sons of Fergus, son of Cellach (A.TJ.). As Fergus Avas Ailill's immediate predecessor, this seems to have been a fight for the crown. Ailill died in 763, and was succeeded by his cousin, Dubhinnrecht, who defeated the Conmaicne at Shride in the Co. Longford in 765. He died in 767, and was succeeded by his brother Donncothaigh, who died in 772 (A.U.). The Hy Fiachrach Muaidhe never again attained to the sovereignty of Connaught. In 773 Flannabhra, lord of Umall, in 777 Dunghal, son of Flaith- niadh, lord of Umall, in 783 Aedhgal, King of Umall, died (F.M.). These are the first lords of Umall mentioned in the Annals. In 776 there was a slaughter of the Calry by the Hy Fiachrach, and in 786 "a slaughter of the Ui-Briuin of Umall by the Ui- Fiachrach-Muirsce, where all the noblest were slain about the king, Flathgal, son of Flannabhra " (A.U.). The beginning of the seventh century was marked by the establish- ment of great monasteries, and the complete organisation of the church upon the native system. St. Mochua came to Balla about the year 616, and founded a monastery which became the ecclesiastical centre of the Hy Fiach- rach of the Moy, claiming supremacy over and dues from the terri- tories of Carra and Tireragh generally. Though the succession is unknown, it may be inferred that the race of Ailill Molt provided 1 A Dunchad was king of the Ui Amalgada and Ui Fiachrach Muirisc about 697 (Kuno Meyer, " Cain Adamnain," p. 19). FROM ACCESSION OF EOCHAN BEL TO A.D. 800. 35 kings of tlie Hy Fiachraeh for some time after its foundation, and that the descendants of Fiachra Elgach liad estates in Carra. There is evidence of the latter fact in the tradition handed down by MacFirbis that O'Caomain had a large estate comprising the parishes of Rosslee and Touaghty, as well as a chiefry in Tireragh. Fechin of Fore founded Cong in 623, after working in the baronies of Ballynahinch and Ross, which are especially connected with him. He left these countries about 630. Cong became the great monastery of the Conmaicne Cuile Tolad and Conmaicne Mara. Colman of Lindisfarne, unable to follow the practices of the Celtic church in Northumbria, brought about thirty monks to settle on Inishboffin. Disputes arose between the Irish and English monks, which were appeased by the foundation of JMayo for the English monks in 668, which became a great institution, much frequented by young Englishmen of rank, and probably for a very long time manned by English monks to some extent. It acquired the greatest reputation of all the monasteries of this county down to the twelfth century. 1388408 The Inishboffin monastery decayed, being suitable only for ascetic life. The Columban monks were settled in several places in the county, at Oughaval, on Illauncolumbkille and Inishrobe on Lough Mask, and at places in Erris. But Mayo was the chief of all. The Patrician monastery at Aghagower was the only monastery of note in Umall. The Hound Tower and the great endowment in land about it mark its position as the head church of that kingdom. Turlough seems to have been the abbey of Clann Cuain, but no details are known about it. Meelick, owing to its Kound Tower, must be taken to have been the principal abbey of the Gailenga, but I find no references to it. (St. Nathi's abbey at Achonry eventually overshadowed it, and pro- vided the bishop for that kingdom, but was peculiarly the abbey of the O'Hara family. Regarding the Ciam'aige I find no church of importance correspond- ing with the great abbeys already mentioned. The abbeys of Killala and Errew were the religious centres of Tirawley. Thus all Mayo is Christian, and the monastic organ.isation is com- pleted which lasted, latterly in decay, until rejilaced in the eleventh century in practice, and formally in the twelftli century, l)y territorial episcopacy. We must suppose that the great monasteries were laid out upon the usual plan — a church, buildings for common use of the monks, separate small cells for monks, and subsidiary buildings and store- houses, all surrounded by a high stone wall built without mortar. 36 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. called a cashel, I'ound or oval like the duns and raths of the kings and chiefs, but sometimes of irregular shape to suit the ground or the grouping of buildings. A small piece of the cashel of Mayo shows the extent of the enclosure. If the number of students in residence at one time was not very large, they and the teaching staff and the monks of the church may have found accommodation within the cashel. On the other hand, we know that the students of some very great colleges lived outside, and we might expect that the arrangement would be general in large colleges. The churches of Moyne in the barony of Kilmaine and of Ross in that of Ross, which as far as we know were never of more than local importance, had cashels enclosing large areas. That of the former is in unusually good condition, and encloses an area measuring 380 b}- 330 feet, and that of the latter an equal area at least, judging from the remaining part. At Drum and Loonamore in the barony of Carra large cashels of rectangular plan are well marked, but they seem to have been intended for the accommodation of pilgrims, as the Togherpatrick passes through them. We cannot say exactly how these enclosures were utilised, but we can say that such large enclosures were commonly built round im- portant churches. Such enclosures as those of Drum and Loonamore suggest walled villages, and that they may have been used in various ways. In some cases churches were built within forts given up by the owner for the purpose. The churches of this period which remain are not much more than thirty feet long, usually less. Evidence is abundant to show the early use of mortar and steady improvement of ecclesiastical architecture, but is wanting, probably because there was no occasion for change, and was no change, in regard to secular ai'chitecture. We find no evidence of material change in military building until it is noted that the Connaught- men — i.e. King Torlogh Mor — built castles at Galway, Ballinasloe, and Collooney in 1124 (A.T., P.M.). The cashels and cahers of dry stone, the earthen forts having the sides of their ditches faced with stone, and having stone walls or wooden palisades upon the ramparts, answered the purposes of de- fence, and continued in use long after the twelfth century. We have no means of dating them unless they are mentioned in history or legend. The great dry-stone forts of the counties of Clare and Galway, which are attributed to the Clann Umoir, may have been built during the period of their domination, but others, and some of them, were no doubt built earlier and later. Dunamoe, near Belmullet, is in the style of the great cahers of Aran, with outer defence of upright stone. Kilcashel, near Kilmovee, is a well-pre- served simple cashel without outer defence. Ballynacarrach, near FROM ACCESSIOX OF EOGHAN BEL TO A.l). 800. 37 Kilmaine, shows a similar plain casliel strengthened by a deep ditch with steep sides. It is the Dun na nGall mentioned in 1159. Castlehag in Lough Mask is a mortai-ed caher with an unusually high wall. It is first mentioned in 1195. As such mortared cahers are very rare, we may infer that mortar had not been long applied in military architecture when the Anglo-Norman invasion introduced a new style and those Irish lords who were in a position to build a fort built a castle. It is not likely that any new fort of importance was built in Mayo after the de Burgo conquest. The domestic buildings inside the forts must have been generally of wood, as traces of even foundations of stone are rarely seen. The crannoges remained in use even to the sixteenth century. CHAPTER V. FROM A.D. 800 TO THE A^'GLO-XORMAN INVASIOX. The Hy Briuin Ai, having become the predominant tribe of Connaught, expanded and settled their clans, called collectively the Silmurray, in the territories of the Ciarraige, Delbna, Hy Ailello, Hy Maine, Cor- camoe, and Conmaicne of Dunmore, thus maintaining and increasing their power until new conditions were introduced by the Anglo- Norman conquest. During the eleventh century their rivals were the C'RoiirTis, who mastered them for a time. From this period of confusion Torlogh Mor O'Conor arose. The Hy Fiachrach and other tribes of Mayo played small parts, and seldom come in sight. In addition to these tribal quarrels which went on as usual, a more destructive warfare was introduced by the Northmen, who made their first descent on Ireland in 795. Their first visit to Connavight was in 807, when they burnt Inismurray and advanced to Roscommon, according to the Annals of Ulster and of Clonmacnoise. But the Chronicuiii Scotorum gives Roscam instead of Roscommon, probably coi"rectly, as these raids seem to have been confined to the sea coast. They made no settlements in Connaught. Because they bore a special hatred to Christianity since Charle- magne tried to convert the north of Europe by the sword, their raids checked the progress of culture by the breaking up of religious com- munities and destruction of their libraries. Had they been Christians and plundered the churches only of such movables as were taken by the Irish from the churches of other tribes — probably only grain, cattle, and the like — no permanent harm would have come from an addition to the normal amount of plundering in the slightly organised agricul- tural and pastoral country. Losses would have been made good in the j)eaceful intervals. Of what passed in Mayo there are but a few bare notes of events. In 811 the Northmen descended on Umall, but were slaughtered by the men of TJmall, and they slaughtered the Conmaicne, probably Conmaicne Mara. They came again the next year and slaughtered the men of Umall, killing Cosgrach, son of Flannabhrat, and Dunadach, King of Umall (A.U.). 815 (A.U.). A battle was gained over the Ui Fiachi-ach of Muirisc FROM A.D. 800 TO THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION. ')9 by Diarmait, son of Tomaltach. Death of Catlial, son of Ailill, king of the Ui Fiachrach. The ])anes left Ireland alone until about 822, when another series of raids began. In 831 Turgesius appeared, established himself in the north, and put a fleet on Lough Ree for the devastation and sub- jugation of Connaught. The Annals record in 835 (A.U., F.M.) a cruel oppression and desolation of all Connaught. Two years later a fleet from the north plundered Collooney, where Cearball, son of Dunlaing, besieged them for a fortnight, and slaughtered them dreadfully after- wards. Other notes are made of battles between Danes and Connaught- men about this time, showing that they moved about freely and had the upper hand in these countries in spite of occasional reverses. Dr. Lynch writes : "We read that Turgesius . . . destroyed by fire the temple of the church of ]Mayo, which was I'oofed with sheets of lead."i Turgeis, or Turgesius, was taken prisoner and drowned by ]\Iael- seachlainn. King of Meath. He had conquered Ireland to a great extent, and was fierce against Christians. For some time after his death Connaught seems to have suffered little from the Danes. In 848 (F.M.) Loch Laeigh in Umall ran off into the sea. This seems to record the bursting of a bog lake. The place is not known. In 887 the Hy Awley slaughtered the foreigners and killed one of their chiefs, Elair, son of Bairid (F.M.). In 912 (A.U.) "a hosting by Niail, son of Aedh, to Connaught; and he gained a battle over the warriors of the noi'th of Connaught, viz., over the Ui-Amalgaidh and the men of Umhall, who lost great numbers between slain and prisoners, including Maelcluithe, son of Conor." Niall, called Glunduff, was afterwards King of Ireland. I cannot identify Maelcluithe. In 927 (F.M.) the foreigners of Limerick went upon Lough Corrib and plundered the crannoges and strong places, but were slaughtered by the Connaughtmen next year. In 936 they plundered all Connaught up to Moylurg and Slieve Baune. In 938 (F.M.) Cairbre O'Cinaeidh, lord of the Ui-Aitheaclida, died. This tribe gave its name to Touaghty in Carra, Tuatli Aitheachda. It is the only mention of them in the Annals. In 964 (F.M.) Fearghal O'Ruairc, King of Connaught, and Taicli- leach O'Gadhra, Khig of Luighne, invaded South Connaught. They were defeated by the Hy Fiachrach Aidhne, and O'Gadhra and 700 men were slain in Burren of Corcumroe. In 983 (F.M.) Aedh O'Dubhda, King of North Connaught, died. The pedigree is evidently defective between Aedh and his ancestor 1 Canib. Ev., ii. 101. 40 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Donncathy. Two or three more are needed to span more than two hundred years. The O'Conor pedigree has six generations from Tomaltach, son of Murgil, to Conor, son of Tadhg of Three Towers, contemporaries of Donncathy and Aedh. According to MacFirbis, Aedh and his father made arrangements with O'Caomhain, head of the senior line of the race of Fiachra Elgach when the sovereignty was settled in the line of Dubhda, which are set out here as they illustrate the mode of growth and settlement of clans, showing how some clans got greater hereditary estates than others of the same race. These were a partition of territory and honours. O'Caomhain received as his lordship the land from the Leaffony river to Toomour, and the Tuath Euisen in Carra, now mainly represented by the parishes of Rosslee and Touaghty. He got about half the land of the Hy Fiachrach of the jMoy. He was allowed also the following pi'ivileges and distinctions : — 1. Of first sitting in the drinking-house. 2. Of arranging the battle. 3. That O'Dubhda should stand up before him when he meets him or wherever he may be. 4. That O'Caomhain shall take the first drink and bath. 5. That whoever takes his first arms in his territory shall take them from the descendants of Diarmaid, son of Cathal, son of Caomhan. 6. That O'Caomhain shall get the Luach leasa (a fine on marriage) of every king's daughter ; and the steed and battle dress of every king among them for ever, after his being inaugurated, and that the like should be given by them to the Ollav — that is, to MacFirbis. The remaining twenty years of the century are marked by the efforts of Maelseachlainn of Meath and Brian Boro to gain supremacy over Connavight, which was generally on Brian's side, as it was in- vaded by Maelseachlainn in 983, 992, and 997. It does not appear that he penetrated to Mayo, or what parts the Mayo lords played. By the year 1000 Brian made good his supremacy over O'Conor and O'Rourk, and is said to have received hostages from all Connaught in one week in 1001. According to the copy of K eating's History used for O'Connor's translation, he levied a tribute of 800 cows and 800 hogs, paid on 1st November. In 988 Conor, son of Donnell, King of Luighne, died, and in 993 the Gailenga killed Fogartach, son of Diarmait, son of Uathmaran, lord of the Corcofirtri (A.T., F.M.). In 1002 Conor, son of Maelseachlainn, lord of Corcamodhruadh and Aicher Ua Traigthech, and many others, were slain by the men of Umall in West Connaught (F.M., A.T.). This seems to have been a raid on behalf of Brian. FROM A.D. 800 TO THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION. 41 In 1005 Maelruanaidli, son of Aedh O'Dublida, Kin.u of Hy Fiach- rach of Murrisk, and his son Maelseachlainn and liis brother Geben- nach died (A.U.). In 1014 the battle of Clontarf ended the Danish invasions, but did not end the internal wars and robbery, which were worse than before, or are more fully recorded than before. The Chronicum Scotorum gives these obits of the Luighne at this period : — 848. Tuathchar, son of Cobhthach, king, died. 921. Uathmaran, son of Dobhailen, king, died. 945. Domnall, son of Maelmuaidh, king, was slain by the son of Uathmaran, son of Dobhailen, and by the C'orcofirtri. 983. Diarmaid, son of Domnall, king, died. The Round Towers are held to have been a result of tlie incursions of the Northmen, built as places of refuge for ecclesiastics and safety for relics and treasures of churches. They date from about the year 900, to which period the Tower of Turlough is assigned by Miss Stokes, who attributes those of Aghagower and Meelick to the period from 973 to 1013, and those of Killala and Balla to the close of the twelfth century. They mark the fact that an important monastery or church then existed at their site, and in the county of Mayo seem to mark the principal church of an important tribe — Killala for the Hy Awley, Turlough for the Clanncuain, Balla for Carra and Hy Fiachrach Muaidhe, Meelick for the Gailenga, Aghagower for Clann Maille. They show improvement in architecture, as do the contemporaneous churches. About the same time, in the tenth century, the Irish Romanesque or Decorated style came in, showing a very great advance upon the early churches. They are much larger, usually from forty to sixty feet in length, the doors and windows being progressively more ornamental, and masonry often wholly of cut stone, until this style, having attained a high degree of artistic beauty and archi- tectural power in the development of the stone I'oof, was superseded by the Gothic style introduced in the twelfth century. Those that remain in this county are much ruined, or have been altered in part to the Gothic style. In 1021 MacConcannon, lord of Hy Diarinada, was killed by O'Gadhra. In 1023 O'Conor, King of Connaught, made an expedition into Brefne, where he killed Donnell O'Hara, King of Luighne. In 1024 occurred "the battle of Ath na Croisi in Corann, between Ua Maeldoraidh, i.e. King of Cenel Conaill, and Ua Ruairc, when O'Ruairc was defeated, and a terrible slaughter of the men of Brefne and Connacht was committed by the Cenel Conaill" (L.C., A.U., F.M., A.T.). The ( )'IIaras and O'Garas seem to have been opposed to 42 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. O'Conor and on the side of O'Ruairc in the years 1021 and 1023, and to have been on his side, together with O'Ruairc, in 1024, combining to resist the Ulstermen. But this reading depends on the description of those who were killed as " of Brefne and Connacht." So it may have been only a successful raid against O'Rourk and his allies, who could not resist Ulster without help from O'Conor. All accounts call it a defeat of O'Rourk, who is said to have lost 2000 men. In 1030 Donncad, lord of Cairbre, was killed by the Hy Fiachrach of Murrisk before the house of Adamnan's shrine, that is, at Skreen (F.M.). In 1032 Conor, son of Maelseachlainn O'Dubhda, was killed by his cousin, the son of Xiall O'Dubhda (A.T.). In 1051 Aedh O'Conor, King of Connaught, defeated and killed many of the Conmaicne in Sliabh Formaeile. He blinded Amalgaid O'Flaherty, King of West Connaught, and fixed his residence at Tuam (F.M., A.T.). In 1055 he preyed Luighne. In 1059. Aedh O'Dubhda, King of Hy Awley, and Duarcan O'Hara, King of Luighne, were killed by their own people, and Ruaidhri O'Gadhra was slain (A.T., A.U.). The remainder of this century was marked by the fighting of Con- naught against the kings of Ulster and Munster, who sought to establish supremacy over Connaught, and by the quarrels of O' Conors and O'Rourks and O'Flaherties, who were fairly evenly matched. The O'Conors rather lost ground until Torlogh Mor became King of Connaught and made himself King of Ireland. Mayo territories are seldom mentioned in these affairs. In 1063 MacLochlainn, King of Ulster, invaded Connaught as far as the Moy and the west of Luighne, when O'Conor and the chiefs of Connaught submitted. " The cave of Alia, in Cera, was captured by the Connaughtmen, against the people of Aedh Ua Conchobair, in which one hundred and sixty persons were suffocated" (L.C. and A.U.). But the F.M. say that the cave of Alia Gere in Carra was taken by the Conmaicne against the Connaughtmen, that the cave was demolished, and that the jewels of Connaught were carried off thence. It seems to me that two events have been mixed, the descent oi' raid of MacLochlainn on Connaught and a fight between the Conmaicne of Moyrein and O'Conor. The cave has been assumed to be Aille, near "Westport, which, in my opinion, never was in Carra. That is a cliff where a river runs into natural caves, which could not be destroyed. There are no signs of ancient fortifications near it. The Four Masters seem to give it the full name Alia Gere. It is evident that a fort was captured with an artificial cave which was destroyed. It cannot be identified as in Carra, and, considering the evident inaccux-acy of parts of the record, may be elsewhere. There FROM A.D. 800 TO THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION. 43 was a once well-known stone cave in Grccraiglii in which Grec Mac Arodh fonnd Cormac Mac Art after his birth in Luii^-ni Firtri's house, according to the Legend of the Birth of Cormac. ^ In 10()7 Donnslevy O'Ciara, prince of Luighne, was killed by J>rian O'Ciara. Torlogh O'Brien of Thomond brought an army of men of Munster, Leinster, and Ossory and encamped at Lough Hacket, whence we must suppose that at least the south of Mayo was plundered. Ruaidhri O'Conor submitted to Torlogh in 1076, but the submission must have been temporary, as Torlogh came again in 1079 and drove him out of Connaught, bringing a fleet as well as an army, for he " went upon Loch Beannchair, and Innsi Modb, and plundered the Cruach " (F.M.). Loch Beannchair is Tullaghan Bay, Innsi Modh are the islands of Clew Bay, and the Cruach is probably that from which Ballycroy takes its name (F.M.). In 1088 Murtough O'Brien attacked liuaidhri and sent a fleet round to the west coast, but Ruaidhri slaughtered its crews. Ciesar Otway records in his " Sketches in Erris and Tyrawley," p. 60, that the Leacht Air lorruis, Monviment of Slaughter of Erris, " a rude conical pillar of stones," was said to have been the scene of "the slaughter of an invading army from Munster. A semi-spherical mound a mile and a half from it was called after the King of Munster, in which many years before had been found a skeleton standing up- right. The Laght is near Binghamstown in the Mullet, and may very well commemorate one of these invasions and the defeat of the invaders. But the mound burial seems to be much too early for this period, and we must suppose that the tradition of the invasion from jNIunster has attached itself to the ancient burial mound. They nu;st have been but a small party engaged in robbing the country, as no great force could have been in these parts to resist them. In 1090 Taichleach O'Hara was taken prisoner (A.U.). In 1091 Laidgnen, i.(\ the Buidennach O'Duinncathaigh, lord of Gailenga, was slain by the Hy Briuin (F.M.). In 1092 Ruaidhri O'Conor was treacherously blinded by his foster- son O'Flaherty. Until Torlogh Mor rose to power the O'Conors were depressed, they and O'Kourks and O'Flaherties were incessantly fighting, and Connaught sulfered many invasions because there was no king able to protect it. O'Brien was the principal assailant. He tried to effect a partition of Connaught, making O'llourk chief king of Connaught, and having O'Flaherty as an ally. On one of these occasions, 1093, O'Brien is said to have encamped in the plain of the Hy Fiachrach from midsummer to St. Michael's Day. Lough Hacket seems to have been usually made O'Brien's headquarters. ' " Silva Gadelica," ii. p. 278. 44 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. In 1094 Gilla na ninghen Ua Coblithaigh, King of Umall, Airchin- nech of Agliagowei", was killed by the men of Carra (F.M.). In 1095 Taichleach O'Hara, lord of Luighne, was slain with many of his people by the Conmaicne of Dunmore, and in 1096 Murtough O'Dnbhda, king of the Hy Fiachrach, was slain treacherously by his own people (A.T., F.M.). Connaught seems now to have had some respite from O'Brien invasions, in which at least South Mayo must have suffered severely. O'Dowda was usually on O'Conor's side. In 1106 Murtough O'Binen deposed Donnell O'Conor and made his younger brother Torlogh king in his place, being then nineteen years old, whose power increased until he was able to make good his title of King of Ireland in 1136. Why he was able so soon to raise the power of the Silmurray does not appear. It may be supposed that he showed great abilities for war, and as O'Rourks and O'Flaherties were some- what depressed by the incessant Avars and invasions, the minor tribes adhered to. him for protection's sake, and eventually the greater, who would find it more to their advantage to join Torlogh in successful invasions of other countries than to resist him and suffer invasion from him. Great as he made himself, it must be remembered that he was such a king as Brian Boro before him, who forced himself by fighting into the highest position. There was no government, no administration of public affairs^ only supremacy and power of levying tribute from weaker kings. In consequence of his power, we may suppose that Mayo men were increasing in prosperity owing to freedom from plundering and the profits of plunder of other provinces, whereof those who joined in expeditions would share. But few references to Mayo men and countries are found. In 1113 "a thunderbolt fell on Cruachan Aigle in the night of the festival of St. Patrick, which destroyed thirty of the fasting people" (L.C.). This seems to be the event recorded under 1106 in C.S. : " Ua Longain Airchinnech of Ard-Patrick was burned by lightning in Cruach-Padraig." Cruachan Aigle is near Oughaval, near Westport. In 1123 Tadhg O'Mallev was drowned with his ship at Arann (A.T.). In 1126 Torlogh invaded Munster and encamped in Ormond. Donnell Finn O'Dowda, lord of the Hy Awley, was drowned as he was bringing back the prey from the baronies of Connello in Co. Limerick. Torlogh was helped by a Connaught fleet on this occasion, and again in the following year when it defeated the Munster fleet. In 1128 Mayo men were out with him invading Meath and Leinster, when he went as far south as Wexford. O'Gara, lord of Luighne, was FROM A.D. 800 TO THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION. 45 killed. Meanwhile Tigevnan O'Rourk led the forces of Brefne, the Hy Fiachrach, and othei'S against Ulster. The cavah'y of Conor, son of MacLochlin, defeated the cavalry of O'Rourk and killed Taich- leach, son of Aedh 0'J)owda. This defeat seems to have led Torlogh to make a truce with O'Brien until 1130, when he took a fleet to Desmond and another as far as Tory Island, which plundered llosguill. In 1131 O'Malley was slain by Donnell O'Dowda's son in the stone church of Oughaval, but within three months his own spear killed him " through the miracle of Columcille." Torlogh fared ill now, and O'Rourk had to submit to Conor O'Lochlin. He was much hampered by family quarrels at this time. In 1133 Cormac MacCarthy and Conor O'Brien invaded Connaught and plundered a great part of the country, and destroyed Dunmore and Dun Mughdhord, now represented by Doon Castle, near West- port. O'Rourk plundered the Hy Fiachrach. Torlogh and O'Brien made peace. for a year. In 1135 Awliff, son of Donnell Finn O'Dowda, lord of Hy Awley, was slain by his own people. About this period the kingdom of Luighne seems to have been practically broken into two separate kingdoms under O'Gara and O'Hara, the former holding as his kingdom so much as is in the county of Mayo, with the country of the Gregry under him. The O'Haras may be held to be no longer Mayo men, having no supremacy over Gailenga. The next few years are marked by great internal disorder in Connaught and by Torlogh's quarrels with his sons and other troubles. His Aveakness led to quarrels among the chieftains, and actions of unusual violence on his part, but by 1142 he overcame his troubles and made his power felt by the other provinces. In 1137 Tuam, Cong, Termon Caillainne, Mayo, and Kilboyounagh Avere burnt, apparently by invaders, though they are not named, or by Connaught tribes, as Torlogh was fighting with O'Rourk and O'Melaghlin, and punished his own subject O'Concannon. " All the province of Connaught was laid waste from the Drowes to the Shannon and to Echtghe, and the people themselves wei-e driven into West Connaught." But by 1142 Brefne, Telia, and Meath had to submit to Torlogh. In 1143 Aedh, son of Murtongh O'Dowda, lord of Hy Fiachrach, died (A.T.). In 1147 Duarcan O'Hara was killed by O'Gara (A.T.). In 1153 the Hy Fiachrach were in an army led into Meath by Torlogh's son Ruaidhri, who encamped at Fordruim on the way back, without sending out scouts. The XJlstei'men surprised them as they were pitching camp and killed many, including Brian O'Dowda, lonl of IIv Fiachrach. 46 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. In 1154 "a fleet was brought by Torlogh O'Conor round Ireland northwards — i.e. the fleets of Dun Gaillimhe, of Conmaicne Mara, of the men of Umall, of Hy Awley, of Hy Fiachrach, and the Cosnamhaigh O'Dowda in command over them — and they plundered Tirconnell and Inishowen. The Cinel Owen and Muircheartach, son of Kiall, sent persons over sea, who hired the fleets of the Gall Gael, of Ara, of Cantire, of Man, and the borders of Alba in general, over which MacScelling was in command ; and when they arrived near Inishowen they fell in with the other fleet and a naval battle was fiercely and spiritedly fought between them ; and they continued the conflict from the beginning of the day until evening, and a great number of the Connaughtmen together with Cosnam- haigh O'Dowda w^ere slain by the foreigners. The foreign host was defeated and slaughtered ; they left their ships behind, and the teeth of MacScelling were knocked out " (F.M.). But ]\[urtough O'Lochlin plundered Moy Ai and Moylurg. Torlogh seems to have made more use of ships than is recorded of any other king. The Mayo and Galway people seem to have been more seafaring than the other seaside people, or else Torlogh was the first to use ships on a large scale. It is not clear who this Cosnamhaigh was. Cosnamhaigh whose death is recorded in 1162, and Cosnamhaigh whose death is recorded in 1181, are called respectively loi-d and crown prince of Hy Awley, and of the former ^lacFirbis writes : " Cosnamhaigh Mor, the only fighter of a hundred that came in later times, and who was treacher- ously slain by O'Gloinin in his own house at Inis Cua, on accovint of (a dispute about) a greyhound whelp" (H.F. 113). I am inclined, therefore, to think that there Avere three of the name about the same period, and that they were of the Clann Domnaill of Loch Con. In their description there is some small indication that this clan had been placed over, or among, the Hy Awley by a partition of the lordship, so that the Hy Awley no longer were directly under O'Dowda. Their ancestor had been killed by the O'Gaughan.s at Bearna Domnaill in Moyheleog. In 1155 Fiachra, son of Cethearnach O'Ceirin, lord of Kerylough- narney, died. Torlogh Mor died at Dunmore on the 20th May 1056, and his son Ruaidhri became King of Connaught. The Cross of Cong was made to hold a piece of the Cross which was sent to Torlogh in 1123. Torlogh built a great cathedral at Tuam, of which the chancel arch remains, used as a doorwa}-. He built castles at Galway and Dunlo and CoUooney. Ruaidhri O'Conor's attempt to succeed to the title of King of Ireland was resisted by Murtough O'Lochlin, who was too powerful FROM A.D. 800 TO THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION. 47 for him. He was beaten near xVrdu in 1159 with great loss. The son of Finnan Ua Sibhien, King of the Ily Eachach of the Moy, was slain. O'Lochlin carried the war into Connaught, and burnt Dun- more and Dunciarraighe and Dun na nGall. Dunciarraighe is not known. Dun na nGall is the great fort in Bally nacarrach to the west of Kilmaine. But Tigernach's continuation notes only that after burning Dunmore he marched as far as Dun na nGall. In this year Dermot, son of Teige O'Mulrony, King of Moylurg and of the Aicidecht, died. In 1187 the death of his son Maurice is recorded " in his own mansion on Claenloch in Clann Chuain." This house was probably Boyd's Island Crannoge in Lough Lannagh near Castlebar. " Aicideacht," " Chiefry " is a name of Clann Cuain territory. The tradition was that Ruaidhri Mear, son of Taiehleach, son of Niall O'Dowda, being king, came to cosher on Donnell O'Quin, chief of Clann Cuain, and took his daughter by force. O'Quin killed Ruaidhri next morning, and then placed himself under the protec- tion of O'Mulrony, afterwards called MacDermot. MacFirbis places Ruaidhri in the list of kings next after Aedh, who died in 1143, but does not date his death. It is likely that the story and date are accurate, but the grandfather of Ruaidhri must be an earlier Niall than was supposed by MacFirbis. O'Lochlin was too sti-ong for Ruaidhri O'Conor, who now en- deavoured to subdue Meath, Leinster, and Munster. The death of O'Lochlin in 1166 left him by far the most powerful king, and he became King of Ireland. Thus Connaught had an unusual degree of freedom from foreign devastation for some years. In 1169 the Normans invaded Ireland. A tract written by Torna O'Mulconaire, who was chief poet of Connaught in 1310, shows the change in the relation of the O'Conor kings of Connaught to the kings of the Hy Fiachrach, of Luighne, and of Umhall since the time of the Book of Rights. It must be taken to show the claims which O'Conor enforced, when he could, until the de Burgo conquest. The following is O'Donovan's trans- lation of a part : " These are the stipends of the royal chieftains of Connacht from O'Conchobhair, i.e. twelve score beeves and twelve score sheep on May-day to MacOireachtaigh ; twelve score beeves and twelve score hogs to himself every All-hallow-tide, and these are levied from Ubhall. Twelve score milch cows and twelve score sheep on May-day to O'Fionnachtaigh ; twelve score hogs and twelve score beeves every All-hallow-tide to himself, and these are levied for him from Luighne Chonnacht. Twelve score milch cows and twelve score sheep to O'Maoilbhrenuinn ever}' May-day ; twelve score beeves and twelve score hogs every All-hallow-tide to himself, and these are levied for him from Tir Fhiachrach, and from Cuil 48 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Cnamha, and from Cuil Ceamiamha. Twelve score milch cows and twelve score sheep on May-day to O'Flannagain ; and twelve score beeves and twelve score hogs every All-hallow-tide to himself, and these are levied in Tir-Amhalghaidh and in Irrus." The Danish invasions did much to shatter the frame of the Irish Church which had grown up while the Western Eoman Empire was in disorder. When Ireland settled down to better conditions the western parts of Europe had been reorganised. As before the year 800 we find the Church of Ireland by degrees, and after contest, abandoning certain points of ritual and practice in favour of the Roman views, so from the tenth century we see signs of another change, from the jurisdiction of abbots over the monks and monasteries of their order to that of a bishop over a defined area. By the close of the tenth century the Annals mention a Bishop of Connaught ; by the close of the eleventh he is called Archbishop of Connaught. We do not see what went on locally during these centuries, but we find that the principle of territorial episcopacy was accepted by the close of the eleventh. The work of the twelfth- century reformers was to establish discipline and organisation on the continental model by afiixing to certain sees an exclusive territorial jurisdiction, and by submitting the whole Church to the jurisdiction of the pope. The first point was formally accepted and carried into operation at the Synod of Fiadh Mic Aenghusa in 1111 and at that of Rath Breasail in 1118, and the second point at that of Kells in 1152, when the Church of Ireland ceased to exist as an independent Church, and became a branch of the Church of Rome, four arch- bishops being appointed and receiving palls from the pope. The Synod of Rath Breasail proposed five sees for Connaught, with liberty to the people of Connaught to rearrange them, provided they did not exceed five in number. Under this arrangement Mayo would have been divided between the sees of Killala and Cong. Killala was to comprise the present diocese with the barony of Carbury in Sligo and the diocese of Achonry. Cong was to comprise all the rest of Mayo, and the lands of the Conmaicne in the baronies of Ross and Ballynahinch, and those of the Ciarraige in the county of Roscommon as far east as Castlereagh. But it was found impossible to absorb the sees of important tribes, the O'Flaherties, O'Heynes, O'Garas, and O'Haras. Either at once or before the Synod of Kells the Mayo arrangements were modified, and dioceses formed as they appear at the Synod of Kells. The diocese of Killala was the immediate kingdom of O'Dowda. That of Achonry was the kingdom of the Luighne and Gailenga. That of Cong w^as altered by transfer of the four southern parishes of the barony of Costello to Tuam, and of the Roscommon lands to Ardcarne FROM A.D. 800 TO THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION. 49 or Elphin. It is given a new name and called the diocese of Mayo at the Synod of KelLs, having Mayo Abbey Church as its cathedral. It does not appear that there ever was a bishopric of Cong, as a diocese including Mayo ; the see may have been fixed at !Mayo from the beginning. The diocese of Mayo was amalgamated with that of Tuam in 1209. The Bishop of Tuam became Archbishop because the O'Conor kings of Connaught had made Tuam their chief residence during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and because Torlogh j\Ior was so powerful in the middle of the twelfth century. This transfer of power affected the position of the abbots and changed the or"ganisation of the Church. The ancient orders decayed and most of the monasteries disappeared as active monastic bodies. It seems clear that the old rules, those of Patrick, Ciaran, Columcille, Brendan, Coman, and Fechin prevailing generally in Mayo, were abandoned during the twelfth century. The endowments remained vested in the successors of Patrick, etc. In 1210 these endowments were formally transferred to the bishop of the diocese in which they lay. The note in the Annals of Clonmacnoise recording this event mentions Comarb and Termon lands as transferred. The distinction is not clear, but I apprehend Comarb lands to comprise any lands, and Termon lands to be those lands immediately round a church which got the name of Termon from early rights of sanctuary. I see some indications that distinction was made between endowments given to the ancient Comarb or church, and those given to the abbot and convent of New Augustinian Canons, which were left to them. Hence it is that the bishop so generally owned the lands about the ancient parish churches. The monastei'ies which survived converted themselves into Augus- tinian Canons, or were transformed into cathedral chapters, as in the case of vicars choral in Tuam and Annaghdown. In some cases dean and provost or precentor seem to represent abbot and Ferlegind of the ancient abbey ; prebendaries and canons seem to represent them in some cases. But the subject is obscure. The abbot being often himself a bishop, the change was easy in such a case. The Abbey of Mayo became cathedral. Cong, Inishmaine, and Errew reconstituted themselves. All others disappeai'ed. Errew seems to have been built in the twelfth century under the influence of the new style introduced by the Cistercians, but before Irish architects were familiar with it. Cong was reconstructed at the beginning of the thirteenth century, and Inishmaine at about the same time. Until the de Burgo conquest no other orders were established in Mayo. D 50 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. The reduction of the number of dioceses was followed by a reduction of the number of parishes. This seems to have been carried out at the end of the century in these dioceses, as we find, in the epistle of Pope Innocent III. of 1st April 1198 defining the extent of the diocese of Killala, a list of forty-seven parish churches in Tirawley and Erris, reduced in 1306, in the Ecclesiastical Taxation, to twenty parishes, while in Tireragh there are the same number as in 1306, those recognised in the present day. Yet there are other old churches in Tu-eragh, and I suppose the amalgamation to have been carried out there first because Tireragh had in very early times been under the Abbey of Balla generally. CHAPTER VI. RELATIONS OF THE KING OF COXXAUGIIT WITH THE KING OF ENGLAND IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES. By the treaty of Windsor in 1175, Ruaidhri O'Conor became the vassal of the King of EngUxnd. He could not execute the conditions he had undertaken, not having the control over the kings and lords of Ireland thereby made his vassals, or the organised administration needed to secure collection and payment of dues and tributes. The invasion of Connaught in 1177 was not made on behalf of King Henry. Murrough O'Conor engaged Milo de Cogan and his soldiers to support him in assuming the sovereignty of Connaught. The rebellion failed, and was but an ordinary event of Irish clan quarrels, in which, by custom of the country, each side got what out- side support it could. It is a commonplace of Irish history that Henry II. gave his justiciary, William FitzAudelin, a grant of Connaught in 1179, bvit I cannot find authority for it, or even a reference to any authority. It is perhaps due to the confusion of William FitzAudelin with William de Burgo, and to a misreading of a date of some grant. If a grant was made it was inoperative. The Annals do not record events to account for it. All other grants follow upon events recorded in the Annals or in the English Records. Several grants of this period were inoperative, made in view of contingencies which did not arise. Conor Moenmoy, having forced his father into retirement, joined O'Melaghlin in destroying an English castle at Killare in 118-4. This was an aggression, as Meath was reserved to the King of Eng- land. Ruaidhri returned in 1185 to recover his kingdom with the help of the O'Briens and English from Munster, but failed. The entries in tlie Annals of Loch Co go to show that John de Courcy's invasion in 1188 was due to Henry's endeavour to restore Ruaidhri. In 1195 Cathal Crobhderg invaded Munster, but made peace at Atldone, whereby Cathal's position as King of Connaught was recognised, ^-o_ 1403. KING OF CONNAUdllT AND THE KING OF ENGLAND. 5o Crassus has become heedless of the king's mandates, the justiciary summoned him to come to Dublin under safe conduct of Walter de Lacy ; as the king did not come, the justiciary appointed a day for him at the K.'s castle of Athlone, which is on the confines of the king's territory, and is fortified with men and provisions against the K." It is evident that Aedh was to be brought to trial in the usual way if he denied the forfeiture, and that the result was not prejudged. Provision was made for the case of forfeitv^re. This grant to Richard did not come into operation. Aedh was given an opportunity again of coming to terms. It is to be remembered that he held the land from the king as a baron. But the idea of trial or submission to a court would not commend itself to an Irish prince wlio acknowledged no right but force. From the Annals of Loch Ce we learn that when Aedh appeared at Athlone he seized the messengers sent to treat with him, burnt the towTi of Athlone, killed the constable of the castle, and released the hostages of Connaught. The Annals- say that William Marshall forcibly took him out of the King's Court when he was betrayed there. This is certainly wrong. The course of events was that William Marshall was suspected of an intention to rebel, and perhaps did make preparations, that a plot was made among the Irish lords on his behalf, in which Aedh joined, and that Aedh did not submit quietly as William Marshall did when the new justiciary came. This Athlone affair committed Aedh to open war. On the 21st May 1228 Richard de Burgo got a grant in fee of all Connaught which had come to the king by Aedh's forfeiture, at a rent of 300 marks for the first five years and 500 marks a year after- wards, and for the service of ten knights ; the king retained five cantreds and reserved episcopal investitures. This grant is the origin of the de Burgo lordship of Connaught. The five cantreds, afterwards known as "the King's Cantreds," were — Omany, Tirmany, Moy Ai, the Three Tuaths, Moylurg, and Tirerrill. Tirmany comprised the baronies of Atldone, part of Ballymoe in Roscommon and Oalway, some land north of Roscommon, and some more land west of the Suck in Killian. Omany comprised the baronies of Kilconnell, Clonmacnowen, Moycarn, and some more. The boundaries of these cantreds ai'e uncertain in places. A ten years' war ensued before the O'Conors and their allies were subdued, and Richard de Burgo and his barons were established and fortified in their demesnes in 12.37. The king made various grants in his cantreds which came to nothing. He held only the castles of Athlone and Randown and some adjoining lands. The Annals 56 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAY^O. record how various 0 'Conors were set up as kings of Connaught during this period. The king seems to have been willing to let the King of Connaught hold Silmurray and Moylurg, and even the whole of his five cantreds, if he could maintain his position among his own people. That was impossible for a long time, Felim O'Conor appeared eventually to be the strongest, and submitted and accepted the five cantreds in 1237, at a rent of .£400 a year (35 D.K., p. 37). He endeavoured to keep the peace, and was for many years a faith- ful vassal, even going to help in the "Welsh wars. In 1249 Felim's son Aedh attacked the Berminghams in Tireragh. Felim supported his action. The justiciary therefore drove Felim out of the country, and made Torlogh, son of Aedh, king in his place. But peace was made with Felim, and he was restored in 1251. In 1253 it appears that Felim had held four cantreds at the king's plea- sure. At this time he must have been deprived of another cantred, for the king began to give permanent tenures in Tirmany and Omany in 1252. Henceforth the kings of Connaught seem to have been only tenants at will. The Pipe Roll of ix. Edw. I. shows that Felim had held 3 cantreds under rent. The outbreak of 1245 thus appears to have cost Felim 2 cantreds. Henceforth his son Aedh was evidently beyond his control. The O'Conors joined in O'Neill's rebellion, and continued the war in Connaught after O'Neill's defeat. The justiciary had to come into Connaught. Peace was made in 1262, and a site was chosen for the castle of Roscommon. The kings of Connaught were constantly at war with the English until Richard, the Earl of Ulster, came of age and got control of his estates, when his great power soon forced the O'Conors to confine their fighting to their own family and subjects. This arrangement lasted until after the battle of Athenry in 1317. In 1318 Roger Mortimer let to King Torlogh the king's lands of Silmurray, Fethys (Tuathas ?), and the lands of the King of Tirmany (O'Kelly), saving the lands of Englishmen and those granted in burgage. In 1324 Torlogh was given the three cantreds which Felim had held. This was a period when Connaught kings went up and down quickly. In 1331 the escheator reported that no income came from Richard de Exeter's Connaught lands, because Torlogh and his brother Cathal forcibly held them. It was a very troubled period for the O'Conors. The Earl had crushed them and held his own dominions with a strong hand, intervening as he pleased in their feuds. On the other hand, the King of England's power in Connaught had lapsed. No real settlements had been made by the English in Omany or Tirmany, except by David de Burgo, ancestor of MacDavid, who acquired KING OF CONNAUGHT ANJJ THK KING OF ENGLAND. 57 Clancouway, probably from the heirs of William de (Jddingeseles, who was owner in the beginning of the fourteenth century. In a few years the English power and English law were nearly extinguished by the murder of Sir Edmond de Burgo. The sons of Sir William de Burgo and their cousins, and other tenants of the infant Countess of Ulster, finding that the King was unable to punish the murder or enforce the rights of the Countess, by degrees disregarded those rights and the king's authority more and more, until they discarded English law and adopted Irish customs. So came to an end, in practice, the relation of lord and vassal or tenant between the kings of England and Connaught. But the legal rights were never forgotten by the kings of England. After the treaty of Windsor established the relation of lord and vassal between the King of England and the King of Connaught, the former had a right to insist upon observance of the treaty. The trouble arose because the King of Connaught undertook what he could not perform. The parties were not upon an equality in respect of observance. The King of England was at the head of a power- ful nation, highly ox'ganised upon a civil basis, able to enforce law against his subjects, and to carry out his engagements. The King of Connaught was acknowledged head of several kings of a nation but slightly organised upon a tribal basis, unable to enforce law against any but his immediate subjects, his relation to the other kings being practically limited to levying tribute when he was strong enough. Moreover, his own position was insecure and the succession uncertain. The Irish chieftains could not at a moment's notice give up their habits of making raids on their neighbours, or assisting their neighboui-s in their conflicts with enemies, and could not understand that any treaty between the King of Connaught and the King of England affected their ancient rights and customs, and drew an imaginary line between certain districts which they must not pass. In truth such a treaty was beyond the powers of any king, and no one need regard it, any more than any other submis- sion, unless he was compelled by force. On the other hand, by Irish custom every king was entitled to subdue any other king or tribe if he could, and if a king of Connaught, or of England, was strong enough to do so, he was within his rights according to inimenioiial custom. I have here dealt only with the relations between the two kings, and have passed over the many quarrels and wars in which the kings were not considered to be involved, which were settled by the Eng- lish barons without the King of England's intervention. A distinc- tion seems to have been made between raids made by subjects on their own account an, as if they were a reversion to Gaelic usage in church prac- tices concurrently with adoption of Gaelic social customs. Families 94 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COl^XTY OF MAYO. of rank rebuilt oi* reconstructed ancient parish churches. Of course the plan would remain the same when the "restoration" consisted of insertion of more fashionable door and window frames in old walls, a not vmcommon case. Other churches were enlarged only by lengthen- ing. When the new church was built on a new site the architect was free to design the best that the funds allow-ed. The old parish church of Inishrobe at Cuslough, now called Tempul na Lecca, is a good example. The earlier church is on Inishrobe, 28 ft. 6 in. long by 10 ft. 2 in. wide inside. The new church, showing ogival ornament, is on the mainland. It needs only to be stripped of ivy and plants, to be roofed and plastered, to restore it to its original condition. It measures 41 ft. by 18 ft. 6 in. inside. The plan is typical of most parish churches of its period, whether restored Romanesque or original. They differ a little in proportion of length and breadth, but the arrangements of doors and windows are in sub- stance the same. The east window is generally vei-y narrow, but sometimes large and even double, as at Islandeady. In the south wall is another narrow splayed window, close to- the east wall in order to light the altar. In Tempul na Lecca it is so close to the east wall that the splay is only four inches on that side. This is some- times larger, as at Kilmolara, where there is a mullion. A door is in the south wall near the west end. If the church is long a small slit may be found between the door and the west wall, or even two as at Islandeady. The church of Kilgeever is almost a copy of Tempul na Lecca, and the old church of Addergool on Lough Con seems to have been the same. This might be called a standard plan. These must have been very dark and gloomy places of worship. The restored churches vary much, but are mainly of the same simple plan. The chancel of earlier times has been dropped. Where it is found, the chui'ch is a survival from a time when chancels were in fashion, when an eai-lier church was made a chancel by adding a nave, or was made a nave by adding a chancel. The case of the monasteries differs widely, showing a course of prosperity and increase until the year 1469, when the last foundation was made in Mayo. The small abbe}' on Clare Island is said to have been founded in 1224 for Carmelites, but as it was a cell of Knockmoy at the dissolu- tion, and as it is improbable that a very small house would have been founded in such a remote place before the order was well established in these parts, we shall do better to take it to have been always Cistercian. If the date be correct, it is the first house founded in Mayo for what may be called the new orders as distinguished from the Augustinian Canons, who seem to have been but a reformation of old Irish orders. ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS TO SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 95 After the Conquest most dates are fairly certain. Some of the greater of the new lords established monasteries, according to the custom of the time, as soon as they were settled in their new baronies. The great lords who held whole cantreds were the first to do so, and lesser lords did the same later on ; but the abbey-building period in Mayo was for about a hundred years — from the middle of the fourteenth century. The Monastery of Athlethan, or Strade Abbey, is the earliest of known date. Jordan de Exeter founded it for Franciscans before 1252, when it was made over to the Dominicans. It was burnt in 1254 and rebuilt. The present ruins are those of a restoration of 1434, showing a large and beautiful church. Rathfran, a much smaller establishment, was an offshoot of this house, founded in 1274, probably by Stephen de Exeter. Though we do not know of its existence for certain until 1337, the House of Hermits of St. Augustine at Ballinrobe may be the earliest Anglo-Norman foundation in the county. The archi- tecture suggests an early date, and the size a great lord as founder. Maiu'ice FitzGerald founded many monasteries. As soon as he was in firm possession of his great Sligo estate he built that abbey, and is likely to have given this house for his South Mayo estate. Burriscarra is undated, but is in an early style, likely to have been built while Carra was under one great baron. It was built for Carmelites, but being abandoned by them for thirty years, was made over in 1412 to Austin Friars from Ballinrobe. Archbishop King says it was founded in 1298. Ballinsmalla, also undated, was a small Carmelite house, which may be safely attributed to the Prendergasts of that barony. The military orders do not appear in Mayo except in connection with the House of St. John at Ballinrobe, a farm given to the Hospital probably in the thirteenth century, as the Prior of the Hospital of St. John in Ireland had a bailiff" there before 1304. The only nunneries in Mayo were the ancient Killeennacrava, and Inishmaine which was made over to the great Benedictine Nunnery of Kilcreevanty at an unknown date. We find two distinct plans of the greater abbey churches, which may be called standard plans of their period ; but the minor houses differed from them, as might be expected, having smaller churches on various simple plans. The earlier or thirteenth-century plan is a long rectangle, with a chapel at the west end opening into the north or south wall of the nave, and with conventual buildings on the opposite side, as at Rath- fran, Ballinrobe, Burriscarra, Ballyhaunis, and Urlare. The original 96 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. plan of Strade is uncertain. The chancel is thirteenth-century work, altered later on. The later or fourteenth-century plan, which came into Connaught in the fourteenth century, is a long church divided into choir and nave by two arches supporting two sides of a nearly square central tower or belfry, with transept and aisle sometimes. The belfry is lofty, and being less than the full width of the church, is elegant and slender. Burrishoole is exceptional in Mayo in having a tower the full width of the church. The choir is sometimes less than the full width of the nave. Such are Rosserk and Moyne, and such was Murrisk, whereof only the choir is left with enough to show Avhat the tower was. At the dissolution the monasteries were distributed as follows in the baronies : — KiLMAIXE. 1. Augustinian Canons. Cong. Ancient and very rich. 2. Augustinian Canonesses. Killeennacrava. An ancient small nunnery, which seems to have been under Cong, 3. Augustinian Hermits. Ballinrobe. Founded before 13.37. 4. Benedictine Kuns. Inishmaine. An ancient monastery, occu- pied in the early thirteenth century by men, probably Augustinian Canons, but afterwards made over to the Benedictine Nunnery of Kilcreevanty. 5. Knights Hospitallers. Ballinrobe. St. John's House was pro- bably only a farm, not inhabited by Knights. It was in their possession in the thirteenth century. 6. Franciscans. Annagh. It is said to have been founded in 1440 by Walter Bourke, MacWilliam, who died in it, as a cell of Cong. If so, it was afterwards transferred to the Franciscans. 7. Franciscans — Third Order. Killeenbrenan or Kilbrenan, now called Moorgagagh. Founded in 1428, probably by one of the Bourkes. Carra. 8. Augustinian Canons. Ballintubber. Founded by King Cathal O'Conor in 1216. A very rich house. The church is in Gothic style, with Norman features. The Canons were to be of noble birth. Cross Abbey, in Erris, was under it. 9. Augustinian Hermits. Burriscarra. Founded for Carmelites in 1298, probably by Adam Staunton. Being abandoned by them for thirty years, Austin Friars from Ballinrobe occupied it, and were confirmed in it in 1412. ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS TO SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 97 BUKHISOOL. 10. Dominifans. lUirrisool. Founded in 1469 by Richard Bourke, MacWilliam. It was then but a wooden house, probably occupied hurriedly as a place for MacWilliam's retirement. MUKIUSK. 11. Cistercians. Clare Island. A cell under Knocknioy, but said to have been founded for Carmelites in 1224. 12. Augustinian Hermits. Murrisk. Said to have been founded in the fourteenth century by (J'Malley. TiRAWLEY. 13. Augustinian Canons. Errew. An ancient foundation. The remains were built probably in the twelfth or early thirteenth century. 14. Premonstratensian Canons. Killeennatrinody. In Killeen townland in Kilbride parish. A cell vinder the Canons of the Holy Trinity of Lough Key. 15. Augustinian Hermits. Ardnarea. Founded before 1402. 16. Dominicans. Ilathfran. Founded in 1274 by a de Exeter, probably Stephen. 17. Franciscans — Conventuals. Bofeenaun. Probably a late foun- dation, but nothing is known of its history. 18. Franciscans — Observantins. Moyne. Founded in 1458 by Thomas Bourke, MacWilliam. A very important house ; the ruins are still in good condition. 19. Franciscans — Tiiird Order. Crossmolina. Founded before 1306, probably by a de Barry. 20. Franciscans — Third Order, llosserk. This very fine building is said to have been founded by a Joy in 1400. It is difficult to explain why a Joy should have founded a house in Tirawley at that time. Eiuus. 21. Augustinian Canons. Cross. A cell under l>allintubl)er, founded probal)ly in the fourteenth century or beginning of the fifteenth. Gallex. 22. Dominicans. Strade, or Athlethan. Founded for Franciscans before 1252 by Jordan de Exeter, who transferred it to Dominicans. 23. Premonsti-atensian Canons, Killeen. In Killeen townland of Attymas parish, whereof it held the rectory. A cell under the Canons of the Holy Trinity of Lough Key. G 98 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Claxmoeris. 24. Augustinian Canons. Mayo. The abbey became the cathedral while the bishopric lasted. The ruins are of a much later date. A little of the ancient cashel remains. It owned a considerable estate. 25. Carmelites. Ballinsmalla, Of unknown origin, probably founded by a Prendergast. COSTELLO. 26. Augustinian Hermits. Ballyhaunis. Founded by Sliocht Jordan Duff MacCostello, a little before or after 1400 probably. The com- munity never ceased to exist, as a few friars always lived at Bally- haunis near their old house. 27. Dominicans. Urlare. Founded by MacCostello in 1434. The friars had been for two years in another place, probably the Carheen in Crossbeg townland in Aghamore parish. The cessation of abbey-building must be attributed to decay in the Church and loss of fervour and religious feeling. We have no reason to suppose that Mayo Avas in better condition than other parts of the country regarding which there is direct evidence. The parish cures could not be filled without frequent dispensations for unqualified persons. There was no difficulty in filling monasteries. General corruption brought about in other countries a desire for improvement and reform which took effect in the sixteenth century, but no such desire appears to have been felt in the Gaelic and Gaelicised parts of Ireland. Reformation came here from without, and not from within. The clergy of all kinds had lost their hold on the people. Great lords and their subjects alike had no regard for them, and left them to Pope and King to deal with at their pleasure. Thomas O'MuUaly was appointed archbishop by the Pope in 1513, and lived untroubled by the spirit of inquiry, as far as we know, until his death in 1536. When he was appointed the Pope's power was undisputed ; when he died that power was gone wherever the king established his authority in any degree. The king now appointed Christopher Bodkin, whom the Pope had previously made Bishop of Kilmacduagh, to be Archbishop of Tuam, and the appointment held good. The Pope appointed Arthur O'Frizil, but the appointment had no effect. Lord Deputy Grey had come to Galway, and had intervened in the succession of MacWilliam Oughter. This was enough to take the power out of the Pope's hands. It is a measure of the indifference of the people rather than of the ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIKS TO SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 9i) power of the king, wliich was in truth l)ut slight. The king put his man in possession, and no one would turn him out. There was, indeed, no reason why any one should interfere. The services of the Church went on us usual without apparent change for many years yet. Nevertheless Bodkin's appointment, apart fi'om his position being due to the king, was the beginning of change. He appears to have tried to bring about an improvement of his clergy. His account of the clergy of his dioceses drawn up at the beginning of Queen Eliza- beth's reign shows that several incumbents are studying at Oxford, where he was educated, and at Dublin. The list also shows that the parochial revenues were very largely usurped by men of rank, who are described as withholding profits. This probably means seizure of or withholding of tithes, ajid certainly denotes that laymen very com- monly disregarded the rights of the Church. Queen Elizabeth exercised some patronage of dignities, but there was very little interference on her part for some time. Her power was not made effective in these countries until the close of Sir X. Malbie's government. Owen O'Gallagher was made Bishop of Killala by the Pope in 1574. After his death Owen O'Conor, brother of Sir ] )onnell O'Conor Sligo, was elected, but his election was not confirmed until 1591, when it was confirmed by the queen as a reward for good service. Owen O'Hart was appointed by the Pope in 1562 to be Bishop of Achonry. At his death in 16U3, Miler Magrath was ap- pointed by the queen. Bodkin's appointment was .soon followed by the acts for the dissolu- tion of the monasteries. It is hard to say how far the orders for dissolution were immediately effective in Mayo and the other paits of Connaught which were practically free from the power of the Crown. For many years the monks and friars occupied as usual their build- ings, which were useless to grantees, because a man rich enough to occupy such large buildings must live in a castle at that time. We have evidence of surrenders of the possessions of the great houses, and evidence of grants, but we have no evidence to show whether such grantees as the Earl of Clanricard took real possession of the lands or left them to the monks. The grants reserved rents, indeed, but rents were not paid by the great lords in the west with exact punctuality in those days. The monasteries had lost possession when the queen's Covernment was well established in Connaught. The inquisitions taken about the time of the composition show that their possessions had not been exactly ascertained, except in the case of .some of the great houses, Avhich had been dealt with by leases and grants. The minor houses of this county seem to have been ignored, and inquisitions 100 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. were taken then with a view to disposal by the Crown of their possessions, which were in lay hands apparently. On the whole it may be said that the Reformation was not much felt here in Bodkin's time. The Mass was not prohibited until 1559, and in fact continued until the queen's Govei-nment enforced the law in the last quarter of the century, when priests and friars were agents of the Pope and King of Spain to foment rebellion. So far as it was svippressed, the suppression affected only parts of Connaught. Countries under such lords as O'Rourk were left free from interfer- ence. But in Mayo and Galway, and other parts where government had been made effective, the revival of the Mass is cited as evidence of the confidence of the rebels. Except as a measure of precaution against rebellion, the Government did- not meddle much in religious matters in this country, having its hands full with war and rebellion. It was not possible for the Government to deal with the Church generally during the turmoil of the close of this century. [AUGHT &THE FIVE CANTREDS OF THE KING. STANFORD'S GEOGRAPHICAL tSTABT , LONDON. cnAr'i'Ei? XL enfeoff.\[i:nt and coloxisatiox. The pai'tition of Connuuirlit bos been dealt with in articles in volumes xxxi., xxxii., xxxiii. of the Journal of the Royal Society of Aritiquaries of Ireland, liased on the inquisitions taken in 1333 after the death of Earl William de Burgo. In this chapter the subject will be treated with reference to the first settlement, details being given in the chapters relating to baronies. A few errors are cor- rected by later information. Loughrea, Portumna, Meelick, and Galway were Richard de Bui-go"s chief castles in the south, in connection with which he made settlements and kept great tracts of country under his im- mediate control. Loughrea was the head of the whole lordship of Connaught, and was called the JManor of Loughrea, whereon all the fees depended. The only tract held in demesne in North Connaught was that which depended on the castle of Tubberbride, Ballintubber in Roscommon, called the cantred of Sylmolron, comprising the de Burgo part of the county of Roscommon, except Artagh and the lands of the Kerry of Moy Ai. All Mayo was let in great fees. The courts in Mayo mentioned in the inquisitions seem to have been established by feoffees whose tenures the chief lord had acquired. Large tracts were let to the piincipal barons for low rents and services, and sometimes for knight-service only, as the}' had to incur great expense in establishing themselves and settling colonists. A good deal of transfer naturally followed the sudden division of so large a country, some of the grantees finding it convenient to transfer their grants immediately. Thus the great FitzGerald estate was built. The inquisitions ignore Conmaicne Cuile Toladh, but we know that Maurice FitzGerald had a grant of the western half, including the barony of Ross. He acquired the eastern half from Gerald Roche, who seems to have acquired from Gerald Prendergast. The whole must have been held by knight-service in l.'3.S;3, as no rents are i-e served. Maurice FitzGerald acquiri'il Tir Xechtain and Tir Enna probably from Gerald Prendergast, as that family was settled there from very early days, but here again Gerald Roche appears as transferor of some lands in these teiritories tojrether with his half of Conmaicne 102 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Cuile. The whole territory was called the cantred of Crich Fir Thire in 1333. Adam Staunton, a great baron of Kildare, got Carra proper, and a de Barry got what was called the half cantred of Fir Thire and Clann Cuain. Henry Butler got the half cantred in Umhall called Owyll Butler, held to these days on titles depending on the original grant. The rest of Umhall appears in 1333 broken into estates held at higher rents, suggesting that an early intermediate tenure had disappeared. The southern part of Tirawley was called the cantred of Bac and Glen. It is doubtful who was the original feoffee, probably Richard Carew, who certainly had a connection with this country. But William Bai-rett was the actual tenant of the greater part. The northern part was called the cantred of Tirawley, where a Barrett and Adam Cusack were the principal tenants. Here again there is evidence of the disappearance of an intermediate tenure of Petit and Cusack. Ardnarea, afterwards part of Tirawley, was in Earl Hugh de Lacy's cantred of Tireragh, but was in immediate possession of Peter Bei-mingham, as the manor of Ardnarea, called in 1333 the cantred of Tirremoy. The de Lacy tenure had then passed to the de Burgo earls. Clan Murtough Mweenagh lived in Erris until 1274 under un- known conditions. Adam Fleming had a large estate there at his death in 1281. Later on we find that Stephen de Exeter had lands at Dookeeghan, and Henry Butler at Ballycroy under Jordan de Exeter, who must have come into possession of the cantred when the O'Conors were driven out, unless they had been holding under his father. Hugh de Lacy had a grant of the cantreds of Carbury, Corran, Luighne, Sliabh Lugha, and Tireragh, for the service of 10 knights and 100 marks. He transferred the first three to Maui-ice Fitz- Gerald, who formed them into the manor of Sligo and built the castles of Sligo and Banada. Sliabh Lugha of this grant comprised Gallen, which appears in the inquisitions as half the cantred of Lowyu or Lowyn. Hugh made it the manor of Meelick, which his widow and her husband, William de Lungespee, recovered in 1249 as one-third of five cantreds in Connaught assigned to her as dower, and given by her to Richard de Burgo in exchange for his manor of Diseit Lawrence in Limerick, which had since been taken from her. Richard had taken Earl Hugh's place here as well as in Tireragh. Gallen fell to Jordan de Exeter, and Sliabh Lugha proper to Miles de Angulo, who appear in history in connection with these territories at about the same time, and who probably were the earliest grantees under Earl Hugh. ENFEOFFMENT AND COLONISATION. 103 The lands of the Kerry Onghter and of the Kerry of Lochnainiey do not come to notice for some time. John FitzThomas of Desmond had hehl the hitter and some hand of the Kerry of INIoy Ai under 8ir Maurice of London. Henry Roche hehl under John and his successors by way of exchange for the manor of Mallow in Munster. At the close of the century he paid <£33, 6s. 8d. yearly as rent to Maurice FitzThomas. Of the lands of the Kerry Oughter nothing is known. A string ca^le was built in each great fee to be held by a garrison to mriintain the lord's authoiity, to protect his colonists, and to commiftid the couiAry. The Anglo-Normans had no liking for the stone forts of the Gael, preferring earthworks with wooden palisading, which could be put up quickly fou temporary occupation. The weak point of the circular forts was the want of flanking defence. The ISTormans used Bretasches or wooden towers for this purpose in some cases. The cahers and raths were not large enough to hold the settlei's and soldiers who came to occupy the country. We have evidence of the readiness of the early invaders to throw up forts and entrenchments for themselves, to avoid, as we may supjiose, bi'eaking up their strength by distribution in foi'ts not close together. Ballylahan is the sole example in this county of a typical baronial castle of the thirteenth century. A projecting spur from the high ground above the Broad Foixl of the Moy, then perhaps crov/ned by such a rath as is by the roadside between it and Strade, was chosen for Jordan de Exeter's house and castle. The top was surrounded by high Avails with towers giving flanking defence and accommoda- tion for inmates and stores, and a large barbican about the gateway was the principal dwelling-house, facing the hill at the connecting neck of ground, which was cut by a ditch. The large courtyard was of irregular shape, because the walls followed the crest of the slope. Castlemore Costello has disappeared, except enough to show that it was not the late rectangular tower and rectangular baun. Little is left of Brees Castle, which was perched on a hill. Castlecarra is on a peninsula whose isthmus is defended by a strong wall and gateway. The remains of the tower and buildings are so obscured by bushes that details cannot be made out. The early Lough Mask castle has been replaced by a fortified house of the early seventeenth century. The castles of Burrisool, Castlebar, and Kilcolmun have disappeared or left only traces. From Downing's description of the remains of Castlebar in 1684 we may infer that it was of the Ballylahan type with round towers. We are told that the (Jael turned the seven towers of Banada into a monastery, which suggests that it was of Ballylahan type. It occiijiics a similar position by a ford of tlic Mo}'. Uanada, 104 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Ballylahan, and Castlekirk at Foxford secured easy passage across the great river. Some may have been of the simple type of Moygara Castle, a large rectangle enclosed by high walls with square towers at the corners. Walter de Eidelesford's castle at Headford, built at the first occuj^ation, was apparently of this type. The first castles of Mayo were probably walls enclosing a large courtyard, with flanking towers at intervals if the site was irregular, or large towers at the four corners of a rectangle if the ground allowed such a plan. The lofty tower-house with small towers at the corners of the baun was a later development. The owners of the great fees foi"med them into manors, sometimes breaking them into several manors, and their feoffees likewise made manors of their estates if they were large enough. The records mention the manors of Lough Mask, Roba, Moyne, Shrule, Lehinch, Carra, Castlemore, Ballycroy, Dookeeghan, and the episcopal manors of Cong, KiJmaine, Aghagower, and Kilmoremoy. We may assume that manors were organised wherever there was a suflicient English colony to require the machinery. The estates in hands of Irishmen would not be made manors, as they had no need for such machinery. Each manor had some house or castle as its head. But the castle of the inferior manor would be less than that of the lord of a cantred or barony, rather a fortified house, its importance varying with the importance of the manor. The earliest castles were commonly built on the site of or close to an important dun, as Castlemore close to Ailech Mor, and Castlekirk replacing Dunguaire in Tirawley, or in places of military importance, where there may have been duns already. When we consider the lesser castles, whose sites did not depend on genei^al military objects, but on local convenience, this is more apparent. As the enfeoffments followed the known ti'ibal and clan divisions of lands, we may say that the Gaelic Tuath often became a Norman manor, and its chief's dun the lord's manor-house. The name of manor has not survived, because it denoted only a legal condition. When the grantee of a large estate came to settle tenants, he would naturally occupy some convenient fort or throw up a temporary entrenched camp. This camp, or the fort if an earthen one, would be called le Mote by the settlers, and thus I presume the name of Moat has clung to three townlands in this county, and to several in other parts of Connaught, and down to the sixteenth century to land near Togher House in this county, which are alike in having no trace of the high flat-topped mound which has been called Moat, but do generally show low earthworks, in some cases not like the ordinary ENFEOFFMENT AND COLONISATION. 105 rath. Mr. Westropp's researclios have shown that the Normans applied the term moto to any kind of defensive earthwork, ami this definition covers the Oonnanght moats. Though this Norman name has stuck to some of their iirst dwelling- places, they were not the permanent abodes of the lords. The name seems to denote an early occupation, which was abandoned in favour of a stone house or tower which would be called a castle. Or if the original " mete " was changed by building a .stone house or tower, then the name was changed also. The common case is that the castle has been built near the old fort. Three buildings survive in ^Nlayo from which we may infer the nature of the early small manoi'-house or small castle. Ballykine Castle was at first an oblong house measuring 24 ft. .3 in. by 17 ft. 10 in. inside. The ground floor was two rooms, 14 ft. and 7 ft., the smaller one vaulted, and the upper Hoor a single room fairly well lighted. The lower rooms had but a couple of small slits in the smaller room, and a slit beside the door into the large room. The lower door may not have been original. Access to the upper floor was by a door in the side wall, reached now by a covered flight of steps along the side of the house, which seems to be part of the addition. The castles of Cuslough and Ballisnahiney suggest that the sole original entrance was the upper doorway, reached by a ladder. There was no fireplace. This was a house, defensible against robber gangs, not a tower or castle. The country must have been in a fairly peaceful condition. A time came when stronger defence \vas wanted, and was given by additional work on each side supporting a walk and a parapet with embrasures for shooting arrows. A small square tower of at least four stories Avas added to one end, to which there was access only from the house. Under the great de Burgo lords, the country was in such peace generally that a gentleman of some position could safely live in such a house. From 1333 began a period of increasing disorder. "We must assign this house to the thirteenth or early fourteenth century. The additions cannot be dated, but must have been there in the sixteenth century when MacDonnells occupied the castle. The house was built on the slope of the south end of a ridge, in or on the edge of a caher w^hich formed its baun. The souterrain of the caher is seen, owing to covering stones having fallen in. The English or Norman settler built his good stone house in the caher of the O'Caidhius. (Journal of Gdlway ArcJiceolo(jical and Ilistovical Soriefy, vol. iii. p. 95.) Cuslough Castle may be described as a larger and l)etter Ballykine, without a tower, but with thr side parapets as i)art of the original 106 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. plan. The entrance to the first floor is in a gable. It measures 32 ft. 4 in. by 25 ft. inside. Ballisnahiney Castle is a small tower, 42 ft. by 27 ft. outside, with an entrance to the first floor. Holes in the wall below it are suitable for corbels to support a stone flag as at Cuslough, and two holes above it suggest that a door was hung above which could be pushed up and let fall. The same arrangement seems to have been in use at Cus- lough, where the entrance shows no sign of door fittings, and the wall above is so covered with ivy that holes or stones may be above. In both castles one side is gone. Cuslough Castle was inhabited in the nineteenth century, and had modern doorways for the ground floor. We may be sure that these entrances to the first floor would not have been made if there had been entrances to the ground floor. The castle of Ballisnahiney is inside Lis na hEighrighe, a caher which formed its baun, having a large cave. Castlelucas shows only the lower part of the walls of a house or castle about the size of Ballisnahiney, within a wide deep circular ditch as of an old fort. Ballykine and Cuslough may be put together as houses. Ballisna- hiney is a tower. Castleconor in Sligo may be classed with it in respect of having only narrow slits as windows, and occupying the site of Dun MicConor, though much larger, as might be expected, seeing that it was the head of a large manor. The only manor in Mayo regarding which we have any details is the sub-manor of Lehinch or Muinter Crechain, which appears in the Plea Rolls of 28-30, 33 Ed. I., 2 Edw. II. William Prendergast sued Henry, son of Henry Roche, the actual lord of the manor, and his free- holders for possession, alleging that they had no entry except after Gerald Roche had unjustly dispossessed his grandfather William after King Henry's first passage to Gascony, 1243. The other defendants called Henry to warranty, and he called to warranty George Roche, a Munster lord. The decision is not entered in the Rolls. The Roche possession of over fifty years was admitted. W. Prendergast seems to have been suing on a title which his ancestor had passed to Gerald Roche. The suit must have been dismissed, as Henry's widow sued for dower in 2 Edw. II., and her claim was admitted. From the first suit are taken the particulars showing the townlands held in demesne and the names of the freeholders. The townland names are given in modern spelling if still in use. The best of the alternative forms is selected from the others. Plea Rolls, 28 Edw. I. Roll 52, m. 4. William de Prendergast r. Henry de Rupe for the vills of Clonco, Balylayne, Dericoul Oughteragh, Derinrus, and Baliblohagh in Muintercrechain. ENFEOFF.MKNT AND COLONISATION. 107 r. Milo f. Philip do llvipe for the vill of Coolcon. V. Henry f. John ., „ ,, Ardalas. r. David f. Henry ,, ,. „ Synnaghcathyn. r. Henry f. Henry ,, ,, ,, Dericoul Ighteragh. r. Richard f. John do Burgo for the |- vill of Skealoghan. r. John le "Whyte ,, ,, Moneycrower. r. Eustace Cusyn ,, i ,, Lathathlong. r. John f. (ierald ,, vills of Coolisel, Derineaerchath, and Kilglassan, as his inheritance. In a later plea I )a\i(l ('adwclly calls Henry to warrant to liini the ^ vill of Skealochan, and John le Whyte is omitted. When Henry Roche died his son and heir Henry was under age. Consequently the suit for dower was against those who were in posses- sion of the manor by right of wardship, namely, William de Burgo, probably Grey 8ir William, the Earl of Ulster, and Richard de Lyt, a man of importance in Connaught who had been sheriff, and against two others in possession of portions of the land. Plea Rolls, 2 Edw. II. m. 30 d. Agatha, widow of Henry de Rupe, for her dower, }. in the manor of Lehinch. ?•. Wm. de Burgo, keeper of the land of the heir, for I of i of 1 vill in Ballyblohagh, 1 vill and £\, 6s. 8d. rent in Kilglassan, i of 1 vill in Dericoul Oughteragh, ^ of £'1, 6s. 8d. rent in Coolisel. r. W., son of Richard Berniingham, and Elena de Rupe for ?. in | of I vill in Kilcommon. r. R., Earl of Ulster, for /, in h of 1 vill and £1, 6s. Hd. rent in Skea- loghan. ?•. Wm., Archbishop of Tuam, for h of 2-1 acres in Kilcommon. r. R., Earl of Ulster, keeper of the land of the heir, for }. of id. rent in Synnaghcathyn, £1, 6s. 8d. rent in Derineserchath, 3s. -id. rent in Ardalas, 16s. 8d. rent in Coolcon, £3 rent in Carthy. r. Pv. de Lyt, keeper of the land of the heir, for }. of 1 vill in Derinrus, 1.^, quarters of 1 vill and £2, 13s. 4d. rent in Moneycrower, 1 vill in Clonco, 1| vill and £2, 13s. 4d. rent in Skealoghan, 1 vill in Dericoul Ighteragh. They all come and agree. The rents amount to £14, 13s. ."xl., of which onh £1, Us. Id. was paid by members of the family. A large extent was held in demesne — that is, was tilled by the lord, or was let to tenants at will and on other than freehold tenure. The profits must have been large, but owing to the nature of the suit they are not disclosed. Richard de Burgo may be a son of the John from whom came the 3lacSeonin.s. Coolisel comprised Lissatava. Dericoul comprised Ballymongan. 108 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Carthy is now Carras. These and the names in use show that the manor was the parish of Kilcommon or thereabouts. The barons encouraged traders to form small corporate towns by grants of two or more carucates of land on burgage tenure, whence the Irish Burgheis, surviving as Burris, and recording the existence of a small town or an attempt to form one. There is contemporary evi- dence of such towns in other counties of Connaugbt, but not of their existence in Mayo. The sixteenth- century tradition is given as follows : " The names of certain castles and mai'ket towns which were built by Englishmen in the county of Mayo : Shruher, Kilveen, which was governed by a portriffe, Ballinrobbe, Castlekirke, Ballymonagh, Bures- Care, Bures-Owle, Ballalahame, Lehence, Mayo, Rosse, Castlemore MacCostelowe, which were all good market towns, and for the most part were ruled by portriffes, but now (saving the bare castles in some) the towns are all destroyed, whose broken gates and ruinous walls are this day to be seen." Kilveen may be Kilmaine, but is more likely to be Kilvine, where there is a townland of Burris. Castlekirke must be the Barrett Castle opposite Foxford. Rosse is probably the Ross near Killala. Ballymonagh I cannot identify. These towns no doubt made a fair start, but died out after 1338. None attained to the importance of Dunmore, which had a charter for murage. CHAPTEK XII. ciiAXGES OF ai"I'i:ai;axce of country. UxTiL the Anglo-Norman settlement the appearance of the country was, except in one respect, much what it was at the dawn of the legendary period, duns, raths, cahers, cashels, and houses being very little altered if at all. The duns and raths of this country seem to have had stone facings to the sides of the earthen ditches and ram- parts, and to have had stone walls on the ramparts. The effect must have been that of stone buildings, at a little distance not differing in appearance from the purely stone cahers and cashels. The stone walls seem to have been whitened as a rule. Some of the smaller raths, farmhouse enclosures, were no doubt defended by palisading, but so many of the important forts show remains of such stonework when closely examined that it is safe to take it to have been general. In countries where stone was not so abundant palisading no doubt took its place, but I think palisading was unusual in the greater forts of Mayo. Some had a palisading of large flat slabs of stone. Inside these defences were wooden dwelling-houses and offices. The dwelling-houses of the country genei'ally were round, but the great houses were certainly in many cases rectangular, and sometimes two stories high. Except where there were two-storied houses, the buildings inside would not show much more than their roofs of thatch or shingle above the walls of defence. The cabins of the poorer folk were generally round down to the sixteenth century. When they were in large numbers about a dun they must have had the effect of a village. But there were no villages in the modern sense. The hou.ses were in large or small groups, dependent on fortified places, or were scattered. The circular forts are so abundant that it is not likely that tliere were many outlying houses far from the protection of a fort or home- stead, except where people took their cattle to mountain pastures. Woods were plentiful in most parts of the country, but the richest lands appear to have been well cleared. What are now rough hills and coarse land were generally covered with wood and brushwood. The latter mixed with marsh and water in extensive tnicts were calleiisis." p. 1 1'.i. 112 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. looked like towns under the shelter of a castle. When we read in the Annals that a church was plundered and burnt in war, we may take it to mean that the town was burnt, unless the church itself is mentioned. Enclosures of small churches were sometimes but a ditch and small bank, surmounted by a hedge or palings or a wall. As a rule every church had an enclosure which was more than what we call a church- yard, comprising the houses and offices of the clergy, and perhaps small gardens. A few early churches were built inside the fort of a chief who dedicated it to that use. The Round Towers were the most striking objects in the country, the other buildings being small and low until the twelfth century. The earliest known stone churches wei^e very small, but much larger churches were built of wood and mud in early times. The stone church increased in size slowly until the twelfth-century changes suddenly introduced a larger style. They Avere so numerous that almost every family of high position must have had its church. How they were absorbed in large parishes is described in Chapter X. Christianity added its own features to the aspect of the country, without altering other things. For the mystei"ious pagan remains, such as cromlechs and stone circles and the buildings in connection with wells, seem to have been generally left undisturbed or adopted for Christian purposes. Cromlechs and stone circles must have been far more abundant than they are now. Until the house-building period and the period of enclosure by stone walls for cultivation, which came after the sixteenth century, there was seldom any reason for interfering with them. The Anglo-Norman colonists made a marked change with their great castles, smaller castles or manor-houses, and small towns and farmhouses, and their great monasteries and larger parish churches, as already mentioned. As the families of the lords increased the country became filled with their castles, whose lofty towers and walled courts were a new and conspicuous feature in the landscape. These colonists were above all tillers of the land, and must have marked their presence by wide stretches of ploughed lands ; but the change in this respect was in quantity, as the Gael grew corn to a small extent, being principally a pastoral people. The new tillage was in open fields. This change came to an end when the small towns were abandoned in the fourteenth century and nearly all the traders and farmers disappeared from this county. The pastoral system then prevailed again. CHAPTKIJ XT IT. FROM Till'] COLONISATION TO THE DEATH OF KAIM. WALTHIJ. Mayo now had general peace, broken only by small raids and risinjjs of O'Conors who had not yet been expelled. In 1241 ^Maurice FitzGerald brought an army to Athlethan to sulxlue Tadhg O'Conor, son of Aedh, son of Cathal Crobhderg. There are indications tliat this Tadhg had settled himsi'lf in Leyny upon the O'Haras. In 1242 " Niall, son of Dombnall Mur, son of Ruaidhri O'Concho- bhair, was burned, together with three O'Sechnasaighs, in a house in Magh-Eu of the Saxons, by Loirhbhais ^ of the people of ^NlacMaurice " (L.C.). In 1243 Richard de Burgo died at sea on his way to Bordeaux to join King Henry in the war against the French. His eldest son Richard was a minor, came of age before May 1247, and died before November 1248. He left no child. His successor was his brother Walter, who came of age in 1250. It is remarkable that every successor to Richard's lordship of Connanght was a minor, a mis- fortune to the country, because the king's officers and grantees tried only to get what they could out of the custody ; the country needed the protection which the lord gave it in his own interests. Meanwhile the following incidents are recorded : — In 1246 " Maelsechlainn, son of Conchobhar Ruadh, son of Muir- chertach Muinihnech O'Conchobhair, was killed by [Muirchertach] O'Dubhda in this year. Muirchertach U'Dublida was banished over sea after this killing " (L.O.). In 1247 " Benedictus MacOirechtaigh, Airchinnech of Achadh- Fabhair of Undiall, was killed on the festival of the Cross, the third day of summer, by the son of Conchobhar Ruadh, son of Muirchertach ^Nluimhnech, and by the son of ]Maghnus, son of ^Nluircheitach .Muinilincch O'Conchobhair, in treacherv and deceit'' (L.C.). In 1247 an O'Conor raid was accompanied as usual by a rising of Clan Murtough. Torlogh, son of Aedh O'Conor. and Donogh ^bic( lillapatrick of Ossory made a raid l)y Kilkfirin and Chire- ' Louis (?). 111! H 114 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. galway as far as Galway, when they are said to have burnt the town and castle. They killed several persons, among them MacElget, the seneschal of Connaught, and William de Burgo, the sheriff of Connaught. It is not likely that they captured the castle itself or the walled town. After plundering there they went away, and were pursued by the English, who gave battle. They got away after killing several of the English, and went into Carra. There Joi'dan de Exeter and Clann Adam [Staunton] and the English of Carra assembled and drove Torlogh out of the country, as he had not forces enough to meet them. Tadhg, son of Conor Roe, son of Murtough Mweenagh, and Tadhg, son of Tuathal, son of Murtough Mweenagh, burnt Burgeis-chinn-trachta, Burrishoole. Tadhg, son of Conor Roe, is said to have burnt twenty-eight Englishmen in Inismor of Claenloch, which may have been the lake near Castlebar, but is more likely to have been the lake of that name near Dromahaire, which he is said to have captured in this year. . It is most likely that both entries relate to the same event, the more so as he was killed by the MacCostellos in the following year, who were at this time fighting for the country of the Conmaicne of Moyrein. The annalist writes of this as a great war, but it was only a plundering raid. Torlogh and his army had to hurry along to avoid meeting the assembled forces of the English ; the Irish chieftains did not join him. The following proceedings in Umall are a continuation of the rising of the year 1247:— 1248. "The sons of Maghnus and the sons of Conchobhar Ruadh joined together and turned against the Foreigners, and the castle of MacHenry was burned by them and its constable taken prisoner ; and the preys of the north of Umall were taken by them to Innsi- Modh. Jordan de Exeter, however, and John Butler, and Robin Lawless, and several persons along with them, assembled and went to Baile-tobair-Patraic, and from thence to Achadh-Fabhair ; and they plundered all Umhall, north and south, on the morrow. Henry ^ came also, with a large army, into Umhall (for it belonged to himself, and he was residing in it). MacHenry then made peace with Domhnall, son of Maghnus, for the sake of his territory ; and Domhnall promised that he would furnish forces and boats to attack his brother. As regards the sons of Conchobhar, moreover, they were on Innsi-Modh, and it was reported to them that a party had gone from MacHenry to Domhnall for boats. They advanced against this party, and killed O'hUain, the son of the foreign woman, and John, the son of the foreign priest ; and Sinnott Guer, and four of his people along with him, were slain by Diarmaid, son of Maghnus, in this encounter. 1 In the Irish thus. The translation adds Mac. FROM COLONISATION TO DEATH OF EARL WALTER. 1 I 5 However, tbi.s was joy witli sorrow, for tlie powerful champion and prop of battle, i.e. I)iarmaid, sou of Maglinus, was slain on the spot. Tadhg, son of Conchobhar lliiadh, was killed by the Foreigners in this year." (L.C.) The Annals of Clonniacnoise name Mahon, son of Dermot, son of Manus, son of Murtough, as the man who captured the castle which is called Tyrenmore. It is the castle of Burrishoole, which was on the point next north of the abbey. But it is just possible that there were two castles in Umall, that of Burrishoole and another belonging to MacHenry. MacHenry's castle being taken, a force was assembled in -Carra, and Henry Butler brought up a second army, whereupon MacHenry made the peace with Donnell O'Conor. It seems as if ]\racHenry made a separate peace. But it is more likely that MacHenry detached Donnell from his confederates, who were afterwards defeated and compelled to submit. Henry Butler was the immediate lord of at least North Umall. John Butler seems to be a different person from jNIacHenry, I think that Henry and MacHenry are the same person, Henry being a son of a Henry Butler, and that John was a younger brother of Henry. In the following year, 1249, King Felim's son Aedh attacked the English in Tireragh and brought his father into rebellion. The fight- ing and plundering did not spread into ]\Iayo. But Jordan de Exeter, of the Gallen family, who was then the sheriff, was attacked at Athenry, where he was in command of some forces, and inflicted a severe defeat on Torlogh, son of Aedh O'Conoi', who, having been set up by the English as King of Connaught, turned upon them immediately. In 1251 Flann O'Laehtnan, chief of the Two Bacs, died. He was the last of his race who could be called a chieftain. In 1256 Felim and Aedh and O'Kourk were again in rebellion. Walter de Burgo assembled a great force, put at 20,000 at the least by the annalists, which marched by Mayo and Balla to Achonry. It was arranged that it should meet the O'Reillys in Tirtuathail, but the O'Reillys suffered a crushing defeat as they retreated from near Lough Allen on the 14th September. The de Burgo army returned Avhen the campaign thus failed, but probably not until the justiciary had come down, as O'Rourk made a separate peace with him, where- upon Aedh and Felim submitted. In 1258 " A great fleet came from Innsi-Gall with Mac Somhairle ; ^ and they passed round Erinn westwards to Conmaicne-Mara, where they robbed a merchant-vessel of all its goods, both wine and clothing, and copper and iion. The sheriff of Connaught, l.n. Jordan de Exeter went on the sea, with a large fleet of Foreigners, after Mac Somhairle and the fleet that had robbed the merchant- vessel. Mac Somhairle ' Somhairle was ancestor of the faniilv of MacDonncll. 116 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. was at this time on an island of the sea, having his vessel ashore ; ^ and - when they saw the sheriff's fleet approaching them, Mac Somhairle put on his armour and his dress of battle and combat ; and his people then put on their armour along with him. As regards the sheriff, more- over, when he reached the island, he landed promptly, accompanied by all the Foreigners who were ready. However, the sheriff was attended and served by Mac Somhairle and his people ; and the sheriff was im- mediately killed there, together with Piers Agabard, who was a brave knight of his people, and other good men along with them. The fleet of the Foreigners subsequently turned back, after their, best men had been slain ; and Mac Somhairle went afterwards exultingly, enriched with spoils, with triumph of victory, to his own country." (L.C.) In 12.59 " Milidh Mac Goisdelbh mortuus est. Gilbert Mac Goisdelbh was taken prisoner by Aedh O'Conchobhair, who plundered all Sliabh Lugha, He {Gilhert Mac. Goisdelhli) was afterwards set at large, and his three sons were taken as hostages in his place." (L.C.) In 1262 -Aedh O'Conor broke out again. He "plundered the Foreigners of all the west of Connacht eastwards from Magh-E6 of the Saxons, and from Balla, and burnt their towns and cornfields from thence to Sliabh Lugha, and slew many persons between those places" (L.C). He sent another party to rob and burn between Tuam and Athlone. Walter de Burgo and the justiciary brought armies to Elphin and Roscommon and restored order. The site of Roscommon Castle was chosen, but work was not begun until 1269. Under 1263 the Four Masters record an invasion by O'Donnell which they associate with a plundering of Sliabh Lugha. He is said to have joined Aedh in ravaging Clanricard, and to have sepa- rated from him and to have gone home by Shrule and Ballinrobe and Tirawley, obtaining his demands from all. The accurate Annals of Loch Ce would not have ignored such a remarkable event. An account of a sixteenth-century raid seems to have been copied acci- dentally or by mistake in that year. In 1263 " Meachair O'Ruadhain was killed by Foreigners, in treachery, in the door of the church of Cill-Seiscnen " - (L.C). In 1264 a quarrel occurred between Walter de Burgo and Maurice FitzMaurice, which is said to have arisen from a dispute about lands in Connaiight. Maurice captuied Richard de la Rochelle, the justiciary, Theobald Butler, John Cogan, and Walter de Burgo's eldest son, Richard, in a church at Castledermot, and confined them in the castles of Ley and Dunamase. Walter naturally seized all Maurice's Connaught lands. The quarrel was made up before June 1265. Though actual fighting between Burks and Geraldines is not 1 Close by at anchor (A.Cl., F.M.). ^ Kilsbeshnan in Killasser parish. FROM COLONISATION TO DEATH OF EARL WALTER. 117 recorded, it is evident that the quarrel gave tlie Iri.sli chieftains an opportunity of attacking English settlers'. In 1264 the annalists call Walter by the title of Earl of Ulster for the first time. The grant of the earldom may therefore be assigned to this year. In 12G5 Aedh O'Conor and O'Donnell destroyed the castles of Sligo, Banada, and lvathardcraibe,i all FitzGerald castles. " A con- ference was held l)y Tomaltach O'Conchobhair, Archbishop of Connacht, with David Prendergast and the MacMurchadhas ; and a great number of the archbishop's people were slain by them on that day at Cill-medhoin. . . . Murchadh MacSuibhne was apprehended by Domhnall, son of Maghnus, and surrendered into the hands of the Earl; and he died in the prison." (L.C) MacMurchadhas is pro- bably a mistake for MacMaurices, the Irish name of the Prendergasts of Mayo. Donnell of Erris was now loyal to the Earl. MacSuibhne v,'as an Ulsterman. Felim O'Conor died in 1265, and was succeeded by his son Aedh, who prosecuted the war against tlie English with great energy. In 1266 the Irish attacked the English all round. The facts relating to Mayo are stated in a vague way. " A great slaughter was committed by a party of O'Conchobhair's people, viz. by Lochlaiini, son of Diarmaid, son of Muirchertach, and by MacCeithernaigh and the son of Domhnall Dubh O'hEghra, on the Britons and Lagenians of the west of Connacht, thirty-one of whose heads were presented to O'Conchobhair by them." " Domhnall O'hEghra, King of Luighne, occisux esf whilst burning Ard-na-riadh against the Foreigners." (L.C.) The Britons are the Bari-etts and other Welshmen, the Lagenians are the Cusacks, Lawlesses, and other English settlers of Tirawley and Tireragli. This was avenged in the following year. In 1267 "A great depredation was committed by the Foreigners of the west of Connacht on the inliahifanta of Cairpre-]3roma-cliabli ; and they plundered Es-dara. Another great depredation was com- mitted by MacWilliam Burk on 0'Conchol)liair, when he i>lundered Tir-Maine and Clann-L'^adach." (L.C.) 1268. " Hugh O'Murray, chief of the Lagan, was slain at Killala by O'Mulfover, Coarb of the church, on a Sunday after hearingmass "(F.M.). 1269. " Flaherty O'Maelfhina, chief of half the territory of Calry of Moy-h-eleog, was slain by Gaughan, chief of the other half " (F.]M.). The castle of Roscommon was built, and that of Sligo was rebuilt. The fighting was outside Mayo. During the next two years the Irish gained some successes. 1270. "Sligo was burned by O'Domhnaill and the Cenel-Conaill, and the son of Bieallach-an-chairn O'Maelbhrenainn was killed on this ex- ' Ardcruo fort, in Aiina<;liiuore demesne, Kilvarnet. parish, Co. Sligo. 118 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. pedition. A great war and dissension arose between O'Conchobbair, i.e. Aedb, son of Fedblim, and Walter Burk, i.e. tbe Earl of Ulster; and neither the Foreigners nor the Gaeidhel could reconcile them. The Earl assembled the Foreigners of Erinn, together with the Justiciary, when they all went on a great hosting into Connacht, and proceeded to Ros-Comain the first night, and from thence to Oilfinn the second night, and from thence to Port-leice ; ^ and they rested and encamped that night at Port-leice. And on the morrow they held a council, and the resolution they adopted was, viz., that the Earl and the chiefs of the Foreigners of Erinn should then go eastwards across the Sionainn at Ath-caradh-Conaill.^ As regards the King of Connacht, however, i.e. Aedh, son of Fedhlim O'Conchobbair, he was in Magh Nisse before the Foreigners, with a few of the chiefs of his people ; and the Justiciary, accompanied b}' a small number of the army, remained on the western side of the Sionainn, awaiting the Earl and his people. With regard to the Earl, after he had gone eastwards past Ath-caradh-Conaill a few of O'Conchobhair's people opposed them at Coillte-Conmaicne, where a small number of the army of the Foreigners were slain. Neverthe- less, the Foreigners desisted not in the career and expedition in which they were engaged until they reached Magh Nissi, where they rested and encamped that night. As to the Foreigners, moreover, the advice they gave to the Earl was, to make peace with O'Concho- bbair on this occasion, and to deliver his brother, i.e. William Og, son of Richard Mor, son of William the Conqueror, into the hands of O'Conchobhair's people whilst he (O'Conchobhair) should be in the Earl's house arranging the peace. And this was accordingly done. And after William Og had gone into O'Conchobhair's house, O'Con- chobhair's people took him prisoner ; and John Duilefin ^ and his son were slain on the spot. When the Earl, moreover, heard that treachery had been practised against his brother, he proceeded early on the morrow to Ath-an-chip "* on the Sionainn. And O'Conchobbair was during these two nights marching round them, as a furious, raging, tearing lion goes about his enemies when killing them, so that he permitted them neither to eat, sleep, nor be at rest. O'Conchobbair moved on the same day. As regards the Foreigners, moreover, after going to the ford on the morrow, Toirdhelbhach O'Briain overtook them, and the Earl himself turned on him, and slew him without assistance from any other person. With regard to the Connachtmen, however, they came up with them {the Foreigners) at this time, when their rear was dislodged, and their van was routed. In short, their courage was confounded in this place, and nine of their principal ^ Near Jamestowu. - Near Carrick on Shannon, according to O'Donovan. "'' Dolphin. * Near Carrick. FROM COLONISATION TO DEATH OF EARL WALTER. 119 knights were slain on the spot, including Richard-na-Coille and John Bvitlor ; and it is not known how many more were lost there ; and one hundred hoi'ses, with their mail coverings, and with their saddles, were left there ; and William Og was killed in his captivity imme- diately after the son of O'Briain had been slain by the Earl. As regarils Aedh O'Conchobhair's subsequent proceedings, he demolished the castle of Ath-Anghaile, and the castle of Sliabh-Lugha, and the castle of Cill-Calniain, and burned Ros-Comain, and Rinn-duin, and Uille-Uanach. And a great war arose between Brian Ruadh O'Briain and the Foreigners, and great depredations were committed by him on them, and the castle of Clar-Atha-dha-charadh ^ was taken by him. Depredations were committed by the Earl, and by the Foreigners of Connacht, in Tir-Oilella, on the people of Aedh O'Conchobhair ; and David Cuisin was slain on this foray." (L.C.) The Irish success was obtained by an attack on the rear at the ford of the Shannon, as is clearly shown in the Annals of Clonmacnoise. When Torlogh O'Brien was killed at the ford, " The Conaughtmen pursued the Englishmen and made theere hindermost part to rune and breake upon their vaunt-guard or foremost, in such sort and foule discomfiture that in that Instant 9 of their chiefest were killed upon the bogg about Rickard ne Koylle and John Buttler, who were killed over and above the said Knights. It is unknowne how many were slaine in that Conflict, save onely that a 100 Horses with their sadles and other furnitures with a 100 shirts of maile were left after these things were thus done." The date of this fight was the 19th April. William Og is the ancestor of the Mac Williams of Mayo and Galway. The facts seem to be that as soon as the Earl knew, by the treach- erous seizure of his brother and the killing of the ])olphins, that Aedh had no intention of making peace, he rejoined Sir Robert Ufford, losing a few men and abandoning a large number of horses, in effect- ing the passage of the Shannon. The English we may suppose drove off all the cattle they could find in North Roscommon, and then, as usual, retired and dispersed their armies. Aedh then destroyed three border castles in Corran and Costello, and burnt the houses outside the king's castles in Southern Roscommon. But he could not venture far from the border. Walter de Burgo came again and chastised him by plundering Tirerrill. Walter de Burgo died at Calway on the 28th July 1271. lie married Evelina, daughter of John, son of John Fitz(Jeoffrey, the Justiciary of Ireland. His eldest .son, Richard, succeeded him. His other sons had no connection with Mayo. As Richard was a minor the Lordship of Connauglit and the Earldom of Ulstei- fell into the king's hand. 1 Clare, in Co. Clare. CHAPTER XIV. THE TIME OF EARL RICHARD. The time of Walter de Burgo was peaceful in Mayo, save for border raids of no importance. The English settlement was far too sti^ong for serious invasion of the more settled parts. The great FitzGerald manor of Sligo was not well occupied, nor was the eastern part of Tireragh, nor the Tyaquin country, nor the king's two southern cantreds, which were held by his castles. The fighting, when not entirely among the Irish themselves, was practically confined to these districts, in his time and in that of his son Richard, save for the short period of Bruce's war. For many years until the murder of Earl William, Mayo and most of Galway may be said to have enjoyed complete peace. Richard and his cousin Sir William, who seems to have had con- trol of Connaught affairs on his behalf, interfered in the O'Conor successions with decisive effect for the moment ; but the family fight- ing and murdering broke out when the heavy de Burgo hand was not immediately felt. The effect of these outbreaks on the border districts is shown in a remark in the inquisition taken in 1282 regarding the estates of Thomas FitzMaurice of Desmond, to the effect that his half Tuath of Kerry Lochnai-ney had been worth in time of peace 120 marks yearly, but then only 60 marks, because " the greater part is destroyed by the war of the Irish." The position of O'Conor as a tenant of the king kept up his power of mischief and that of his family. Had de Burgo and FitzGerald been free to deal with him he would have been curbed by castles and garrisons, and Connaught would have been saved the misery of in- cessant savage warfare which almost never ceased among the Irish inhabitants of the unsettled districts, which would have ceased if the O'Conors had been kept quiet. The death of Walter resulted in the turbulence which usually followed on any temporary dissolution of authority, to which may be attributed the events leading to the expulsion of the Clann Murtough from Mayo, and of the O'Flahertys from the barony of Clare. In 1272 "Henry Butler, lord of Umhall, and Hoitse Mebhrick THE TIME OF EARL RICHARD. 121 were slain by Cathal, son of Conchobhair Rnadh, and by the sons of kings of Connacht" (L.U.). The tradition of Hosty Merrick sur- vives in C41enhest, to which he left his name. He is said to have been buried at the church in Ballyteige townland, near Lough Beltra. The tradition is that he was a great pirate, who married an O'Malley, and was waylaid going to his own house and killed by his brother-in- law. Merricks owned land in Ballyteige in the sixteenth century. In 1273 Jordan de Exeter killed some O'Conors and their adherents in Corann ; Donnell of Erris, head of the Clan Murtough, was expelled from Umall and Erris ; Ruaidhri O'Flaherty was expelled from ^Yest Oonnaught, which then meant the barony of Clare. " Flann O'Tierney, Lord of Carra, was slain by the O'Murrays in a dispute concerning the lordship of Carra, and thiough the power of Hugh, son of Felim O'Conor " (F.M.). 1274. "Fergal O'Caithniadh, Lord of Erris, died in Hy Mac Caechain" (F.M.). English settlers fought against each other in Tirawley, at Kih^oe near Killala, in 1281. The Justiciary Rolls and the Annals of Loch Ce mention the battle, but not its immediate cause, which may have grown out of the claims of Adam Cusack and William Barrett of Bac and Glen to the land of Bredagh, under early de Burgo grants which gave rise to litigation in 1253. Adam and William met at the head of their forces for a parley, during which a man shot an arrow at the other side, whereupon both parties fell on each other. William Barrett was taken prisoner, mortally wounded, and died in Cusack's prison. Adam Fleming, a partisan of Barrett, and several other Englishmen v. ere killed. Taichlech O'Dowda and Taichlech 0' Boyle fought with distinction on Cusack's side. The alliance was not pei-manent. Cusack killed T. O'Dowda at the Strand of Ballysadare next year. The king took into his own hands the lands of W. Barrett and A, Fleming. Batin Barrett paid the king fines amounting to £163, 8s. 8d., Gilbert Lynet paid =£33, 6s. 8d., and Adam Bretnath £3, 6s. 8d., whence we may infer that the Barrett faction was in the wrong. In 1283 "The castle of Ivilcolman [Costello] was thrown down by Cathal, son of Conor Roe, King of Conuaught" (F.M.). In 1285 "A great defeat was inflicted by Maghnus O'Couehobhair on Adam Cusack and the Foreigners of the west of Connacht, at Lec- Essa-dara, where a great many persons were slain, and where Colin Cusack, i.e. his (Adam's) brother, was taken into captivity after his people had been slain, in consideration of being allowed himself to depart" (L.C.). Richard de Bur^o is not mentioned in connection with the (.)'Conors 122 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. and their quarrels until 1286, but thereafter regulated the succession. Hence seems to have arisen the quarrel with John FitzThomas Fitz- Gerald, afterwards Earl of Kildare, which had great consequences. Sir Maurice FitzMaurice's estates were divided between his daughters Amabill and Juliana. "When John FitzThomas became Baron of Offaley he acquired from Amabill her half- share. Thus his Connaught possessions were half of Carberry, including Sligo, a third of Oorran, half of Conmaicne Cuile, half of Aidhne. From his father he inherited the Banada part of Leyny. He began immediately to interfere in the O'Conor succession in Moy Ai, and so came into collision with the Earl. These confused proceedings appear in the Annals of Loch Ce, 1288-1293. On the 6th December 1294 John seized the Earl and Sir William de Burgo and confined them in the castle of Ley, near Portarlington, until the 12th March 1295, when they were released by order of a Parliament, supported by an army under the Chancellor Thomas Cantok and others of the King's Council. The Earl agreed to a truce for two years, and gave two sons as hostages. Years passed before an agreement and settlement was made. In March 1298 Sir John surrendered to the Earl at Athboy, to be imprisoned in Ulster at the Earl's pleasure, and delivered to the Earl foi" a time the castle of Ley. As soon as released he was to do homage to the Earl and bind himself and his heirs to serve the Earl and his heirs for ever, saving their fealty to the King of England. The Earl might mai'ry one of his daughters to Sir John's son, or return him to Sir John unmarried before the new year, as might please him. Sir John was to surrender to the Earl all his lands in Connaught, Ulster, and the county of Louth after valuation. Lands worth £120 a year were to be taken by the Earl as amends, and for the rest the Earl was to give Sir John lands of equal value in Leinster and Munster. It does not appear where or how long John was imprisoned. As he did not appoint valuers to carry out the agreement for surrender and exchange of lands, the case was brought before the Justiciar's Court in March 1299, when John admitted his default. It was agreed that his manors of Lough Mask, Dunmouhgherne (about Kilmainebeg), Kilcolgan, Sligo, Banada, and Fermanagh should be taken as the £120 a year assigned for amends, and the court appointed two officers on behalf of each side to supervise the valuation and hand over the other lands, with power to appoint valuers if either side failed to appoint. Thus the work was done. Still Sir John made default. In 1301 he complained to the king that the valuers unfairly gave the Earl all John's lands and gave him THE TIME OF EARL RICHARD. 12'} none. The king called for the record, but no further proceedings appear. Sir John certainly lost all his lands in those countries, and the Earl appears to have given up all his in Munster except Terry- glass and Lorrha, the only possessions of Earl William in that province in 1333. The families seem to have been reconciled at last by the marriage of the Earl's daughter Joan to John's son Thomas in 1312. The Earl's power was thus very much enhanced in Connaught, Ulster, and Louth by the removal of the FitzGerald influence, whicli, associated with that of the de Clares, had been very great, and by the acquisition of the valuable Connaught estates and Fermanagh. The acquisition of manors in Munster did not enhance Cieraldine power in an equal degree. In 1300 the Prendergasts and O'Flynns quarrelled. Conor O'Flynn slew John Prendergast. The Earl and Sir William de Burgo joined the king in the Scottish war in 1303. For his good service in Scotland the king gave Sir William the custod}' of the Kerylochnarney lands of Thomas Fitz- Maurice of Desmond's heir until he should come of age, valued at 50 marks yearly. In 1307 Sir William was Keeper of Ireland for half a year, during vacancy of the office of Justiciary. In 1309 and 1310 he had to interfere in the O'Conor quaiu-els, and was for a long time in Moy Ai, originally called in by MacDermot to support the claim of Felim O'Conor to the succession. Though his irresistible force drove the rival away, he showed no anxiety to inaugurate Felim. MacDermot therefore did it himself. Sir William is said to have levied very heavy contributions ; he had to raise the cost of the army himself. The Annals tell us many bare facts, but it is evident that there were many complications which they did not understand, or ignored. Sir William played a considerable part in the wars of Thomond. When Richard de Bui'go came of age he joined in supporting the claim of Brian Ruadh's son against Torlogh O'Brien. Brian Ruadh's daughter Finola was Sir William's wife. Later on Richard took up the cause of Torlogh, and Sir William appears in command of the de Burgo forces from Connaught. The quarrel now was in reality between de Burgos and de Clares, who desired to control the appoint- ment of the King of Thomond. Thomas de Clare's marriage to Juliana secured him the Geraldine interest, and afterwards half of the estates of Maurice FitzMaurice. The de Clare power for the time was shattered when Thomas was killed in 1287 and the minority of his son threw all his estates into the king's hand. At the same time it was a check to Geraldine power, and may have led to John FitzThomas's attempt to control the appointment of kings of Con- 124 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. naught, which resulted in disaster to him. After Torlogh's death Richard de Clare took up the cause of the descendants of Brian Ruadh. Hence Sir William came into Thomond in 1310 and 1311 to support Torlogh's son Donough. In 1311 he defeated Richard de Clare with great loss near Bunratty, but was taken prisoner himself in the pursuit. On the other side two brothers of Dermot, who was supported by the de Clare party, were taken prisoner. Other con- tests ensued in which Sir William's Connaught forces took part, until the cause of the descendants of Brian Ruadh was lost in the battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318, when Richard de Clare and his son Thomas Avere killed. Richard's heirs were his two sisters, who were married to two Englishmen. Thus the de Burgo power was assured in Thomond as in Moy Ai. In 1315 Edward Bruce landed in Ulster, and was joined by many Irish chiefs, who accepted him as King of Erin. The Earl of Ulster collected a large Connaught force at Roscommon, including Felim O'Conor, thQ young King of Connaught, and marched by Athlone to meet Edward Bruce. While Edward and the Earl were watching each other across the Bann, Edward opened negotiations with Felim, and offered to give him " undivided power over Connacht, if he would steal away from the Earl to defend his own province. Fedhlim listened patiently to these woi-ds, and agreed with Edward on that occasion." (L.C.) But Ruaidhri, son of Cathal Ruadh, having come to Edward through Tirconnell, agreed with him to make war on the English but not on Felim. "This was not what Ruaidhri did, however ; but he assembled the men of Connacht and Brefne, and numerous Gallowglasses along with them, and proceeded right into the middle of Sil-Muiredhaigh, and of Connacht likewise, and immediately burned the street-town of Sligech, and Ath-cliath-in-Chorainn, and the great castle of Cill-Colmain, and Baile-tobair-Brighde, and Dun- lomdhain with its castles, and Ros-Comain, and Rinn-duin, and the town of Ath-Luain, together with all the houses that were in every route through which he passed." (L.C.) Of the Silmurray only MacDermot, Felim's foster-father, held out against him. He got himself inaugurated on Carnfree and awaited Felim, plundering those who did not submit. Felim had really refused Edward's offer. He did not leave the Earl until he heai'd of Ruaidhri's proceedings, and then wanted the Earl to return with him. On his way to Connaught he was so harassed by the Irish of the countries he passed through that he had to let his chiefs go home and submit to Ruaidhri until better times should come for him and MacDermot. In the meantime Edward Bruce had defeated the Earl in the battle of Connor, taking Sir William de Burgo prisoner. The Earl retired to Connaught, where Felim and other chiefs dispossessed by Ruaidhri THE TIME OF EARL RICHARD. 125 met him. MacDermot made terms with Kuaidhri. Felim attacked O'Dowda and Dermot Gall MacDermot and other adherents of Ruaidhri. After a time Macl^ermot joined him again. In the course of this war Tir Enna and Tir Neachtain and Muinter Crechain and Moenmoy and Aughrim were plundered, as well as most of the county of Sligo. 0'])onnell came as far as Castleconnell. The Earl himself was engaged in resistance to Edward Bruce, but Bermingham and other lords collected a force which defeated and killed Ruaidhri near Tochar mona Coinnedha, and restored Felim as king. Thus by English power Felim was again king of the Irish of Connaught. As often happened before, he turned upon those who had made him king, with the usual resvilts. The Earl ransomed William de Burgo in the summer of 131 G. Felim's proceedings at this time are thus desci-ibed : " And he after- wards went to expel the Foreigners of the west of Connacht ; and Baile-Atha-lethain was burned by him, and Stephen de Exeter, and Miles Cogan, and William Prendergast, and John Staunton were slain there (viz. these were noble knights) ; and William Laighleis was slain there, and a countless multitude along with them.i ^^d the entire country was plundered and burned by him, from the castle of the Corran to Rodhba, both church and territory ; and he returned home afterwards with gladness, and with great spoils. And they went forthwith to Milic-na-Sinda and demolished the castle of Milic ; and Muirchertach O'Briain, king of Tuadh-Mumha, went into his house there, the descendants of Brian Ruadh being opposed to each other. And he turned back to Ros-Comain to demolish it. And when Felijii heard that William Burk had arrived in Connacht from Alba, he commanded a muster of his people to one place, to expel him. And this was the muster that came there, viz. all from Es-Ruaidh to Echtghe. And Donnchadh O'Briain, king of Tuadh-Mumha, came in his following and muster ; and O'Maelechlainn, king of ^lidhe ; and O'Ruairc, king of Breifne ; and O'Fei'ghail, king of Conmaicne ; and Tadhg O'Cellaigh, king of Ui-Maine ; and many more of the sons of kings and chieftains of Erinn, came in his muster. And they all went to Ath-na-righ, against William Burk, MacFeorais, and the other Foreigners of Connacht, and a battle was fought between them at the door of the town, and the Gaeidhel were defeated there, and Feidhlimidh O'Conchobhair, king of Connacht, and undisputed heir presumptive to the sovereignty of Erinn, was slain there, and Tadhg O'Cellaigh, king of Ui-Maine, and twenty persons entitled to the sovereignty of Ui-Maine, fell there along with him ; and ^laghnus, son of Domhnall O'Conchobhair, tanist of Connacht ; and Art O'hEghra, king of Luighne ; and Maelechlainn Carracli O'hubhda; * Grace adds, " some of the Barries." 126 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUXTY OF MAYO. and Muirchertach, son of Conchobhar O'Dubhda ; and Diarmaid MacDiarmada, who was fit to be king of Magh-Luirg ; and Muircher- tach, son of Diarmaid, son of Ferghal ; and Maelechlainn Og Mac- Maghnusa ; and John, son of Murchadh O'Madadhain ; and Domhnall, son of Aedh O'Concennainn, king of Ui-Diarmada ; and his brother Muirchertach along with him ; and ]Murchadh O'Madadhain ; and Domhnall O'Baighill ; and Donnchadh O'Maelmuaidh, together with his people ; and the son of Murchadh MacMathghamhna, and one hvindred of his people along with him; and IS'iall Siunach, king of Feara-Tethbha, with his people ; and Ferghal, son of John Gallda O'Ferghail ; and ^\"illiam, son of Aedh Og O'Ferghail ; and Thomas, son of Amhlaibh O'Ferghail ; and five of the Clann-Donnchaidh were also slain there, viz. Tomaltach, son of Gilla-Christ MacDonnchaidh, and Murchadh MacDonnchaidh, and Conchobhar, son of Tadhg, and Muirchertach and Maelechlainn MacDonnchaidh. And John MacAedhagain, O'Conchobhair's brehon, and Gilla-na-naemh, son of Dalredochair O'Dobhailen, the standard bearer, and Thomas O'Con- allan, were slain there around their lord. And not alone this ; but it is not easy to tell all that Avere then slain of Momonians and Meathians, and of the men of Erinn likewise, ut dixit the poet : — " ' Many of the men of Erin all, around the great plain — Many sons of kings, whom I name not, were slain in the great defeat : Sorrowful to my heart is the conflict of the host of Midhe and Mumha.' On the day of St. Lawrence the Martyr ^ these deeds were com- mitted ; and Fedhlimidh was twenty -three years old when slain ; and he had been five years in the sovereignty of Connacht when Ruaidhri, son of Cathal Ruadh, assumed it in opposition to him during the space of half a year ; and he was another half-year after Ruaidhri in the sovereignty until he was slain in this battle of Ath- na-righ. Ruaidhri-na-fedh, son of Donnchadh, son of Eoghan, son of Ruaidhri O'Conchbhair, was afterwards made king. A prodigious hosting by William Burk afterwards into Sil-Muiredhaigh, and O'Con- chobhair and all Sil-Muiredhaigh made peace with him, except Mac Diarmada alone. He afterwards went into Magh-Luirg, and brought great preys with him from Ath-an-chip and from Uachtar-tire ; and the entire country was burned and destroyed b}' them ; and they went away without battle or conditions. Ruaidhri, son of Donnchadh, was subsequently deposed from the sovereignty by MacDiarmada, after having been a quarter and a half in it." (L.C). Clyn notes that according to common rumour the whole number of slain was v . . . thousands, and that the number of heads cut off was 1500. The MS. erases the number of thousands except the v. 1 10th August. THE TIME OF EARL RICHARD. 1'27 The number slain was no dou))t very great. It is said that the English archers shot down all before them, and this is probably the truth, as the loss seems to have been trifling on the English side, which would not have been the case if the Irish had been able to come to close quarters with the English. It was the last effort of the Irish to drive the English out of Con- naught, and the only case in which there was anything like a general alliance of Irish kings and chiefs against the English. It was the best opportunity they ever had. The Earl's Connaught forces had already suffered a serious defeat at Connor. Edward Bruce was defeating the English of the other provinces, and kept them em- ployed. Yet so great was the effective force of the western colonists (for it seems to have been a purely Connaught force), and so superior their discipline and armament, that the Irish were ground to powder and could make no more effective resistance. Kichard Bermingham held the chief command, and was made Baron of Athenry for this victory, which relieved the English of anxiety on the Connaught side. The lists of those who assembled and those who were slain are instructive. The names of O'Malley, O'Flaherty, O'Heyne, and O'Shaughnessy do not appear. Families of such high reputation among the Irish should have been mentioned if they had been present or if some of them had been slain. The inference is that if they were present they were in the English army. These families had been generally on the side of the de Burgos and in opposition to the O'Conors during the period of conquest. They had lived for many years in peace under the shelter of the de Burgo power, some sepa- i-ated by a wide extent of territory occupied by English settlers from those districts in which the Irish dwelt in their customary condition of strife and robbery. It was not their interest to revive those condi- tions. Though the O'Maddens and some of the O'Kellys lived in the de Burgo lordship, yet they were in immediate contact with, and may be said to have formed part of, the purely Irish districts, in which there Avere only garrisons and small towns. The battle seems to have been between the English and those Irish who lived under shelter of English law on one side, and the Irish who lived under their own ancient customs on the other. MacI>ermot's refusal to make peace accounts for the entries in the A.L.C., 1317, that Meiler de Exeter, Lord of Athlethan, was .slain near Drumcliff by O'Conors of Clan Murtough, and that Gilbert Mac- Co.stello killed a MacDermot, an O'Conor, and Manus O'Flanagan, with many others. Save on Roscommon border. Mayo now had peace until the (piarrels of the sons of Sir William broke out. 128 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY^ OF MAYO. Sir William de Burgo, called by the Irish William Liath (Grey William), died on the 11th February 1323-4, and was buried in the church of the Dominican Friary of Athenry. He played a great part in Ireland, and did good service in the wars in Scotland. He was the chief lord in Connaught, apparently wield- ing the Earl's power there, as the Earl was much occupied elsewhere. I cannot make out his exact position, but suppose him to have had very large estates, held directly from the chief lord, and as tenant of absentee barons who would find him a very satisfactory tenant, well able to hold his own. Whatever the exact relations were, he had land enough to enable him to take a very high position among the great barons, which he could not have attained only as his cousin's agent, and to leave his sons in such a position that they were able to establish a supremacy over the other settlers and to divide the settle- ment into two great lordships. His eldest son, Walter, took his place as one of the great lords of Ireland. The great Earl Richard, the Red Earl, did not long survive. He attended the Parliament held at Kilkenny at Whitsuntide in 1326, " where he was somewhat crazed, and also came there all the nobility of the realm, to whom the said Earl made a great feast, and shortly after took his leave of them, and went to Athassell, where he departed this transitory life a little before midsummer, and there was buried " (Book of Howth). Clyn calls him " a prudent knight, witty, rich, and wise." Cer- tainly he was a man having abilities suited to his great position, not only greater than that of any other lord of Ireland, but greater than that of the king's justiciary. In a few years after he came of age he established his power over his Irish subjects and neighbours and secured peace generally for all his English subjects. His power strengthened the English law among the colonists of his lands, because, as the law was administered locally in almost all matters, his courts were effective. In his dominions he exercised the effective authority which the king should have exercised but did not exercise over all Ireland. The weakness of the country was due to the king's neglect, whereby he at last bi-ought the colony to ruin. For it was now adopting Irish fashions rapidly. This would have been no harm if the king's authority had been upheld, and order, law, and justice made effective among the English colonists. That it was gener- ally effective up to this period is evident from the calendars of State Papers, but unfortunately it was not made universally effec- tive. Such offences of great men as John FitzThomas's arrest of the Earl Richard, Thomas de Clare's wars, the raids of the O'Conors and their murders were not punished by the king. Yet it is evident that the king could have got from the barons of Ireland THE TIMK OF EARL RICHARD. 129 generally the support necessary to enable him to strike such ofTenders hard. Under Edward II. the royal power grew weaker and weaker, owing to mere neglect, and was abandoned at last by his successor wherever it was resisted. At no time since the Conquest had the Irish been so thoroughly beaten down as at the death of Earl Richard. Strong royal power only was needed to keep the country together, and to carry on the progress which had been made towards civilisa- tion of the Irish. For some certainly were adopting the civil life in the lands and towns of the .settlers. By degrees those left outside such intluences would have come under them when tril)al wars were stopped. CHAPTER XV. FROM THE DEATH OF EARL RICHARD TO THE FALL OF THE king's GOVERNMENT IN CONNAUGHT. Richard's heir was his grandson William, born on the Sunday after the 14th September 1312, son of Sir John, who died at Gal way on the 18th June 1313. Richard's son Edmond and Sir William's son Walter were appointed Justices of the Peace or Governors in the counties of Connaught, Limerick, and Tipperary, to protect the estates of the Earl of Ulster in those counties, now in the king's hand by the minority of the heir. Edmond appears to have had large estates in Limerick and Tipperary, as his descendants were settled there. William, called by the Lish the Brown Earl, was knighted at Pentecost in 1328 and put in possession of his estates. He came over to Ireland and to Connaught in September. Walter de Burgo, now a knight, took the place of his father in Connaught as the leading baron, apparently in control of the Earl's power, but certainly wielding great power. In this year, 1328, Walter and Gilbert MacCostello held a conference with MacDei"mot and all his clan at Ath-cind-Locha-Techet, where high words passed and blows were exchanged, and Walter was defeated. This seems to have been in connection with O'Conor quarrels, for the Annals record that in the same year Walter plundered some of King Torlogh's friends. The disturbances went on in the following years. In 1329 Walter de Bvu-go led a Connaught army into Munster against Maurice FitzThomas, who took up the cause of Brian O'Brien. The war seems to have ended in the arrest of the Earl of Ulster and of Maurice by the justiciary, Roger Utlagh. But early in the following year Earl William was high in the king's favour, and was made the king's lieutenant in Ireland in March 1331. In 1330 Walter moved into Silmurray, when "A camp attack was made by Toirdhelbhach O'Conchobhair on Walter MacWilliam Burk, in Lecmagh ^ in Magh-Luirg, whom he drove from thence to Cairthi- liag-fada.- And Gilbert MacGoisdelbh, lord of Sliabh-Lugha, came 1 Now Legvoy, near Carrick on Shannon, in Kilhikin. (O'Donovan.) '- O'Donovan suggests it is Cnoc-a-Cartha (Knockacorha) townlandin Killukiu parish, where a pillar stone (Cloghcrom) stands, .S. of road from Frenchpark to Carrick, due E. of Cavetown, and close to road. 130 FROM DEATH OF RICHARD TO FALL OF OOVFRXMENT. iol with ^ion of nearly all the barony of Tiaquin, and they occupied as tenants of absentee English owners the parts of the cantreds of Tirmany and Omany not occupied by O'Murrays and O'Fallons. The Annals do not show grounds for supposing that the castles were taken by force, except Roscommon. The English townsmen and farmers had to abandon town and country as soon as the conditions necessary for the con- tinuance of civil life disappeared, or else they sank into the mass of Irish population. Aughrim Castle was longer in English occupa- tion, but was at last made over to the O'Kellys by the Earl of Ormond. There was no occasion for fighting, as the absentees did not attempt to recover possession. Histories usually tell us that the king lost Connaught because Edmond and Ulick rebelled, renounced English law and dress and adopted Irish customs and dress, and seized the estates of the Countess of Ulster, which they divided. This seems to be a con- fusion with the action of Ulick and John, sons of the Earl of Clanri- card, who broke their pai-ole in 1577. The records show no sign of rebellion against the king. The king's pardon in 1340 shoAvs that 8ir Edmond was not held to be in rebellion, possibly because the king found it inconvenient to call him a rebel. His action legally affected 144 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. the lordship of Connaiight, not the sovereignty. But he was in fact a rebel against the king and his law. He and his descendants, the Mac Williams, were always ready to acknowledge the king's supremacy, but what they had they kept, and the acceptance of their submissions served only to acknowledge their possessions. No contemporary authority refers to a formal adoption of Irish customs and renunciation of English law. The change was gradual and of necessity, and was complete in Mayo at the close of the fourteenth century. But the succession to the MacWilliamship of Clanricard followed the law of primogeniture until the beginning of the sixteenth century. The court of the king and the court of the Lady of Connaught could not w^ork, as no force was behind them after 1340. They were withdrawn. An attitude of rebellion is inconsistent with the pardon of 1340, and with the king's letter of 1344 asking Edmond de Burgo to bring twenty men-at-arms and fifty hobelers, and with his letter of 1347 asking Edmond and his brother Reymond to bring ten men-at-arms and sixty hobelers for the war against the King of Fi'ance. From time to time the king tried to assert himself in Connaught. Ulick of Clanricard rebelled in 1388. In 1390 the Bishop of Clon- macnoise and T. Hill held a sessions at Ballinrobe as justices in Connaught. This is probably the circuit referred to by the bishop, who reported to the Council that the sheriff, Lord Athenry, refused him an escort, that he had to pay £10 in silver to O'Kelly's son for an escort, that he had to live at his own expense, besides the refresh- ment that Thomas Bourke gave him, for more than half a year. The Council allowed him ten marks. Hence it seems that he was in Con- naught only upon sufferance. Thomas was made Justice of the Peace and knighted at the close of his life. In 1403 William, or Ulick, of Clanricard, being then senior MacWilliam, was made deputy for Connaught, and empowered t-o receive for the king the customs, &c. during the minority of Edmund, Earl of March. Thus, by abstaining from treating the MacWilliams as rebels, the king kept up the form of supremacy until the lordship of Connaught merged in the Crown in the person of Edward IV. It is clear that Edmond and Ulick did not at once divide Connaught. Edmond and Clan William beat down resistance in 1342. Clanricard rose again in 1349 in support of Richard, son of Sir Edmond the Earl's son, and suffered serious defeat by Edmond Albanagh and Bermingham. In 1355 the English of West Connaught defeated Edmond, and Richard 0g defeated him. In 1366 Clan Ricard took up the cause of Clan Maurice, who were driven out by Edmond, who brought a great force into Upper Connaught, spent three months there, and thorouiihly subdued Clan Ricard, who gave him hostages. ESTABLISHMEXT 01' THE MACWILLIAMSHll'. 145 Sir Edmoiid constantly fouy-ht for anJ maintained supremacy over the Enf;flish settlers. He and his son Thomas are alone allowed the title " MacAVilliam " in the Annals of Loch Ce. In the Annals of Clonmacnoise, in the year 1380, Thomas and Richard Og are called MacWilliam Inferior and Superior. In 1386 the Annals of Loch Cu allow to Richard Og the title " MacWilliam of Clanricard." Two Mac Williams were created on the death of Sir Thomas in 1401 ; but Walter admitted the superiority of XJlick of Clanricard as the senior. In 1508 the union of churches with the wardenship of Galway was confirmed by Theobald Rourke, as chief of his nation, being then senior of the two Mac Williams. The lordship of MacWilliam seems to have been truly one as long as Edmond Albanagh lived, and to have been ostensibly one up to the death of Thomas. Sir Edmond's claims rose as his position became stronger. They seem at first to have gone no higher than something in the nature of claim to succession, and to have grown into a claim of superior lord- ship over the English of Connaught, which he made good. The Rourkes and the other great barons of Connaught were still Anglo-Normans by education, and so were their descendants in a lessening degree until they became fully hibernicised, as appears from the history of the Rourkes and of their O'Conor, O'Kelly, MacDermot, and O'Rrien neighbours. The former kept as much as they could to themselves, fighting only to suppress rebellion or to help their allies — that is, to preserve the balance of power in Con- naught— and abstained from raids having no object but plunder, and succeeded each other in the lordship peaceably according to rule of succession ; which was, among the Lower Rourkes from the fourteenth century, that the eldest surviving son of a MacWilliam should succeed, and among the Upper Rourkes until the sixteenth century the rule of primogeniture. In the beginning of the sixteenth century they were so thoroughly hibernicised that they fought for the succession like their neighbours. The establishment of the MacWilliamship and of the palatine juris- dictions of Ormond and Desmond coincide in time and were similar in results, namely, the disappearance of the authority of the king's courts and the general adoption of Irish customs, with the consequent absence of administration of law and steady impoverishment of the people. In the former case the king's courts were set aside by force; in the latter he covered his weakness by granting his jurisdiction to the great lords. He gave Ormond and Desmond what MacWilliam took. CHAPTER XYIII. THE FIRST MACWILLIAMS. Edmoxd I., 1340-1375. The MacWilliamsbip may be most conveniently dated as commencing with this year, because it had then become apparent that Sir Edmond need not fear that the royal power would interfere with his plans. All the Anglo-Norman lords in Mayo seem to have accepted his supremacy, which may be considered as a continuation of the power which his brother and his father had wielded under the authority of the chief lord, except the Clan Maurice. This family did not svibmit without fighting, and carried down to the sixteenth century the memory of this contest, for they then asserted that by right their allegiance was due to the Earl of Olanricard. How the quarrel broke out does not appear, but it is not unlikely that they sided against Sir Edmond in some more general quarrel, such as that of the O'Conors in the following year. All that is known is in the following notice : "A great defeat was inflicted by Mac William Burk on the Clann-Maurice, on which occasion Thomas MacMaurice, and Maurice son of Seonac Ruadh, and seven score persons along with them, were slain" (L.C., 1341). During this century and for some time longer Connaught politics were much affected by the rivalry between the descendants of King Felim, who was slain at the battle of Athenry, and his brother, King Torlogh, and his descendants, who from this time forth were almost always fighting for the kingship, which they divided in 1385, without securing permanent peace. Four strong factions of O'Conors were now divided into two parties — that of King Torlogh, ancestor of O'Conor Donn, who was supported by the Clann Andrias of Sligo ; and that of Aedh, son of Felim and nephew of Torlogh, ancestor of O'Conor Roe, who was supported by the Clann Murtough Mweenagh, which was now settled in Brefne, but afterwards quarrelled with O'Rourk and disappeared in the fifteenth century. Torlogh's party was supported by MacDonogh and ^lacDavid, and often by Clanricard. Aedh's party was supported by MacDermot and by Edmond THE FIRST MACWILLIAMS. 147 Albanagh and the Lower JMacWilliams, and generally by O' Kelly. Aedh's wife was a daughter of Walter Burk. This array lasted in a general way for many years, and was mainly the source of the political relations of the great powers of Connaught. Walter Burk began the quarrel with Torlogh which Edmond carried on. The war broke out in 1842. In the coiu-se of it " An ugly act of treachery was committed on the Clann-William-Bui'k at the instiga- tion of O'Conchobhaii-, when Thomas Burk was slain by the Clann- Maurice while in their own assembly ; ^ and Seonin liuvk was slain in the same way by the Clann-Ilickard " (L.C.). The result of much fighting in the O'Conor country was that Torlogh was deposed by the Silmurray and Mac William, who made Aedh, son of Aedh Breifnech, king on the first Monday of winter, and made Felim's son Aedh the Tanist. This result was reversed in I'Si'o. Torlogh returned, resumed the sovereignty, and passed it on to his son Aedh at his death in 13-i5. In 1348 Edmond drove out the de Berminghams, who repaired to O'Conor. But they must have submitted, as they helped .Sir- Edmond when Richard, son of Edmond, son of the Earl of Ulster, invaded Connaught in the south, assisted by the Clanricard. Sir Edmond took Richard prisoner and killed some of his Burke allies. Richai-d died of the plague in the same year. In 1355 Richard Og, who was afterwards the first called Mac William of Clanricard, comes into action in a quarrel with the O'lMaddens, who were helped by 8ir Edmond, whose household was defeated in a battle in which Stephen MacJordan, Henry MacPhilpin, and sixteen O'Mad- dens were slain. Sir Edmond and Cathal Og burnt Tuam. This was but a temporary alliance, if Cathal Og was the Sligo O'Conor who in 1360 invaded Tirawley and destroyed many houses and churches. Cathal Og's raid was well punished in the following year, when Sir Edmond and Bermingham brought up an arm}- which wasted Leyny and Tireragh. In 13G6 Sir Edmond again came into conflict with the Clan Maurice, wdio fled to Clanricard, where their cause was taken up, Edmond and Aedh, son of Felim, wlio was now King of Connaught, and O'Kelly invaded Clanricard, which was subdued after three months of warfare, and gave hostages. In 1367 he intervened in the O'Conor Sligo quarrels, honm-ll and Teige were the rivals. Donnell had the help of MacWilliam and MacDermot and MacDonogh and O'Rourk. Edmond operated in Leyny, where he captured John O'Hara and William O'Malley. ( )ther forces dealt with Teige, whom they pursued to the Strand of Hallysa- 1 And William Burk (A. CI.). 148 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. dare, where they killed 150 of his Gallowglasses under MacDonnells and MacSweenys and MacSheehys. Donnell and Teige now divided the country. After the decay of English power the bands of Gallowglasses be- came an important Irish institution. They originated in bodies of mercenary Scots brought in by the MacDonnells of Anti-im, who were hereditary constables — the name given by the Irish to commanders of these bands. These men were carefully chosen, well drilled, and well armed, and being under strict discipline, fought with great determina- tion, often refusing to flinch, and being killed to the last man. The maintenance of such a body very much increased the power of an Irish chieftain over his sub-chiefs and his relations. Owing to the difficulty of making punctual payments, lands were in time assigned as pay to the constables, whose forces in these circumstances soon fell to the average Iiish standard of efficiency. The MacDonnells, called Clandonnell Gallowglass, and their relations the MacDougalls were the great Gallowglass family of Ulster and Connaught and Leinster. MacSweenys took up the business in Ulster and Connaught, and MacSheehys in Munster. In later times Clandonnells were engaged by the Lower MacWilliam. In 1371 Donnell O'Dubhda attacked the English of Tireragh and took Castleconor and Ardnarea Castle. He is said to have parcelled the land out among his people, but this is an exaggeration. Ardnarea was always a Bourke castle. Sir Edmond died in 1371. He was a man of unusual ability and determination, who acquired supremacy over all the English settlers of Connaught and took a leading part in the qviarrels of his Irish neighbours ; he was too strong to be much troubled by his enemies, who could do no more against him than a small raid. Thomas L, 1375-1401. The succession of Thomas to his father. Sir Edmond, marks the declension from English law. His elder brother, William Saxonagh, left a son whose I'ight according to English law was ignored in favour of Thomas. He succeeded only partially to his father's position. Though he seems to have been acknowledged as the one MacWilliam, there is no doubt that in his time Richard Og became an independent MacWilliam and lord of the parts of the county of Galway commonly called Clanricard. Thomas's dominions were the county of Mayo and the barony of Ross, and some land about Ardnarea and along the east bank of the Moy. From want of ability to control his people and the barons who held under him, and from the general weakening of his THE FIRST MACWILLIAMS. 149 country caused by the absence of that fairly good aihninistration of law which had made his grandfather and uncle and father so powerful, and which died with the separation from the king's courts and autho- rity, and by the wars which his father had been obliged to wage in his new position, he failed to protect his counti^y efficiently from his enemies, who repeatedly entered and destroyed and plundered to the heart of it. Though he could retaliate, that was no compensation for the loss of security which, during this and the following century, < reduced the lands of the English lords to the level of those of their Irish neighbours in poverty and disorder. The lesser lords becoming equally independent in their own sphere, the dissolution of authority progressed rapidly. They began to fight with each other and in their own families. The absence of superior authority rendered this inevitable ; there was no other way of settling a dispute when one of the parties was unwilling to refer to an arbitrator. In one important point the Bourkes and the English lords differed from their Irish neighbours. Those neighbours were not called in to help against members of their own family in family quarrels. For a long time they managed to settle them without fighting. In 1377 Thomas and O'Kelly joined MacDermot against Ruaidhri O'Conor, King of Connaught, who defeated them when they attacked him at Roscommon Castle, killing Thomas's brother Richard and Hubert MacPhilpin and Henry MacPhilpin. A war now broke out between the Sligo and i\Iayo chieftains, which seems to have originated in O'Conor quarrels. But as usual we have only fragments of information, notes of important events. Jordan de Exeter, lord of Athleathan, and John de Exeter were killed in a battle at Athleathan, in which the Lower MacWilliam defeated the Upper MacWilliam. The people of Gallen killed Murtough O'Hara. This was in 1380. In the following year Donnell O'Conor of Sligo, MacDonogh, O'Dowda, and O'Hara burnt ]\IacWilliara's country up to Carnglas and Belantondaigh,! and from Ballinrobe to Shrule and Killeenbrenin, and Cormac Macl^onogh carried off the preys of John Bourke's sons up to Umhall. Carnglas must be on the Moy, whose estuary was called Inverglas. The Clan Donogh also broke down the castle of Athleathan and carried its gate away to Ballymote. The Clan Costello killed Teige MacDermot Gall. In 1382 Clan Maurice plundered Corcamoe, and killed O'Concannon who pursued their prey. Conor Og MacDermot invaded Clan Maurice, who had notice and were ready. Nevertheless MacDermot reached the town (of the Bree ?), where be burnt the buildings and corn and 1 Not identified. 150 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. slew many, and returned safely. It is not to be supposed that Thomas Bourke looked on quietly, but none of his actions are recorded. At the death of Ruaidhri O'Oonor in 1384, Torlogh Roe was set up by the chiefs of Silmurray, Clan ]\Iurtough Mweenagh, MacDermot, and MacWilliam Burke. Torlogh Og was set up by O'Kelly, Donnell MacMurtongh of Sligo, MacDonogh, and Mac William of Clanricard. This is the usual array of parties, except that O'Kelly has changed sides, perhaps because his second wife was a daughter of the late King Torlogh, uncle of Torlogh Og, and Torlogh Og was himself married to Grainne, O'Kelly's daughter. But it is not quite certain that this king is the Torlogh Og who was that Grainne's husband. Thus a general war broke out. It is impossible to make out the sequence of events, but all Connaught suffered from raids. The attacking party made preparations as quietly as possible. If successful they got off with their plunder before the enemy assembled in force, or carried off the plunder in spite of opposition. When they got home and dispersed a similar raid was made on them, or a neighbour raided theii' country during their absence. Cattle were driven back- wards and forwards. An invader in sufficient force might secure sub- mission and payment of cattle. But no one was effectively subdued. The year 1385 was disastrous to Mayo men. Mac William invaded Tireragh and marched up to Sligo Castle. Donnell MacMurtough O'Conor of Sligo invaded and burnt Tii-awley and carried off prisoners and plunder. Cormac MacDonogh wasted Clann Cuain, but MacWilliam came against him and turned his men out of Castlebar. The MacDonoghs who went to plunder Carra were defeated, and lost many men at the hands of the Stauntons and others and the sons of Cathal Og. They drove their preys as far as the mountain of Carra, which I take to be Knockspellagadaun or Slieve Carna, where they killed them, and were themselves driven into Kilconduff and surrounded. But they escaped in the night. The result of the fighting was that the Silmurray were divided under two O'Conors. Torlogh Roe adopted the name of O'Conor Roe. The chief castle of this branch was at Tulsk. Ballintubber Castle appears to have been in after times held by whichever O'Conor was strongest. Torlogh Og took the name of O'Conor Donn. Roscommon was his chief castle, but in this partition he got also that of Ballin- tubber. O'Donovan thought that " Donn " was the old Irish word meaning Lord, and that it was adopted to mark his claim to be con- sidered as the head of the chief line of the family. The peace was but temporary. In 1386 Donnell MacMurtough O'Conor, the MacDonoghs, the O'Haras, and O'Dowda invaded Tirawley. They killed Robert of THE FIRST MACWILLIAMS. 151 Dun Domnaiiin (or ]MiicJiobert, A.U.),a Barrett, and Maigeog Gallda and MacMeyler of Corran, who was probably a Bourke of Curraun Achill. They took Lynot's Castle and cut down the orchards of Iniscoe and Caerthanan, now Castlehill. O'Conor Roe and his men came to jNIacWilliam's help and plundered all Tireragh. They then went to plunder Clanricard. O'Brien brought an army to help Mac- William of Clanricard, and they came uj) with O'Conor Roe, who turned on them and defeated them. The result of the war was that the two O'Conors made peace, and that Thomas Bourke, Mac William Bourke, submitted to Mac William of Clanricard so far as to acknowledge his superiority as senior. MacFheorais, Lord Atlienry, also acknowledged his supremacy. Thomas had been losing power since his accession, when he seems to have sv;cceeded to Sir Edmond's position so far as to be acknow- ledged as sole Mac William, or to have assumed the position. Thomas now resigned this pretension, accepting Richard Og as a Mac- William and as head of all the Burkes, in virtue of the fact that Richard had been acknowledged as a MacWilliam by his portion of the lordship from a date before Thomas's accession. This submission regulated the superiority in future. The superiority, however, seems to have been only formal and titular, but the settlement probably involved the abandonment of claims to anything more on either side. The death of Richard Og in 1387 made Thomas the senior Mac- William. The O'Conors being at war as usual in 1388, MacWilliam advanced to Glendaduff in the mountains to act against MacDonogh. Teige O'Dowda carried off plunder from Addergoole. This must have been the Addergoole in the Coolcarney country, and the affair was pro- bably only a petty skirmish and seizure of a few cattle. We know no more of Thomas's operations. For a few years the peace of Mavo was broken only by petty internal disturbances. In 1393, the narrow neck which joined Dunros in Tirawley with the mainland being broken away by the sea, the men were brought off by means of ships' cables.^ This may have been the Ross forming the eastei^n side of Rathfran Bay. When Richard II. came to Ireland in this year, Thomas Bourke made a formal submission to him and was knighted. In 1394 John de Exeter's sons killed Mac Jordan treacherously in his castle. In the following year Macjordan was taken prisoner liy his own clan, and was put in the hands of Sir Thomas. Donnell O'Conor of Sligo came to Mac William's counti-y with an army, and ^MacJordan was released, and peace was made. From the meagre entry made by the Four Masters, we may infer that the family ' MacFirbis, quoted by O'Dunovan ; V.^U. V.i'X',. 152 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. quarrel among the de Exeters was referred to Sir Thomas, and that Donnell thought it a good opportunity to attack Sir Thomas. But as O'Donnell also thought it a suitable time to invade Sligo, Donnell made peace with Sir Thomas. As MacWilliam had taken up the cause of Cathal Og's sons, Donnell was opposed to him during his warlike and successful life, which ended a week before Christmas. From him his descendants, the O'Conor chieftains of Sligo, took the name of MacDomhnaill Mic Muirchear- taigh, used until 1536, when the name of O'Conor was used instead. The O'Conor quarrels kept all the country in a turmoil. It is impossible to make out the course of events certainly, but they seem to have gone as follows in the year 1.396. Robert Barrett was a rebel, but it does not appear why. The sons of John de Exeter were also in exile, probably on account of the murder of the late MacJordan. The Clan Donogh and Robert Barrett and John O'Hara's sons went to plunder Mac William's country, and were joined by the Clan Maurice. MacWilliam and MacFheorais came up with them at Knockoconor, and killed two of John O'Hara's sons and Maghnus Fionn O'Conor. Richard MacMaurice's sons were plundered, and one of them was taken. Having dealt with this raid and rising, a larger effort was made. MacWilliam, O'Kelly, jNIacFheorais, O'Conor Roe, O'Conor Donn, and Clanricard marched into the Sligo country against Murtough O'Conor and in behalf of Cathal Og's sons. This was during a peace between O'Conors Donn and Roe. The first four went through Gallen and plundered around Ardnarea. Bishop O'Hara was wounded by John de Exeter's son in an unsuccessful attack made by MacWilliam on John O'Hara. The bishop died within the year. The other party attacked Ballymote, where they lost a Clan David Burke and others, and many horses, in burning the place, but killed some of their enemies. The result of this attack in great force, and perhaps also of the burning of Sligo by O'Donnell, was that Murtough O'Conor submitted to O'Conor Donn and gave his son as a hostage, and that O'Conor Donn built a fortress at Tobercurry. The object of the expedition was attained, the reduction of the power of Murtough, But the arrangement was not permanent. O'Flaherty has recorded a carious incident under this year, that William Bourke, a great-grandson of Sir Redmond, attacked Bishop Barrett at Anachdubhan, and killed his son Richard, and burnt the whole town. The place is the island called Annagh in the east of L. Con, which had been a seat of the O'Dowda kings. A Thomas Barrett was Bishop of Elphin at this time. If we read " Edmond " THE FIRST MACWILLIAMS. 153 for " Redmond," this William would be the grandson of William Saxonagh who died at Iniscoe. Sir Thomas joined with O'Conor Roe in the battle of Kinnitty in the following year, when the O'Conor Roe forces surprised Mac- Donogh, who had come to join the O'Conor Donn party. MacDonogh and his Tanist were killed, with many others. Murtough O'Conor was much weakened by this affair. In the two following years Sir Thomas again attacked Murtough, advancing to Sligo and Carbury in the interests of Cathal Og's sons. Sir Thomas died in 1401. The county of Mayo may lie said to have acfiuired definite shape in Sir Thomas's reign as the lordship of Sir Edmond Albanagh's descendants, which was neither increased nor diminished until the lordship was made a county in the middle of the sixteenth cen- tury. By later arrangements the barony of Ross was transferred to O'Flaherty, and to the county of Galway, and the Ardnarea Bourke estate was thrown into the county of Sligo. The county of Sligo also took shape in this period as the lordsliip of the Clan Andrias O'Conor, whom O'Dowdas, O'Haras, O'Garas, and MacDonoghs acknowledged as chief. CHAPTER XIX. THE MAC WILLIAMS, SONS AND GRANDSONS OF SIR THOMAS EOURKE 1401 TO 1503. This period is marked by a greater amount of internal fighting among the English of Mayo, and by a repetition of quarrels with Clanricard, for which cause does not appear. It is convenient first to summarise the principal actions of this period. The two MacWilliams went into Munster to help the Earl of Ormond agajnst the Ea^of Desmond. Edmond Bourke attacked the Western O'Haras in 1411, and, apparently by way of retaliation, Brian O'Conor made a raid through the middle of Mayo. Edmond was fighting with MacFheorais in 1417, and in 1419 MacWilliam and his allies invaded Clanricard, but suffered defeat. Petty internal quarrels only are noted until Ulick of Clanricard and his Sligo allies came into Kilmaine in 1430. In 1443 Edmond, then MacWilliam, procured the submission of Ulick of Clanricard. In 1446 O'Donilell comes into Roscommon and into Kilmaine. Henceforth he interferes often and with great effect in Roscommon, Mayo, and Galway. In 1449 the sons of Walter and of Edmond were defeated when invading Clanricard. Richard was defeated in his invasion of Clanricard in 1467, but O'Donnell came and enforced peace in his interest. There was a great deal of fighting between the subordinate lords, which measures the decadence of the country. Walter, 1401-1440. Walter became MacWilliam Bourke in succession to his father, and acknowledged the supeinority of Ulick, ]\IacWilliam of Clanricai'd. In the following year, 1402, they went into Munster to help the Earl of Ormond against the Earl of Desmond, Edmond Bourke attacked the sons of John O'Hara, the western O'Haras, in 1411, probably on behalf of his brother, as Brian O'Conor led a force through Gallen, Clann Cuain, Carra, and Kilmaine, burn- ing Castlebarry, and Lehinch, and Lough Mask. The Clan Maurice THE MACWILLTAMS 1401 TO loOo. 155 were with liini. Tliouirh the Bourkes assembled their adherents and O' Flaherty, he is said to have got away safely, and to have sent home the Clan Maurice and obtained a peace without fighting. As Brian's brother Eogan is said to have plundered O'Conor Roe, this raid seems to have been an incident in a much wider war. Richard Barrett went to plunder Coolcarney, and was driven into the Moy by the people of the country and was drowned. There seems to have been now, and even earlier, a Barrett family ready to take arms against the Bourkes. These incidents may have been the cause of the Bourkes eventually oppressing the Barretts to some extent. In the following year MacWattin took Henry Barrett pris- oner in the church of Errew. In 1417 Edmond Bourke plundered and captured MacFheorais and carried him oflf to Lough Mask Castle. In 1419 Mac William Bourke joined O'Kelly and his Roscommon allies, with MacDavid on their side on this occasion, in an expedition into Clanricard. They had two bands of Gallowglasses, one under Torlogh MacDonnell, which was probably in Mac William's service, and one under MacDowell, Avhich was probably in O'Conor's. MacWilliam secured the help of Teige O'Brien, and had the Gallowglass Donnell MacSweeny with him. The armies met in battle at Ath Lighen, somewhere in the south of Clanricard. Marlborough dates it as on the 28th July. Clanricard won a great victory. MacDowell and his two sons and all their Gallowglasses were slain. Torlogh MacDonnell survived, but all his men were slain. O'Kelly and MacDavid, called William Garbh, were taken prisoners. The result was peace for ten years between the MacWilliams. It seems to have been made in 1420, as the MacWilliams released prisoners in exchange. Walter released Cathal O'Conor, whom he held as a pledge for the castle of Roscommon, and Ulick released O'Kelly. O'Conor Donn was released by one of them, probably Walter, as O'Conor Donn was a friend of Ulick. In 1428 MacJox'dan and John MacCostello made a raid into Tirawley upon Thomas Barrett and the sons of MacWattin. John Finn MacC. and Richard Barrett were slain. In 1430 MacWilliam of Clanricard and his allies are recorded to have triumphantly invaded Conmaicne Cuile. This seems to have been an incident in the O'Conor Donn and Roe wars. There was such a famine in 1433 that it was called the Summer of Aberration, " for nobody recognised a dear one, or friend then, for the greatness of the famine" (A.U.). In the following year a great frost set in five weeks before Christmas and lasted for twelve weeks. Horses and cattle went on the great lakes, and there was a great loss of birds. In 143.") ":\lacWattin, i.e. Robert Barrett, lord of TirawlfV, a 156 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. charitable, humane, and truly hospitable man, who protected his patri- monial territory in despite of the English of Connaught, died " (F.M.). This entry points to the quarrel of the Bourkes and the Barretts, to which is attributed the settlement of Richard O'Cuairsci's descendants in Tirawley. In 1439 O'Conor Bonn's son plundered MacCostello Roe. Walter Bourke died of the plague a week before the festival of the Holy Cross in autumn. To him, or to his father, is ascribed the foundation of the small Franciscan friary at Annagh on the shore of Lough Carra. He was succeeded by his brother. Edmoxd II. (XA FESOIC4E), 1440-1458. Edmond seems to have been the leading spirit and the most war- like of his family, as his name has been already specially mentioned. In 1443 he gathered his allies to attack the other MacWilliam, who, being unable to raise sufficient forces, submitted without fighting, and accepted from Edmond 400 cows and a horse and armour, whereby he made a real submission according to Gaelic ideas. This Avas an act of aggression on Edmond's part, as Ulick Ruadh was then the senior of the two MacWilliams. But there may have been unrecorded reasons for hostilities between the two great factions. A great famine in the spring of 1447 was followed by a great outbreak of plague. In 1449 Walter Bourke's sons made a raid as far as Olaregalway, where they were met by Ulick Ruadh's forces, aided by O'Conor Bonn's son and his forces, and suffered a serious defeat. Two of Edmond's sons were slain. Edmond, son of William Bourke, and Meyler, son of MacSeonin, and Meyler's own son were taken prisoner. They lost fifty-five men killed and taken. The Barrett and Bourke quarrel went on. Walter, son of Theobald, son of Edmond Bourke, was killed by Thomas Barrett in 1453. Edmond na Fesoige (of the Beard) died at the end of 1458. In his time Henry Reagh O'Kelly, head of the sept called the Clann an Airchinnigh, settled in Cai-ra. It was probably somewhat later than this date that the castle of Bonamona was built. Henry was ninth in descent from King Bonnell Mor, who died in 1224. The clan name came from John, sixth in descent, who was Erenagh of Tuam. Henry's nephew William is said to have made the Bothar na Faine (Road of the Fane), in connection with the Togher Patrick in Brum parish. This name survives in Burnafania townland. The term "Parson of Bonamona," applied in the composition of 1585 to Shane MacHubberte, seems to be a translation of Airchinnech. The family spread in Carra and Tirawley and Burrishoole, where it THE MACWILLIAMS — 1401 To 1503. 157 appears under the name MacEnerhiny, and other renderings of Mac an Airchinnigh, in the English records. The cross near the castle, put up in 1633 by David O'Kelly and his wife Gate Bourke in memory of his father, Meyler, who died in 1627, whereof only the pedestal remains, must be one of the last of the kind. Thomas ()g, 1458-1460. He was Edmond's brother, and was also known as Thomas of Moyne. The latter description is probably taken from the castle of Moyne, which may well have been built by him, and which was in the hereditary estate in Kilmaine assigned to him and his descendants. He was founder of the Abbey of Moyne in Tirawley. No more is known about him. He died in 1460, and was succeeded by his brother. RiciiAKD I., 1460-1469. In 1461 a quarrel in the O'Conor Roe family caused MacWilliam to lead his army into Silmurray, where the matter seems to have been arranged without fighting. But there was unrecorded fighting about this time in the Co. Sligo. AVe are told by MacFirbis that Richard's son William marched against the castle of Muilenn Adam, which may have been near Knockmullen, in revenge for the loss of his eye, which the sons of O'Neill had put out at that castle some time before. The sons of O'Neill and some MacDonogh forces pursued him to Ballymote, where he turned on them and killed fifteen, among them O'Neill's sons and Manus MacDonogh. The petty fighting all over the country was incessant about this time. MacWilliam Bourke attended upon the Earl of Desmond, the new Lord Deputy of Ireland. In 1466 he marched into Roscommon and burnt Ballintubber in support of Felim Finn in a quarrel in the O'Conor Roe family. The great Connaught parties seem to have taken sides as usual. The invasion of Clanricard in 14157 may be taken as part of the .same dispute. Richard and O'Kelly suddenly invaded Clanricard and plundered about Loughreagh and Tuluban. As they heard that the forces of the country had been assembled, they began their retreat ; but Ulick Ruadh and some O'Brien allies came up with them at Crosmacron, in the west of (Jrange parish, and gave them a serious defeat. Mac- William Bourkes son, William Caech, and two sons of O'Kelly were slain. The constable of MacWilliam's Gallowglasses, Aeilh Buidhe, son of Torlogh, son of Marcus MacDonnell, and his two sous and / 158 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. three brothers, and eleven nobles of his party, and 160 Gallowglasses were also slain. In consequence of this grave defeat, O'Donnell came down into Connaught on MacWilliam's behalf and forced Clanricard to make peace. At this time O'Donnell, Aedh Koe, was an ally of MacWilliam. This was some return for help given in 1464, when Richard Bourke, probably O'Cuairsci, had taken seven ships to Tirconnell to help O'Donnell. In 1468 there was some fighting in the neighbourhood as usual, and Richard led an army into Roscommon to support his ally, and probably vassal, Felim Finn. But age and illness seem to have disabled him. He resigned the lordship in 1469, and retired into the monastery of Burrishoole which he had founded. The Grandsons of Sir Thomas, 1469-1503. This period is of much the same character as the preceding. Incessant petty wars of minor chieftains among themselves and family quarrels continued. MacWilliam Eighter was sometimes in alliance with and sometimes fighting against O'Donnell, who on the whole gained power in Sligo. The MacWilliams were generally at peace with each other. At the close of the century Gerald, the great Earl of Kildare, as Lord Deputy began to interfere in Roscommon and Gal way. Richard II., 1469-1479. Richard I. was succeeded by the son of his brother Edmond, This Richard is known as Ricard O'Cuairsci (Richard of the Bent or Round Shield). MacFirbis, in his great " Book of Genealogies," gives him also the description "of the Ruag Thimchell," and asserts that he con- quered the Barretts and took from them Inisco^, Ballycastle, Ard- narea, and various places in Tirawley. He also attributes to Richard the carrying off of the Lord of Howth, whom he released on con- dition that the door of Howth Castle be kept open at dinner-time. He must have been an able man, for he kept his hereditary lordship free from invasion, and made head against O'Donnell in Sligo to some extent. He signalised the year of his accession by an invasion of Clanricard, in company with O'Donnell, by way of revenge for Crosmacron. They advanced to the south of Claregalway, and spent some days in plundering and wasting the country. In the meanwhile Ulick Ruadh, MacWilliam Oughter, collected his forces, and in company with his allies, the sons of O'Brien, came up with the northern armies as they were retu-ing. The cavalry of Ulick and of the O'Briens attacked their rear at Ballinduff. O'Donnell's cavalry THE MACWILLIAMS 1401 TO 1503. 159 defeated them. The southern forces were rallied and continued the pursuit. The northern army turned and gave battle at the river Glanog, and wholly defeated the southerners, who ceased to pursue. The battle was probably fought near Cloghanower. This year is maiked by the first record of quarrelling among the Bourkes themselves, in the Annals of Ulster : " Iticard, son of Thomas de Burgh, was slain by the sons of John de Burgh." It is most likely that he was a son of Thomas of Moyne, and that his slayers were the sons of John of Muinter Crechain. The alliance with O'Donnell was soon broken. In 1470 O'Donnell made the sons of Owen O'Conor of Sligo submit to him, and in the following year came to make the chieftains of Sligo submit to his nominee, Donnell, son of Owen, and operated in Carbury and against the MacDonoghs. MacWilliam Bourke came to assist Rory, son of Brian O'Conor. Donnell went into Sligo Castle. ^MacWilliam laid siege and broke down the gate-tower, whereupon they made peace. It seems that MacWilliam came up after O'Donnell had gone home. In 1472 Richard went to assist Teige Caoch O'Kelly. When the latter had secured hostages from the country west of the Suck, Richard suffered a defeat which is described obscurely by the Four Masters. They seem to mean that a son of iNIacWalter Burke, the sons of MacMaurice, the sons of MacJordan, and a son of MacEvilly and others, twentj'-six in all, went off privately by themselves and were surrounded by the hostile O'Kellys, who captured or killed all but MacJordan, who fought his way out though wounded. In 1476 the Sligo quarrel was taken up again. O'Donnell and MacDonogh came to Cuilcnamha, the extreme eastern part of Tireragh. MacWilliam and MacDermot came to Coillte Luighne, cutting O'Donnell off from his own country. O'Donnell lost some men and horses in crossing the Strand into Carbury, whither MacWilliam followed him. The armies faced each other for a while, and then peace was made by cession of 0'13owda's country, Leyny, and half of Carbury to MacWilliam, and the rest to O'Donnell. This was, of course, but a temporary arrangement. In 1478 MacWilliam interfered in a dispute between MacDermot and his Tanist, and went on to Sligo, where he is said to have left his son in charge of the castle. Richard O'Cuairsci was killed by a fall in 1579. He was suc- ceeded l)y his cousin Theobald, son of Walter llourke. TiiEuuALD I., 1479-1503. The following year was marked by a family (piarrel of the Bourkes. The sons of Richard Bourke defeated Edmond Bourke's 160 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. sons, A MacDowell and David Mac in Oirchinnigh are said to have been killed. The latter was probably an O'Kelly of Donamona, and the quarrel was most likely between the sons of Richard I. and of Edmond II. In 1485 there was quarrelling over O'Conor affairs in Roscommon. It is not clear how Theobald intervened, but a quarrel broke out, and O'Donnell and Ulick Finn, the new MacWilliam Oughter, were engaged in it, and O'Donnell carried Felim Finn O'Conor off to Tirconnell as a hostage. This interference may have been the cause of the war. O'Donnell invaded Tirawley. Theobald gave battle, and seems to have been defeated, as it is recorded that 100 of his men were slain, and John MacJordan and Ulick, son of Richard I., and many others were taken prisoner. According to the Annals of Ulster, it was fought at Ardnarea. The Bourke and Barrett quarrel was kept up. Richard's son Edmond was treacherously taken prisoner by the Barretts, but was rescued, in 1487. This was but an incident in the general disorder of the time. O'Donnell ravaged Moylurg twice. O'Conor Donn and MacWilliam Oughter ravaged O'Conor Roe's country. The O'Kellys fought among themselves. The O'Conors of Sligo attacked the MacJordans. Theobald's allies and dependants were all at war, but save for the attack on the MacJordans, it does not appear that his territories suffered, nor does it appear what he was doing. It may be inferred that he was successful on the whole, because O'Donnell made peace with him in the following year, and his ally, Felim Finn, was made O'Conor Roe and chief of all the O'Conors of Roscommon, in sviccession to Donough, by O'Donnell and MacWilliam and MacDermot in due form. The plague was very bad in 1489, and a famine followed in 1493. In 1494 Richai^d O'Cuairsci's son William was killed while helping O'Donnell, now an ally, to besiege Sligo Castle in the interest of Rory O'Conor, who had become chief when his sons killed Donnell in a night attack on Bunfinne Castle on 14th March. In 1497 Richard O'Cuairsci's son Walter went with ships to Ulster to help Conn O'Donnell, in whose favour his father Aedh Ruadh had resigned the chieftainship, against his brother Aedh. Aedh met the fleet, and " took the greater part of their arms and their apparel and their stores from them " (A.U.). But Aedh was himself immediately afterwards taken by Conn, and sent into Con- naught in chai-ge of Walter ; Conn himself was killed by Henry O'Neill on the 19th October. Aedh therefore was released on the 7th November, and Walter went with him to Ulster. Aedh refused to take up the chieftainship, and his father resumed it. There was a great famine in this year. THI-: MACWILLIAMS — 1401 TO 1503. IGl Iiichartl OX'uairsci'.s sou Iiic'li;ir of tln^ dc I'in-go lords was a great advance towards 174 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. the restoration of government. Sidney came to Galway in the follow- ing spring. He deplores the miserable condition of the country, having but one-twentieth of the population needed to inhabit it. He describes the Clanricard country as quiet and well tilled. He left the country by Athenry and Athlone, seeing only a part of the south. As the inhabitants were never within the memory of man in worse case, so, he says, they were never in more forwardness for reformation. Having procured submission of the chief lords and made peace between those of English descent, Sir Henry now undertook to pro- vide for the direct government of Connaught by the appointment of Commissioners to act in the place of the Lord Deputy during his absence from Connaught. Hitherto the Lord Deputy procured a show of submission by his appearance in the country at the head of a considerable force, but when he went to Dublin the old state of things arose. But these appearances of the royal authority accustomed the lords to its recognition as more than an empty form, and Sidney rightly judged that a delegate with a moderate force at his command would be able to exercise a good deal of power, and would have a sufficient amount of support from those lords who really desired to enjoy peace and quiet. cii vrrKu XXII. FROM TIIK FORMATION OF TIIH COUNTY OF MAYO TO THE DEATH OF SIR N. MALBIE. Sir Edward Fittox was appointed Governor of Connaught in July 1569, with the title of Pi-esident of the Council, which consisted of a Justice, an Attorney, a Provost-Marshal, and several men of rank belonging to the province. The sheriffs of counties seem to have been usually on it. The normal constitution does not appear. It probably varied from time to time. All the chief provincial officers were on it, besides officers in command of companies of soldiers at times. The President's powers were great. In important matters he was required to get the consent of one of his assistants, but he had a large measure of independence, as in the control of the military forces, which vested in him alone. He exercised the powers of the Lord Deputy to a great extent when the Lord Deputy was not present in person. The distribution of authority between President and Council is not defined in the records. It is inferred from remarks. The business as a rule was carried on by the provincial officers, as the sheriffs and unofficial members were usually absent from the head- quarters. The President was afterwards called Chief Commissioner and Governor. The sheriffs at first were ;iuthorisetl to use martial law in deal- ing with disturbances, but when Sir 11. Bingham became Governor the power was reserved to the Governor. The sheriffs were the Governor's lieutenants within their counties. Sir Henry Sidney made a journey into Connaught to establish the President and Council in office. He took up the castle of Roscom- mon, and placed a garrison in it under Sir 'I'homas Le Strange as Constable. The first duty of these Commissioners, as they were also called, was to lay down definite boundaries uf counties in Thomond and Connaught, excepting Brefne O'Reilly and Annaly. They laitl out the counties of Clare or Thomond, Galway, Mayo, Roscoiinuon, and Sligo, formed Vjy grouping territories of chieftains. Tlie county of 3Iayo as then laid down was not altered except by transfer ui the 176 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. barony of Ross to Galway, and later by the transfer of Ardnarea to Sligo, and a little south of the river Lung to Roscommon. Edmund FitzAlexander is the fii-st sheriff of Mayo whose name appears, and probably was the first. But it does not appear who he was. The first difficulty of the Government was the custom of cessing ofiicers and soldiers on the country. The Government hated it, but could not do without it. The queen had no revenue from Connaught. Sir Edward writes on the 20th February 1570 : " The army must be kept here and must be cessed, so that it is as hard for subjects as for rebels." " Shane Bourke MacOliverus, who now standeth to be MacWilliam Ewter, being exclaimed upon to his face by a poor widow of his country being undone by his rebellious practices in maintaining the Scots, he fell in a study, and after some pause, said openly : ' I am in a miserable case. If we stand out altogether and maintain Scots for our own defence, I see the destruction of the country. Again, if I shall take upon me the name of MacWilliam, I shall be driven for maintenance thereof to spoil it myself. And if we shall submit ourselves to the English nation, they will be as burtbensome as MacWilliam or Scots.' " Again, on 20th May 1571 : "The cess is very heavy, but soldiers must be kept, as they are always wanted on a sudden. If the queen's victualler would furnish supplies for soldiers in every province, the service would be no worse and the people would be less oppressed, and, as men of experience think, their good will might be soon obtained. Yet they will not for a time really consent to abandon old customs, but must be kept in fear." ^ As a revenue was raised by degrees by tributes or rents imposed on the chieftains, the cess must have become less and less, used only on occasion, and thus return was given for payments, until at last the whole province was brought to agree to the annual rents needed as a substitute for the cess. But this took time. Lord Thomond's rebellion in February 1570 forced Fitton to retire into Galway and ask for help. The course of events is obscure, but Fitton remained there for some time, and the Lower Bourkes rose in rebellion. They did not submit when Lord Thomond fled. Fitton marched against them in June, and began by laying siege to the castle of Shrule. With him were Lord Clanricard and others of Galway, about five hundred Gallowglasses of Clan Donnell of Leinster, of Clan Sweeny, and of Clan Dowell, some artillery, three hundred cavalry, and some English foot bands. Feragh MacDonnell of Clooneen and Richard Barrett of Kyrennan were with him. The 1 ^-.P./.R, XXXI. (3, XXXI. .89. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIK. 177 latter probably joined him ratlier from hate of the Tirawley IJourkes than from love of the queen and her goveriiment. Mac William assembled his forces, in which were the sons of Oliverus, Sleight Meyler Bourke, the Clan Donnells, and some O'Flahertys. Though Sir Morogh is mentioned, he is not likely to have been with them, as he had been set up by the queen as O'Flaherty in 1569. The lawful O'Flaherty or another may have been mistaken for him. MacWilliam's brother, \\'alter Cluas le Doinin, " Ear to Storm," was tlie principal commander of the Bourkes. The English and Irish accounts of the battle agree substantially. On the 21st June the Bourkes occujiied a hill near the English camp, and formed themselves into compact bodies for the assault, dismounting their cavalry. Fitton drew up his men with the Gallowglasses in one body, and the cavalry in reserve. The charge of the Bourkes was received with a volley of shot, which did not stop them. In the close fighting Sir Edward Fitton and Captain Bassenet were unhorsed and wounded. Patrick Cusack and Calvagh MacDonnell, constable of the queen's Gallowglasses, those of Leinster, and others were slain. The Bonrkes were driven back by the English companies, but the Gallowglasses, except one hundred of Clan Sweeny, broke and fled, pursued by the Bourkes for about two miles. Fitton's cavalry and some infantry fell on the rear of the Bourkes, whose commanders stopped the pursuit and faced the English; they did not attack again, but diew off their forces. Fitton lost about twelve Englishmen and forty Irish. The Bourkes lost about three hundred, including Walter Bourke, Randall, son of MacDonnell Gallowglass, two constables of the Clan Donnell of Scotland, and two sons of John Erenagh, O'Kelly of Donamona.' Owing to want of powder Fitton could not pursue the Bourkes into their country, whereby they were encouraged, instead of being depressed by defeat, for they had in fact saved their country from invasion. He was not molested again, took the castle, and put the garrison to the sword. A guard of ten horsemen was left in it under Alexander, a Gallowglass, but Lord Clanricard soon undertook to guard the castle at his own expense. This affair relieved the pressure on Fitton's forces, which had been so great that Captain Collyer and others sent to help hiiu had been reported to be little better than besieged in Gahvay. MacWilliam soon submitted and made peace. An undated Fiant grants pardons to him and to his sons Richard Og and Thomas Roe and others, including three O'Flahertys, on payment of fines of <£3 each ; and another gives pardons to Walter and William Bourke MacShane of Cloghans and to Walter's son Meiler and to Edmond M 178 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. MacThomas an Machaire on payment of fines of ^1 each, for whom Edmund Fitz Alexander, the sheriff of the county, was secm-ity. Edmond Bourke of Castlebar had a pardon in December. All had to give security within six months for keeping the peace and attending sessions. This rebellion was wound up by an agreement of the Lower Bovirkes to pay a yearly rent of 200 marks to the queen. Richard Bourke died at the end of the year. When he became Mac William he was an independent prince, owning but a nominal subordination and submission to the queen, whose laws were not enforced in his territories. Before he died the English law was intro- duced with his consent, and was administered to a small extent by the queen's representative independently of him. The queen's power afterwards fluctuated, occasionally disappeared, but on the whole grew steadily. Now follows a peiiod of transition from the local sovereignty of the chief lords to that of the queen and the establishment of her government as the source of law and the maintainer of order. As regards Mayo, it may be desci-ibed as a period of unrest, but generally peaceful. It was known that the government intended to make great changes, and, as it became known that those changes might involve changes in ownership of lands and ignoring of existing tenures, the minds of all landowners must have been affected by grave suspicions, creating a readiness to join in any enterprise that might relieve them of this danger. Most of the chief lords seem to have desii'ed the introduction of a strong government capable of steady administration, but many of less importance, their subjects, resented any change. The chiefs could not control those who chose to join in a rebellion on their own account. They could only abstain and keep back those who chose to act with them, who were the majority in most cases. The forces at the disposal of the governor of Connaught were not enough to enable him always to act at once and crush out the beginning of rebellion. The rebels made war by plundering those who did not join them. MacWilliam and other lords therefore acted upon a sound judgment of the interests of the mass of their subjects in joining rebels who made head, whereby they saved their territories from injury. When the governor came in force they could submit immediately, and gain pardons at the cost of small sums, far less than the losses which would have been incurred in holding out against the rebels and suffering the destruction which would have been caused by the rebels before forces were collected to drive them out of the country, losses which would not have been made good to them afterwards. The sympathies of many of their subjects, if not their own, would be with the rebels. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 179 Moreover, the uncertainty regarding the succession of the seigniories was another cause of unrest. The government was naturally anxious to secure a friendly successor. The Tanist did not feel sure that he would be allowed to succeed without interference. The country had seen the queen set up Murrough ne Doe O'Flaherty as chief of lar-Connaught against the lawful chief, Donnell Crone O'Flaherty, in 1569. Through all this the government was making way. Mayo was fully organised as a county, and a separate sheriff was established. Seigniories were surrendered, and taken back from the Crown. The chief gentlemen were induced to enter into agreements called com- positions, under which they consented to pay a fixed rent based on the acreage of cultivated land to mitigate the weight of cess, which was a necessity, until a revenue should be provided. As Fitton says, it was intolerable, but soldiers could not be maintained without it. It was a custom of the countrv, but no longer suitable. JoHX II., 1571-1580. About the 8th February 1571, John, known as Shane MacOliverus, was made MacWilliam. It was reported then that he was engaging Scots. It was a natural course to maintain his succession and the position of his subjects and allies in view of the action which Fitton soon reported, and which had probably become well known. On the 9th March Fitton wrote that they had indicted all the gentlemen of Eighter Connaught and all their freeholders, and O'Conor Donn and MacDermot, and expressed a hope to have half Connaught at the queen's disposal in Easter term. This design Avas brought to naught by the rebellion, which was probably in some measure due to it. In May the Lower Bourkes agreed to pay 200 marks yearly as a fine for their late great rebellion. Operations in Roscommon occupied Fitton during the summer. MacWilliam and his people held aloof, but his sons invaded Galway at the end of September, and were hunted out by the sheriff, who pursued them to a ford beyond Shrule, and killed five or six score. Fitton went into South Mayo, and was there for five days, at the end of October and beginning of September. He had his own band, Captain Collier's band of foot, and Malbie's horse, and was accom- jtanied by Lords Clanricard and Thomond. One castle was defended, but being taken and the ward of twelve men' being slain, the wards of the other castles abandoned them and the Bourkes themselves tied from the country. Fitton therefore laid it waste over an extent of about sixteen miles long and as many or more broad, desti'oyiug 180 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. about =£500 worth of corn. Kineteen towns and castles ai'e said to have been taken, whereof a list is given. Those which are known for certain are given in modern spelling — Ballinrobe, Ballenemask, Manegerrelough, Cloonagashel, Robeen, Bellanalube, Cregduff, Balla- kinoshine, Ologhan (warded by the Earl of Clanricard), Killernan (wai'ded by John Bourke), Downerage, The Neale, Donka, Athard, Liskillen, Cloghan-Erle (warded by the Earl of Clanricard), Ballene- kinie, Kilnanardra.^ The list is very roughly written. Manegerre- lough .seems to be Rathnegarlogy or Eanegarlogy, name of land held by Bourke of Cloghan in seventeenth century, which was in a bally called Cloongawnagh. It may be a name of the castle of Garrymore or Oarras ; it was certainly thereabouts. Fitton then gave out that he would go home, and sent away all but his English forces. With these he made a forced march into the country of the Mac- Dermots, whom he handled severely. This scourging brought about a submission. The indictments were abandoned. . Lord Clanricard and his sons, Ulick and John, and MacAVilliam, and the gentlemen of Clare and Galway and Mayo, attended a sessions at Galway in March 1572. Unfortunately suspicions arose in the minds of the earl's sons, who fled from the town, summoned their adherents, and went into rebellion. Fitton carried Lord Clanricard away to Dublin. He was not able to take the field until May. He reached Galwa}' on the 10th, where he hanged four pledges of the rebels. On the 14th he attacked the castle of Clare Galway, which he describes as the castle of those who betrayed Shane MacOliverus. He lost four men and a mason killed, but the garrison surrendered and the castle was seized on the 17th. The garrison, sixteen men, besides women and children, were put to the sword except one. He sent to Shane MacOliverus the head of his betrayer, and arranged payment of his ransom. The inference to be drawn from this is that the occupiers of the castle had joined in seizing John when he was going home after the sessions, and held him until he paid a i^ansom. At this time Fitton expected that the Lower Bourkes would not go against him. The expectation was no doubt just. But Fitton was too weak to prosecute the rebels under the earl's sons, who destroyed all Connaught that did not join them. The earl's sons therefore obtained MacWilliam's adhesion in June, and they and Mac William and Justin MacDonnell went to Munster to help James FitzMaurice in his rebellion. The lord deputy made a hosting, and drove them out of Munster. In the autumn Lord Clanricaid was released to act against his sons, who begged for mercy on 9th November. MacWilliam also 1 S.P.I.E., vol. XXXIV. No. 15. FOR:vrATIOX OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALlilE. 181 desired to submit. In the middle of December the rebel forces dis- persed. The earl's sous and their adherents had attained their chief object, their own safety and his release, and immunity from punish- ment for themselves and their adherents. John had saveil his country, wliich was left in peace until 1576. This peace was utilised to further the county organisation. The results are embodied in a paper called the Division of Connaught and Thomond, dated 27th March 1574. ^ It is said to have been made partly by the president and council of Connaught, where they had travelletl, and partly by Sir Thomas Ousack and othei' com- missioners. It embodies the results of the rough surveys whicli had been made from time to time. As might be expected, the county of Galway is dealt with in most detail. The part relating to Mayo is less full, and the description of the county of Sligo is a mere sketch of territories. It is but a development of the division of 1570. Thomond became the county of Clare. Galway was much as it is, save that it included Ballymoe in Roscommon as part of MacDavid's lands, and Moycarn as part of Clanmacnowen, and did not include the barony of Eoss. Roscommon was as it is, less Ballymoe and Moycjirn. Mayo comprised the territories which were under Mac- William Eighter. The county of Sligo comprised the present county and the O'Rourk territory, the present county of Leitrim ; but Ardnarea estate was in jNIayo. The following extract shows how the baronies of the Co. 31ayo were now formed. The spelling is modernised, or i)ut in Irish form as far as possible. " The County of Mayo — containing Eighter Connaught and such other countries as are under MacWilliam Eighter, and are divided into baronies to be named as followeth, but the same county is not yet divided into ploughlands, by reason whereof the parishes could not be put in order of the baronies, but are written by themselves. " Baronies : Ci'ossboyne, containing MacMaurice's country ; " Kilmaine, containing Conmacnecuile and lochtar Thire, in which William Burke Fitzjohn, Edmond Burke MacThomas Vaghery, and the clan Jonyns are chief ; " Ross, containing the Joyes', the Walshes', and Partriches' lands, MacThomas and MacTybod chief ; "Murrisk, containing Owle Imale and the lands,- viz., Inishturk and Inishark, Cliara and Aukilles,-'' O'Malley chief ; " Burris, containing Owle Clan Philipin, Owde Eigliter, and Sliocht MacTybbot's lands, Richard an laraiini chief ; y " Inverniore, containing Erris and Dundonnell, MacW'attin chief; V^'C- ' Lambeth Library, Carow M8S. vuL (111, f. TU. - I.>,lan(ls(.'). ' 3 (;iaie Islaud and Acbill. 182 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. " Moyne, containing Tirawley and the Cusacks' country, John MacOliverus, otherwise MacWilliam, and MacWattin, called Baron Barrett, chief ; " Burriscarra, containing Clancuan, Carra and ^luinter Crechain, MacWilliam Burke, and MacPhilipin, chief ; " Bellalahen, containing Gallenga, MacJordan, otherwise Baron Dexeter, chief ; " Bellahaunis, containing Clan Costello, MacCostello, otherwise Baron Nangle, chief." The barony of Ross was treated as part of lar-Connaught in the composition, as in the lordship of O'Flaherty, to whom the castle and lands of Ross had been given as an eric. The " Historia et Genealogia Familife de Burgo " omits it from the territories owing allegiance and tribute to MacWilliam. The arrangement was made before 1570, but the barony was considered to be in MacWilliam's country, held under him by O'Flaherty. The Partry portion was still earlier transferred "to Carra. Sir H. Sidney came again as lord deputy at the end of 1575, to endeavour to induce the lords to receive sheriffs and to surrender their Irish tenures and take back their lands by the queen's patent, to descend by hereditai-y sviccession according to English law. This object was attained in Connaught by degrees. A letter 1 of Sir E. Fitton shows the state of Connaught at this time, and explains the willingness of the country to accept Sir H. Sidney's proposals, which gave a hope of peace and ease : — " I may (after the common manner of Ireland) say it is quiet, because we hear of no professed rebellion against the State ; but if universal oppression of the mean folk by the great ; if murders, robberies and burning make an ill Commonweal, if extorting of Government into subjects hands by violent plagviing of such as be both willing and of ability to live vxpon themselves without seeking to any but Her Majesty and the Laws ; to conclude, if contempt and not performance of all orders sent either by the Lord Deputy or us Com- missioners there, and if ill, or not answering at all of any revenue due to Her Majesty be proofs of disobedience : then I cannot say Con- naught is in good case. But leaving both the time and manner, of amendment to God and Her Majesty, I cease to trouble your Lordship any further therewith, omitting to say anything at all of God or good life. Only the Kellys yet stick as well as they may, and as Xicodemus came to Christ by night, so do those Kellys which dwell by west the Suck, most of them come to us as privily as they can, for fear both of displeasure and trapping by the way. But those between Suck and Shannon, neighbours to Athlone, are in meetly good case, and the 1 S.PJ.E., XL. 11 ; 5tb Jhd. 1575. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 183 better for that some part of the Ciarrison hath lien at Athloiie good part of the Summer, which hath both feared them from doing so much ill as they would, and also preserved them from others : which two points, till both they and others taste of at full, as they (God wot) feel yet but a little, obedience can in no reason be looked for." Sidney came to Galway in March 1576, and left on the 22nd for Athlone. Though he was not long in Connaught, he had prepared the Connaught lonls by sending Thomas Jones, afterwards Bishop of Meath, to sound them regarding his proposals while he was in Munster. Sidney's account of the state of things in Connaught makes intelligible the readiness of the chieftains to accept a supremacy which promised them peace. Unfortunately the Provincial Govern- ment was not made strong enough to hunt down and hang rebels at once. The country was ruined by petty rebellions of men like Lord Clanricard's sons, who could rob, burn, and destroy until additional forces were collected. In extremity they got pardons on terms of bare submission. The rebellions were never general, and were suppressed vei'y much with the help of the local gentry as soon as a force came into Connaught strong enough to enable them to act. The Govei-nors of Connaught always had willing assistance. But the leaders of the mischief were not punished. Sidney hanged many malefactors at Galway on this occasion, but later on the great rebels, whose execution would have quieted the country and protected honest men, were gently dealt with. As regards Mayo chiefs, his own words, ^ in modern spelling, are as follows : — "Out of the county of Mayo, came to me to Galway, first seven principal men of the Clandonnells, for every of their several Lineages one, of that surname, and inhabiting that County, all, by profession, mercenary Soldiers, by the name of Galloglas ; they are very strong, and much of the wealth of the country is under them ; they are able to go where they will, and with the Countenance of any mean Lord of Force, to make war with the Greatest. These humbly submitted themselves, and their several Lineages to her Majesty, protesting, by oath, and binding themselves by Indenture and Hostage, never to serve any, but with Allowance of the Governor. Troth it is, I was informed by Divers Advertisements, that MacWilliam Ewghter would not come to me ; and therefore I drew this Plot, that I won his chief Force from him, in getting these Clandonnells : But it fell out other- wise in the End, for MacWilliam very willingly came himself ; and much the rather, by the good Persuasions, and Means of the Dean of Christchurch, one of this council, whom I sent into Connaught, when 1 Carew .MSS. H., No. ;!s of IJ7(!: S.I'.l.i:., LV. 'M, I27th .Vpril 157t;. 184 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. I went into Mimster, only to sound the Disposition of the Potentates, and great ones of that Province ; and therein he did good service, and surely so he is well able, both for his own skill, and the credit that others repose in him ; if it please your Lordships to bestow a thankful letter upon him, it will be very comfortable to the old Man, which I humbly beseech your Lordships to do. I found MacWilliam very sensible, though wanting the English tongue, yet understanding the Latin ; a lover of Quiet and Civility, desirous to hold his Lands of the Queen, and suppress Irish Extortion, and to expulse the Scots, who swarm in those quarters, and indeed have almost suppressed them ; in some Proof whereof he tarried with me, most of the Time I remained at Gal way, and thence went with me to Athlone, and departed not till I went from thence, when very reverently, by Oath, he shewed his fealty, and did his Homage, as Humbly binding himself, as well by Oath or Indenture, ever hereafter to hold his Lands of her Majesty, and her Crown, and to pay yearly two hundred and fifty Marks Sterling, and to find two hundred Soldiers, Horsemen and Footmen, for two Months by the Year ; and to give them Food in that Propor- tion, as I trust, in Time, shall suflice both for their Meat and Wages. In one of his Petitions exhibited unto me, he humbly besought (doubting that I would have taken away the Bonnaught from the Clandonnells, which they have of him and his country) that they might (withdrawing it from him) hold it of the Queen. This Device was underhand pi-actised by me, and they, very glad of this Overture made by him, humbly desired to hold it of her Majesty, and so, by Indenture passed between the Galloglas and the Queen, they presently do. This, my Lords, is an entrance of no small Consequence, both for the reducing of the Country to her Majesty's Obedience, and no small Increase may be made besides to her Commodity, and the Augmenta- tion of her Revenue. He received his Country at my Hands, by Way of Seneschalship, which he thankfully accepted. The Order of Knighthood I bestowed upon him, whereof he seemed very joyous, and some other little Trifles I gave him, as tokens between him and me, wherewith very well satisfied, he departed. This is all 1 thought necessary to write of MacWilliam, saving that he was desirous I should send thither an English sheriff, as I have likewise done in all the other Counties within that Province, which, of late, hath been omitted : MacWilliam protested he would obey him I sent, and give him Find- ing for a sufficient Strength of Men on Horseback and Foot ; which I accomplished according to his Desire, and sent one with him. Surely, my Lords, he is well won^ for he is a great man ; his Land lieth along the West North West Coast of this Realm, wherein he hath many goodly Havens, and is a Lord in Territory of three times so much Land as the Earl of Clanricarde is. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 185 "He broui^'lit with liini all his Brethren, INIacPhillippin, who in Surname is a Bourke, as he is ; and, besides them, a great Number of Owners of Lands and Castles, lying in the same country : Omaylle came likewise with him, who is an original Irish Man, strong in galleys and Seamen ; he earnestly sued to hold of the Queen, and to pay her Rent and Service. At that instant were also with me 3iacPhaten, of English surname, Barrett; Maclvyle, of English sur- name, Staunton ; MacJordan, of the like Dexter, MacCustelo of the like Xangle, MacMorris, of English surname, Prendergast ; and these V show Matter of some Record and Credit, that they have not only been English, which every man confesseth, but also Lords and Barons in Parliament, as they themselves affirm ; and surely they have Lands sufficient for Barons, if they might wield their own quietly ; but so bare, barbarous Barons are they now, as they V have not three Hackneys to carry them and their Train Home. There were with me many more of lower Degree, and no deeper of Wealth, as the Chiefs of Cianandros, and MacThorayn ; both they, and many more Barretts, Cusackes, Lynches (Lynots?), and of sundry English sui'names, now degenerate, and all lamenting their ])evastation, and with one Consent crying for Justice and English Government, in so miserable (and yet magnanimous) Manner, as it would make an English Heart to feel Compassion with them ; and thus for the County of Mayo." The lords and gentlemen of Galway and Roscommon are described as showing a like desire for the introduction of government amongst them. Soon after this Sir John was made seneschal of his nation and of his tenants and followers, and of his and their lands in Connaught, with authority to call the inhabitants to arms and to preserve the peace and to administer justice ; for life during good behaviour. This was followed by the appointment of minor and subject lords to be seneschals of their own lands, as Moyler Burke of Cloghans to be seneschal of the barony of Kilmaine, O'Malley to be seneschal of the barony of Oulymaley, Thomas Keaghe Burke to be seneschal of his country called Moyntercreghan. Thus it was, I suppose, thought to accustom them to the idea of dependence on the Crown. Tlie earl's sons were taken to Dublin and released on parole not to cross the Shannon. At the end of June they broke their parole, went into Connaught and raised a rebellion. At the end of July Nicholas Malbie was sent from England to take charge of Connaught. On the 13th August Sidney reported that 2000 Scots had joined them and were wasting Connaught. MacWilliam stood by his engagements. The rebels under Ulick Burke therefore invaded his country, laid it waste and took his castles. But he continued to do his best against 186 THE EARLY HTSTOEY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. them, though his own gallowghisses turned against him and spoiled his country. Sidney came to Connaxight, On the 21st September he left Galway and marched by Shrule to Castlebar, which was already besieged by a force which he had sent in advance. The castle was held by the sons of Edmund Bourke. Then- mother came to get terms for her sons, which Sidney refused. But he allowed her to speak with them. They escaped in the dai-k. Meanwhile MacWilliam had surprised the Scots, who had collected their plunder in a place five or six miles away. They ran away and left their prey. MacWilliam then joined Sidney, who put him in possession of Castlebar, to be kept for the queen's use, and of other castles of which he had been dispossessed. Sidney intended to go on to Sligo, but the Moy was in flood, and he had no boats and his soldiers were tired. Moreover O'Conor and his Clandonnells came thence with the rest of that country, and the Scots had fled, abandoning Ulick Burke, who joined his brother in Galway. So Sidney "returned to Dublin, leaving Sir N. Malbie in charge of Connaught, with the title of Colonel and Chief Commissioner, with certain forces and the castles of Athlone and Roscommon as garrisons. According to a deposition made before Malbie by Richard Og Bourke, son of Richard, son of John of the Termon, Lord Clanricard had sent him to engage 10,000 Scots, if possible, for this rebellion. The earl was sent to London. His sons surrendered in March 1577, escaping punishment. In his narrative, wi'itten in 1583, Sidney writes that wdien he reached Galway on this occasion, " There came to me also a most famous feminine sea captain called Grany Imallye, and offered her service unto me, wheresoever I would command her, with three galleys and 200 fighting men, either in Ireland or Scotland ; she brought with her her husband, for she was as well by sea as by land more than Mrs. Mate with him ; he was of the Nether Buikes, and now as I hear Mack William Enter, and called by nickname Richard in Iron. This was a notorious woman in all the coasts of Ireland." She went to the south in the following year. When the Lord Justice Drury went into Munster in November 1578, he wrote that when he was at Leighlin, " To that place was brought unto me Granie ny Maille, a woman of the province of Connaught, governing a country of the O'Flaharteys', famous for her stoutness of courage and person, and for sundry exploits done by her by sea. She was taken by the Earl of Desmond a year and a half ago, and has remained ever since partly with him and partly in Her Majesty's gaol of Limerick, and was sent for now by me to come to Dublin, where she is yet re- maining." ^ It does not appear what she had done, but in July 1578 1 Cal. Carew MSS. II., 1578, No. 109. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 187 she was called a notorious offender. This is her first appearance in history. MacWilliam joined INIalbie in an expedition in 1577, in whicli Bundrowes was taken from O'Donnell and given to O'Conor Sligo. O'Donnell invaded Sligo and killed the sheriff, Richard, son of Tibhot Boy MacSeonin. In 1578 Meilei', son of Walter, son of John of the Termon, Sheriff" of Mayo, was killed in a, night attack on the Neale Castle by his cousin Edmond, son of Thomas an Machaire, in consequence of a quarrel the day before. The queen's instructions to Sir X. Malbie in March 1579 for his government of Connaught desire him to persuade, if he can, but not to constrain, the people of each county to build a walled town as a safe and suitable place for keeping the assizes and sessions, and authorised the issue of a charter of incorporation with the liberties usually granted in such cases elsewhere. A draft in Walsingham's hand contains clauses, omitted finally, showing an intention to grant to Sir John Bourke an earldom for life, and to his son and his heirs a barony with estates, according to English law, of so much as was their own. In July 1579 Mallne reported Connaught to be in a good state. MacWilliam attended sessions at Galway, thereby showing loyalty and a disposition to support the administration of the law. He sent his son William to be brought up under Walsingham at the Queen's Court, with a letter from Malbie, who described William as Sir Johiis only legitimate son. Sir James Fitz^NIaurice landed at Smerwick on the 18th July, and wrote to Justin MacDonnell and to Randall MacColla MacDonnell, asking them to come with as many gallowglasses as they can get. In August Connaught supplied 600 English and Irish well furnished, and had 1000 more ready to come with MacWilliam. Even in September Malbie was able to report that none in Connaught would promise anything to Sir James. When the Earl of Desmond re- belled he also sought help, but got none except from Richard an larainn, whose rising made Malbie return from Munster. His relation of his proceedings is here abstracted, or given in inverted commas, as it is one of the very few detailed accounts v/e have of the work of suppressing a petty rising. Richard had very little help except from the weak clans of the mountuiny country and the Clandonnells. The Earl of Desmond souglit to raise up trouljlc in Connaught, and he and Dr. Sandars wrote to MacWilliam and to Lord Clanricard's sons, to Richard an larainn, next in authority to jMacWilliam, to Clandonnells and .MacSwynes, urging them to join the rel)ellion for 188 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. sake of church and country. None would join, and some even sent Malbie the letters, except Richard an larainn, who trusted to the strength of his remote country in the north-west " environed with woods, bogs, and mountains, where (to any man's memory) no English Governor hath been at any time, and encouraged the Clandonnells to give the English occupation. These Clandonnells were accounted always an invincible people, and the most strongest sept of Galloglas in Ireland, and the only men of force in Connaught. Richard In Yeren, having thus won the Clandonnells, joined unto him also the O'Mayles, Clangibbons, Ulick Bourke's sept, and certain of the O'Flaherties, whereby he thought himself very strong." Richard failed to hire Scots from the Isles, but got 100 bows from Ulster. He took his forces first into O'Kelly's and Lord Athenry's countries, and then with 1000 men plundered Moylurg. Malbie, having returned from Munster, arranged with O'Conor Sligo and O'Rourk that they should prevent Scots from landing or coming from Ulster, and should turn them out of their countries. He did not call up the rising out, but relied on the two bands of foot who were in the province, and on 100 horsemen and 400 foot, English of the Pale and others who had served before, who were to have their pay and expenses from the countries of the rebels. After a delay of three weeks, caused by his being called to Dublin, he started from Athlone on the 6th February 1580, and went to Athenry, whence he sent on the captains of his forces to take Richard's plunder before his arrival. The Arch- bishop of Tuam and Lord Athenry met him at Shrule on the 11th, and accompanied him the rest of the way. On the 12th he marched to Liskillen, where Thomas Roe Bourke and Justin MacDonnell, two of Richard's chief confedei-ates, came without protection and sub- mitted. On the same day a party of his men entered MacDonnell's country, and brought two hundred cows to camp. "The 13th I moved from Liskillen to MacDonnell's castle called Clooneen ; I caused the castle to be sapped by masons which I brought for that purpose, and, the castle being ready to be over- thrown, MacDonnell's friends entreated that he might be received to favour, and at their request I was content to speak with him, after which conference the said MacDonnell delivered one of his sons to my hands as a pledge for his good behaviour and observation of the peace for himself and his sept, and for satisfying all former hurts and spoils by him and his men committed upon all or any of Her Majesty's subjects, and to I'estore unto them by my order, all such goods and cattle as they took from them, whereby all the galloglass of the Clan- donnells were plucked from Richard an larainn. After this conclusion I I'ested the next day, being the 14th February, at MacDonnell's castle. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 189 "The 15th I removed to the fields near Balliiitubber, where MacWilliaiu and his men, with the chief gentlemen of the country, came to me and joined their forces with my company. "This day the forces which I have entertained took the strong castle of Donamona from Shane McHubert, called Parson of the same, chief counsellor to Richard an larainn, and put the ward, both men, w^omen, and children, to the sword, whereupon all the other castles in the enemy's country were given up without any resistance. "The 16th I removed to Ballyknock, whither Grainne ni Maille and certain of her kinsmen came to me. "The 17th I removed to Burrishoole, an abbey standing very pleasant upon a river side, within three miles from the sea, where a ship of five hundred tons may lie at anchor at low water. It hath a goodly and large lough on the upper part of the river, full of great timber, grey marble, and many other commodities of all sides, not without great store of good ground, both arable land and pasture. Specially it hath a very plentiful iron mine and abundance of wood every way. Towards the sea coast there lieth many fair islands, rich and plentiful of all commodities ; there cometh hither every year likely about fifty English ships for fishing ; they have been before this time compelled to pay a great tribute to the O'Malleys, which I have forbidden hereafter till Her Majesty's pleasure be known. It is accounted one of the best fishing places in Ireland for salmon, herring, and all kinds of sea fish. " Kichard an larainn, considering that the Clandonnells forsook him, and that he was narrowly persecuted by me and my companions on all parts of the country, not being able to keep the field nor make any other resistance, abandoned the country, and fled into the islands with his Scots and some gentlemen of his retinue. "This day I took order that the abbey of jjurrishoole aforesaid should be fortified and strengthened, and that all the castles of the country .standing upon straits, should be warded and kept for Her Majesty, and that a captain witli one hundred men should lie in garrison at Burrishoole Abbey, and all this to be done without any charge to Her Majesty. MacWilliam also, and his brother Richard MacOliverus Bourke and the chief gentlemen of the country, having considered the great benefit and commodity which might grow to the whole country if a walled town were built and erected at Burris, made humble request unto me to be a mean for them to Her Majesty for the building of a town there, as by their petition exhibited unto me doth appear, and ]Mac William not only promised that his country should conti-ibute to the same, but also made gift to Her Highness of seventeen quarters of land joining to it. I promised to move the matter, and would take no knowledge upon me that I had any order 190 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. for it before from Her Majesty, because I would have it come of themselves. "The 18th Eichard an larainn sent unto me to receive him to favour, and that he would put in his pledge and abide my order in all things, whereupon I appointed the Baron of Athenry bo go and speak with him, who found him very reasonable, and both sorry for what he hath done, and willing to make the best amends he could, so as upon his report I was content he should come and speak with me, but the wind blew so great as in six days he could not come out of the islands, during which time he sustained great misery by hunger and cold, whereby one hundred of his people were dead and starved within the islands. " This day the force which I entertained took a great prey out of the Owles from the O'Malleys and Clangibbons, w^hereupon they came to me immediately and submitted themselves. The 19th I sent a number of men to the isles of Achill for boats to set upon the islands, but the tempest was so great as they could do nothing. "And for that Richard an larainn's chief confederates forsook him, and were at my commandment, and that he himself was to come to me, I thought good to return home, leaving a sufficient force in the country to withstand all attempts. I left order with the captain of Bvirris to take and receive Richard's pledge in my absence, being provoked the rather to return, for that the Lord Justice commanded me to . . . met him there [Limerick] about the beginning of March. "And so leaving the country in meetly good, quiet, and having thoroughly suppressed the said rebellion, I departed Burrishoole the 20th of February and came homeward. This day the storm and tempest was so great, and the snow fallen in such abundance, as scarce any soldier could travel, the vehemence whereof drew swine, sheep, lambs, and other small cattle from the woods to the camp for succour against the weather, which greatly refreshed us, being in some want of victuals a day or two before." ^ Malbie reached Galway on the 24th, rested two days, and sent by sea provision for the garrison of Burris. On the 18th March, being at Quin on his return from Limerick, he received from the captain of Burris Richard's letter of submission and a leport that Richard and his chief confederates had given their best pledges. This affair was at an end as far as Mayo was concerned. In June Malbie repoi'ted that MacCostello had given Mr. Theobald Dillon Castlemore and a great portion of land, with the consent of his clan, as a free gift to induce him to settle among them, and on account of the ancient common descent of the Dillons and MacCos- tellos. The real object was to secure the help of an Englishman, who 1 S.P.I.E., vol. LXXII., No. 39. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 191 would bring others in and strengthen the clan. Though Dillon by degrees acquired more land until he got a great p;irt of the barony into his hands, they did, I. think, gain strength by his presence and his followers. MacWilliam had now made up his mind to go to England to do his duty to the queen. But he never went. When O'Rourk rebelled at the end of August, Walter Fada's sons joined O'Conor Roe and some O'Kellys in an attack on MacDavid's country, which was repelled. Otherwise the Mayo men kept the peace. Sir John Bourke died at the end of Xovember. He seems to have deserved the character given by the " Four Masters " — " A munificent and very affluent man, who preferred peace to the most successful war, and who always sided with the sovereign," save that he did not always, but nearly always, side with the sovereign. Richard an larainn was Tanist, but Sir John's brother Richard disputed the succession, as he had formerly disputed the Tanistship. The former took up arms, and engaged Scots and made preparations to defend his rights against the queen if necessary. Matters came to a head in February, when Malbie arranged to deal with the affair. A long report from Sir N. Malbie gives the particulars of the expedi- tion. As a good account of such an expedition, and the dealings with the chieftains, and the operations of war, the following abstract, with parts in full, is given. The Earl of Clanricard's sons confederated with Richard an larainn. John Burke arranged the Hill of Doonlaur, three miles from Shrule, as a general meeting -place for all the allies, on the 1st March. Malbie set out from Athlone, and encamped one mile from Doonlaur on the appointed day, occupying certain fords to keep the earl's sons from joining. Richard and his forces were six miles off. Scouts sent to ascertain the site of Richard's camp were seen by Richard's men. 1 now continue the abstract in the first person, as Malbie wrote. " Richard's Scots thought he ami the Clandonnells had betrayed them to me as I bad come so near unknown to them. They retired to a fastness in Clanmorris. The Clandonnells and Richard's men thought the earl's sons had betrayed them. They all scattered to shift their cattle and goods away from me. " The 2nd !March 1 went forwaid to canqi in Richaid's country to spoil it. By the way Richard Og, son of hite MacWilliam, came to me to beg me to spare Richard's country until Richard should come to me, and asked a safe-conduct in writing for Richard, which 1 gave. Next morning Richard Og came again, saying Ricliard Jnyren re- quired to have Captain Brabazon sent to him as a pledge for his safe 19:2 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. return. I told him I would first see Richard hanged before I would do that dishonour to Her Majesty, and that if he did once utter any word again in any such matter, he should have no peace at my hands, but all extremity with fire and sword, and that also if he did not assure me before that night of his coming to me, I would begin the next morning with the town ^ I then lay in, which was Marcus Mac- Ynabbe's town. Chief of the Clandonnells. He departed in haste, and that evening returned to me bringing with him Feris - Mac- Donnell, chief son to the late MacDonnell, who declared unto me that Mac\Villiam had sent them to assure me that he would come to me in the morning and would submit himself to my pleasure. I told them there was no MacWilliam, nor none should be but through Her Majesty's assignment and authority, and if they had anything to say from Richard Inyren I was ready to give them audience. " They renounced that title, and proceeded in Richard's name. They asked that Captain Brabazon and some other gentlemen of the camp be sent to conduct Richard to the camp, for fear of the soldiers, which I did. He came in great fear. I reassured him, and required the causes of his raising war, levying forces, and paying Scots. He answered that, when MacWilliam died and the Lordship of right descended to him, sundry friends, and especially the earl's sons, informed him that I intended to set up his enemy Richard Mac- Oliverus. I told him he should have ascertained my intentions before making war, and that I was no enemy to him, but my duty was to uphold every man in his right, &c. " He said he really had hoped for mercy, and intended to submit. I said he must deserve it by service to Her Majesty. He said he would do anything in his power. I said, expel the Scots. He asked my help, which I promised. " He sent to ascei^tain their camp, which was in a fastness vmder a high mountain.^ Next morning I sent on about one hundred horse- men to discover their camp, and followed with the foot and Captain Brabazon's horsemen. The Scots skirmished with the horse until I came up, and then fled to the woods. We killed nine or ten. " Richard Inyren's son joined us from a lake in the neighbourhood. He was given some men, who drove the Scots through the wood as there were six miles of plain on the other side. I and the rest passed over the high mountains.^ When the Scots were passing the plain we kept them in sight, but lost ground, having to go round bogs which they crossed. At last we came up with them at the Moy, where 1 Probably Moelle Castle at HoUymount House, occupied by Marcus in 1574. 2 Feragh (?). ^ Probably on the west side of Slieve Carna. * Either Slieve Carna or Knockspellagadaun. FORMATION OV COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 193 they had sent ovei- a ford, up to the chin, their baggage and half their men of war. 1 was first up by goodness of my horse, and with twenty men charged them, but by their shot and arrows they beat us back, and got over the ford and over a piece of hard ground an arrowshot wide, to a great bog which they sought as their phice of safety. " As they left the river we entered the ford, and they came back and we retired, and they fired some arrows and shot. And then, espying MacWilliam, they railed upon him and danced up and down, which was the thing I desired to continue vintil the loose footmen might come in. This occurred twice. Then they seemed to under- stand what I meant, and made off into the bog and thence to the great wood before my foot came up. They abandoned many sculls and bows, which my men picked up in following them. " The Scots thereafter marched clean out of the province. They were about 600 men — 180 horsemen, 180 targets, 100 long swords, the rest were darts, shot, and gallowglass axes, all as well appointed men as ever I saw for their faculty. " I retired myself to the Abbey of Strade, which was about two miles. Here abundant supplies of food came in from the country. " Next morning, I not expecting it, Richard Inyren himself came to me, and fell on his knees, most humbly beseeching the queen's pardon, and presenting his submission and petition in writing. I lectured him well on his duty, said the queen desired to give mercy to penitents, and told him to rise MacWilliam, declaring the queen sought 6nly to maintain them in their rights, &c, " I wrote to Richard MacOliverus to come, who came on the 7th without protection or any word from me, for he is a very honest gentleman. " The two Richards began quarrelling at once. Richai-d Mac- Oliverus called Richard Inyren a traitor. Richard Inyren said Richard MacOliverus lied. I ordered them both to be silent. They then argued their causes fairly. After dinner I saw Richard Mac- Oliverus alone, who produced a letter of Sir H. Sidney promising him support, but it contained the clause Quousque. I explained to him that the right lay with MacWilliam, and must be supported by the queen, and he submitted to my judgment, and asked me to do what I could to save his credit. After consultation with Lord Bermingham and Teige MacWilliam O'Kelly, who were assistants with me in com- mission, and MacDavy and Richard Burke of Derrymaclaughney, who came on this service, Richard MacOliverus said he would fully acknowledge MacWilliam, if he as next senior were given the .£40 chief rent due to MacWilliam out of Tirawley. "MacWilliam flatly refused to give more than £20, whicli Richard N 194 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. MacOliverus flatly refused. Then I arranged that I would give MacWilliam £20 of the queen's rent, and that he should give the £40 of. himself to Richard, keeping my £20 secret. This was greatly approved by MacWilliam and my advisers, and accepted. So the two were made friends. Richard begged to be made sheriff. With Mac William's consent I made him. Richard is now very well contented. " While seeking peace, during my absence the earl's son Ulick took O'Madden's Longford castle. So I hanged his pledge. "MacWilliam i-aised 1200 gallowglasses, and had complete 800. Agreed to pay for 700 Scots, and had complete 600. Loose Kerne 300. Horsemen 20. The earl's sons and O'Briens reckoned 800 foot, 80 horse. I had not above 460 foot and 80 kerne, and between 160 and 180 horse. " I required of MacWilliam as a fine for his nomination for Her Majesty 100 marks or 100 cows. He was very much pleased, and, though I refused at first, insisted on giving me 100 marks for myself, as he knew I was at charges for this journey. He kept one of my men to bring the money, whom I ordered to leave with him the £20 for Richard MacOliverus out of it. " The charge per annum on Mac William's country for the Scots he engaged was at the rate of £16,800. They had to fly without pay." ^ MacWilliam entered into a formal engagement on the 7th March at the Togher to banish Scots and rebels, and to pay the 100 marks before the 12th April. He made a good bargain, securing the suc- cession at a low price, and getting rid of his Scots without payment. Richai-d an larainn was knighted in September. About April or May 1582 a fresh disturbance arose, which Malbie desci-ibes in a letter from Dublin on the 28th May.^ " Connaught is well, saving lately that MacWilliam sending his officers with some of my horsemen to Richard MacOliverus, brother to the last MacWilliam, deceased, and to the sons of the said MacWilliam, to receive Her Majesty's rents in arrear, which was delivered unto them by the country for Her Majesty, the said Richard MacOliverus and his nephews quarrelled with the oflScers and slew some of them and three of my hoi'semen. Whereupon MacWilliam, taking the matter in grief, entered then- country and slew a son of Richard MacOliverus, and a son of Edmond Bourke of Castlebar, and twenty more ; certifying Captain Brabazon, that if he thought that not revenge enough, he would prosecute them more ; upon which revenge Richard MacOliverus and his nephews put themselves in arms against Her Majesty. MacWilliam sent to Captain Brabazon to draw down towards him with his forces, who, calling the chief 1 S.P.I.E., vol. LXXXI. No. 42, i. * g.P.LE., vol. XCII. No. 89. FORMATION OF COUNTY TO DEATH OF MALBIE. 195 gentlemen of the province to him, was also advised by them to make head against the others in time ; and so most willingly of themselves, with their forces, accompanied him." Captain Brabazon had 100 English foot, and 60 horse, and about 800 others, "all gentlemen of the country and their rising out." " It is given out that the evil dealing with the country people i.s the cause of their revolt ; but I have used this llichard MacOliverus and his nephews in better sort than any. It is written to me that they are very well chastised already." Walter Kittagh Bourke, Sir John's eldest son, had come in and submitted, and Brabazon had garrisoned the castles of Ardnarea and Meelick. Richard MacOliverus went to O'Donnell to get Scots. He failed, and returned in June. An entry in the Annals of Loch Ce relates to this affair, and shows how it was regarded by the Irish Annalists. It seems as if Walter Fada's sons had invaded Tirawley on their own account. I take it that they were acting with Mac William, and that this is a note of a skirmish between their forces and those of a party of rebels. " The sons of Walter Fada went on an expedition into Tir-Amhalghaidh, and committed a depredation. The young men of the posterity of Rickard Burk overtook them in pursuit, and set upon them. The sons of Walter Fada turned against them, and the pursuers were louted by superior numbers at Mam-an-ghair, in Glenn-dubh, on the southern side of Neimhfin. Rickard, son of Edmond, son of UHck of Caislen-an-Bharraigh, was killed there ; and Edmond Allta, the son of Richard, son of Oliver, was also killed there. Ambrose, son of David Ban, and Oliver, son of John, son of David Ban, and a good many of their followers along with them, were severely wounded there." Sir N. Malbie was rebuked when he was in England for having spent too much money. Therefore when the invasion in the summer led to a serious wasting of the country and increase of rebels, he from the MacTibbot family. His name seems to be Irish, but he w^as a settler. William Bowen was an Englishman from Leinster, and Christopher Garvey of Lehinch was an Irishman of the Pale, a son of the Bishop of Kilmore. They acquired two castles from the Bourkes. Walter ne MuUy complained in 1589 that he had been wrongfully dis- possessed of two castles. Sir R. Bingham explained that these men were in po-ssession after trial in due course of law. In the conditions under which Walter Bourke was brought up, Bowen and Garvey, men of no local position, could not have brought the queen's power to bear to secure their rights. They would have been obliged to arrange their claim with him. Merchants of Galway were now acquiring interests in land by sale and mortgage. Such settlement shows that there was a fair degree of security in the county, at least after 157G, which enabled strangers to settle in the county and invest their money with reasonable safety for their property and persons. Before 1570 this would have been impossible. The new position of MacWilliam is shown by the incident noted by John Browne, that while he was sheriff he took both MacWilliam and his Tanist, Edmund Bourke of Castlebar, prisoners on account of the disordei-ly conduct of themselves and their sons, and held them until they delivered to him their sons as pledges to the queen. CHAPTER XXV. FROM THE COMING OF THE SPANISH ARMADA TO THE FEACE OF 1589. Sir R. Bingham resumed the government of Connaught in the spring of 1588, and arrived at Athlone in the beginning of May. He collected the composition rents then due without delay, foreseeing trouble if the Spaniards came to the coasts of Ireland. The Government issued a proclamation ordering all men to bring in such Spaniards as fell into their hands and to give immediate notice of their arrival to the queen's officers, and warning them of the penalties for disobedience. Indeed, no proclamation was needed to tell men that keeping or helping these Spaniards was in itself an act of rebellion and warfare, as the Armada came to invade her dominions and to drive her from the throne. The ships arrived on the coast during September. The proclama- tion was obeyed generally in Connaught ; but whether it was obeyed or not, the country people did not offer a kindly hospitality to ship- wrecked mariners. Some got ashore with their arms in sufficient numbers to protect themselves, and escaped in other ships. The rest were taken prisoners and given up, or killed if they did not surrender themselves, or else were robbed and killed or left naked. A few were kept for use as fighting slaves. A savage Irish chief- tain thought some of the famous Spanish soldiers a great addition to his power. They must fight for their lives, as capture was certain death. When Sir Murrough O'Flaherty made a raid into Galway and Mayo in the next March, he was said to set great store on about twenty Spaniards. Sir R. Bingham reported in December that the Spaniards were known to have lost on the coast of Connaught twelve ships, that two or three more were supposed to have sunk at sea beyond the Out Isles, that 1100 men were put to the sword, only Don Lewis de Cordova and his nephew being reserved for the queen's orders, and that 4600 were supposed to have been drowned. This wholesale slaughter was repugnant to his feelings, but when he ventured to reserve fifty for the Lord Deputy's disposal he was ordered to execute all. Sir G. Fenton's final estimate shows the losses in Mayo: "Ships FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 221 and men, sunk, drowned, killed, and taken upon this coast of Ireland in the month of September 1588, as followeth : ... in Tirawley, one ship, 400 men ; in Clare Island, one ship, 300 men ; in Fynglasse, O'Malley's country, one ship, 400 men ; in Erris, two ships, none lost, because the men were taken into other vessels, but the vessels and ordnance remained." From contemporary letters the following details are taken regarding these ships. The eailiest report is that a ship of 1000 tons, having fifty brass pieces and four great cannons, was cast away at Borris ; sixteen who escaped were secured by the Earl of Ormond's tenants. This seems to be the ship noted by Sir G. Fenton as wrecked at Fynglasse. The description given in the letter may be erroneous, as the letter was not written by one who had direct information, and the mention of Borris and Lord Ormond's tenants is most likely a rendering of the fact that O'Malleys captured the men. Some of the O'Malleys were Lord Ormond's tenants. If so, the cannon which now lies at Westport House may have been hers, as it is said to have been recovered from the sands on the coast to the south of Carrownisky river. A large ship was wrecked in Ballycroy. About 600 men under Don Alonso de Leyva fortified themselves in the castle, but afterwards joined othei'S at Tiraun. A large ship was wrecked at Tiraun. The crew and the Ballycroy party were taken off by other ships. A ship was wrecked in Tirawley. William Bourke of Ardnai-ea took seventy-two prisoners, and Melaghlin Mac an Ab vv'as reported to have killed eighty Spaniards with his Gallowglass axe. A ship commanded by Don Pedro de Mendosa was wrecked on Clare Island. Don Pedro refused to surrender. Doodara O'Malley .slew him and 100 men. The wrecked ships were utterly broken up and their guns lost. The country people took the treasure and valuables that could be got. Giovanni Avancini and fourteen Italians, being ill-used by the Spaniards, deserted from them, apparently from those who were in Ballycroy. On receipt of report that Don Alonso de Leyva and his men were fortifying themselves in the castle of Ballycroy, probably Doona, Sir R. Bingham went forward with the small force he had at hand. At Castlemiacgarrett he met the report that they and the Spaniards at Tiraun had embarked again, but he went on to Donamona Castle, as it was reported that 500 others had landed at Broadhaven. Here Justin MacDonnell, one of the leading men of the Clan Donnell, was arrested, tried by martial law, and hanged for treason in having 222 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. conspired with Richard Bourke, the Devil's Hook's son, to bring Don Alonso and his men inUxnd, having sent guides, having forbidden the country people to supply food for the queen's forces, and in having incited people to collect in order to force Sir Richard to retire, he having but a small force with him. This execution was afterwards made a charge against Sir Richard, but the Government w^as satisfied that the proceedings were regular and the conviction justified. At this time William Bourke, the Blind Abbot, was arrested and kept in prison for about fourteen weeks, and then released on the pledge of his son for his good behaviour. At the end of September all were quiet but the Devil's Hook, Sir Murrough O'Flaherty, and O'Rourk, who refused to give up their Spaniards. The person meant by the term " the Devil's Hook " at this time was Richard Bourke, the Devil's Hook's son. The Devil's Hook himself was dead, 1 believe, though I have not been able to ascertain the'date of his death. The English in Connaught seem to have used the terms indifferently. No open acts of rebellion had been committed in Mayo except the combination of Richard Bourke and Justin MacDonnell to bring the Spaniards in from Erris. But the septs of the Owles where R. Bourke was chief showed disaffection. Mr. Gerald Comerford, who had been sent there on special duty and had been ordered to join Captain George Bingham, wrote on the 19th September to Sir R. Bingham, who was then in Mayo, that he could not leave Carrick Kenedy with his small force, as the Clanrannells, a sept of the MacDonnells living near Kewport, and other septs were out and were lying in wait in his road, and asked for a company, which Sir Richard sent, to bring him away. When the Lord Deputy FitzWilliam came to Athlone to attack O'Rourk and the Ulstermen, who had a large number of Spaniards, he called up the rising out of Connaught. Only those of Kilmaine, Clanmorris, and Costello came from Mayo. Upon the representation of Sir R. Bingham and Mr. John Browne, the sheriff, of the danger of withdrawing these loyal men in face of the evident combination of the Bourkes and Joys and Clandonnells, they were sent away, and Browne was left to protect the loyalists until Sir Richard's return from Ulster, where he was to go with the Lord Deputy. During the next two months things went worse. Richard Bourke and Sir M. O'Flaherty were open rebels by their retaining Spaniards. It was certain that they would be dealt with as soon as Sir R. Bingham returned, and it was their interest to raise disturbances and gain support. These proceedings are described by Mr. Thos. Nolan of the Creevagh, who had been settled in Mayo for some years and FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEA.CE OF 1589. 223 should have been well informed, in a letter dated 19th March 1589.^ After mentioning releases and exchanges of hostages made by John ]3rowne : — " Walter ne Mully had continual access in the night time for ten days together to Sir Murrough ne Doe, and then all the plot of this rebellion was laid down, and they combined together. About that time Walter Burke in the night time killed one William Keaghe, servant unto Mr. Browne, yet Mr. Browne procured for Walter a pro- tection for the committing of that fact. About a fortnight after Walter's brother, Shane Burke, murdered two honest men of the English pale near Ballinrobe. Then Sir Murrough ne Doe held con- ference with all the O'Flaherties, and joined them all to him except one Roger O'Flaherty. After that he had a conference with the Devil's Hook, the Joys, and the sept of Ulick Burke, and Walter ne Molley at Tnishmeane, MacTibbott's house, and in the Partree, and there all the combination was agreed upon, and since Walter Burke and the rest were upon their keeping, Walter did transport the most part of his corn into the Joys' country a month before Christmas. The Devil's Hook, the Blind Abbot's sons, and the rest gathered 80 or 100 men together, and took meat and drink where they listed. They came one night to Darby Moran's, a soldier's house at Ballin- tubber, commanding his wife to make them good cheer, and said that if she had welcomed and cheered them willingly and the best she could, she would have no thanks for her cost and goodwill. They came about that time to Nic. Lawleis, an honest civil man's house near Mayo, in an evening drank and spoiled six barrels of drink, Avasted other victuals, and put the poor man in danger of his life. The next day they came to Allen M'Donnell's house near Lehinch in that number, and cessed themselves in the villages thereabouts. Immediately after, they came up as far as the river of Clongowla or Ballinrobe, cessed themselves upon the Rochfords, Malods, and Clannevallies,- and going thus in troops to the terror of the subjects. Mr. Browne did write unto your worship of their insolencies. This rebellion is no sudden act, but a matter long agreed on." This shows what the people had to endure when the law had not a strong arm present to protect them, a sample of what happened in othei' places. By such actions, and by keeping Spaniard.s, Richard Bourke and his associates had broken the protections given to them in re- spect of past offences. When the Lord Deputy passed through Connaught, he was informed that they were in action of rebellion and must be prosecuted. But nothing could be done then, as all forces in hand were needed for the march into Ulster. 1 S.P.I.E., CXLHI. 12, ii. - Clann An Fhailgbaigh l—i.c. MacAnally.*. 224 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. After Sir Richard's return a commission to prosecute them was given to Captain Mordant. When he reached Dunmore his company refused to go on, because they had not been paid or satisfied for their services with the Lord Deputy's army. This occurred in the middle of December. Sir Richard now arranged to deal with them by means of local levies. Upon reports of further disorders early in Janviary 1589, instructions were given to the sheriff, Mr. John Browne, and to others to prepare to levy soldiers and to prosecute these Bourkes, and a formal com- mission to do so was made out for him on the 13th January. Those in actual rebellion up to this time were Richard and Ricard, sons of the Blind Abbot ; Theobald, Walter, and John, sons of Richard an larainn ; the sons of Walter Fada ; the sept of Ulick Bourke of Erris, and the Devil's Hook's son ; the Carra Bourkes generally, and those of Cloonagashell ; the Joys, and some Clandonnells, Clangibbons, and O'Flaherties. When the-issue of this commission was made a ground of complaint against Sir Richard he justified it in all points at the trial. He admitted that such a commission was usually signed also by one of his assistants. But immediate action was necessary in this case, and no English Councillor was resident in Connaught at the time except Justice Dillon, who lay sick in his house. No Irish Coun- cillors were at hand, and he pointed out that the queen had warned the Lord Deputy not to impart such secret purposes to Irish Coun- cillors. A similar commission had been issued to Captain Mordant. His commission for martial affairs empowered him to act alone in such matters. This defence was accepted by the Government. The want of signa- ture of another Councillor seems to have been the only exception that could be taken to it, and that was a matter of custom, not of law. These men had been open rebels for months, and an earlier attempt to prosecute them had failed. Mr. Browne reached Rockfleet Castle, with from 200 to 300 men, on the 7th February, if his death has been correctly assigned to the 8th. Richai'd Bourke had met him and objected to Browne entering his country. Browne sent most of his force on towards Erris next morning under John Gilson, William Browne, and Christopher Garvey, following them with about twenty-five men. When about ten miles from the main body, he was attacked by the forces under Richard Bourke and Walter ne Mully, who killed him and all his men, among them Donnell O'Daly, his sub-sheriff, and Redmond Burke of Benmore in Galway. As the main body came back safely, this was but a petty success for the Boui"kes, if only the numbers killed be considered ; but it was a FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 225 very important event in other respects, and marked a stage in the course of the rebellion. Hitherto the rebels might be described as unaggressive. They armed themselves against the queen, and set the law at defiance by going about in bands living on the country, and robbing loyal or peaceable men who were not strong enough to resist ; but they kept within their tribal boundaries and did not attack the queen's officers, who were able to live in their own castles, but were not strong enough to disperse these bands. They ignored all law and the queen's authority. They were now joined by the Blind Abbot, the Bourkes of Turloiigh, Thomas Bourke of Island Caca, the MacPhilpins, the Stauntons, the people of Gallen, many Clandonnells, the rest of the Clangibbons, and by Sir M. O'Flaherty. The rebellion was no more formidalile than that of 1586, and might have been crushed as easily if Con- naught had not been denuded of drilled soldiers. It was impossible to deal with rebels with only the country forces, and reinforcements did not come for six weeks. As action by the governor did not follow immediately, this small success seemed a great one to the wild tribes, and the rebels increased in numbers so that in March they were reported in Galway to be 2000, but according to Sir R. Bingham, they were never more than 700 in arms, which is probably the correct number of Mayo rebels under arms at any one time. Early in the month they had taken Tiraun and assaulted Castlecarra, which Captain Wm. Bowen, now the sheriff, had bought in 1586. During this period Nolan and Garvey remained in their castles, and Gerald Comerford, the Attorney of Connaught, was able to move about with a small escort, as we find him at Nolan's castle on the 15th March, and at a castle near Canvas on the day of the battle of Carras. In March the rebels entered on active operations against the queen on a larger scale. It was said that the Bourkes promised the following terms to Sir M. O'Flaherty as the price of his services — £300 for his son Edmond, whom he had given as a pledge, £300 for breaking down his castle of Aughnanure, £300 to keep a bodyguard. He broke down the castle, and his son was hanged at the end of the month. The report shows that such an arrangement was thought reasonable and probable. Early in March he crossed Lough Corrib with 500 to GOO men, and joined the Mayo rebels. In the course of the month they plundered the baronies of Clare and Kilmaine and Clanmorris. As William Bourke of Shrule, the senior of the Sliocht Walter, is mentioned as having been plundered, it seems that he and his sept generally were opposed to rebellion, and not merely indifferent. The rebels P 226 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. had twenty Spaniards, who, it is said, could not endure the hard- ships of Irish life. Bowen and Comerford had a conference on the 18th March with William Bourke, Sir Murrough, and the rest. William Bourke attri- buted the rising to the hard and extreme dealings of Mr. J. Browne of the Neale, and other inferior officers. They said that if William Bourke was created and made Mac William as others before him, and the benefit of the composition allowed them, they would make peace. Comerford said that the name was extinguished, and never to be revived. They refused to agree to any kind of peace or truce unless William Bourke was made MacWilliam, which the other side could not agree to. Sir Morough stayed with a few men at Keltyprichane in Kilmaine, and sent the rest under his sonTeige to plunder the baronies of Clare and Dunmore, where they burnt sixteen towns, and gathered 3000 head of cattle and horses. In the meantime soldiers had reached the governor, who sent two companies forward under Capt. Weekes and Lieut. Francis Bingham, who met on Thursday, and were in camp near Milltown on the morn- ing of Easter Saturday, March 28. The story of the battle is best told in the words of those who won it.^ Edward Bermingham, who was living in Milltown Castle, was an English gentlemen from the Pale and had been Sheriff of Mayo for a time. He writes at Athlone on the 31st March : — " So it is that on Saturday last in the morning Teig O'Flaherty, eldest son of Sir Morough ne Doe, accompanied by three of his brethren and 500 more, came to the borders where I dwell, and there did burn and prey 16 towns. Whereof the said Teig accompanied with some 100 came to my town, and there did assault my castle valiantly. I being well provided did put them from that purpose to their great loss, for I did kill two of his gentlemen at the castle door, and had four of his men hurt and buried. He burned half the town, and all my corn, and carried my prey with him. Two bands of soldiers being eastward of me six miles I did send unto desiring that they might make with my guide where I should meet them, and the passage where the rebels should pass. The captains, by name Capt. Weekes and Lieut. Bingham, making no delay issued out, and I certifying in their journey where to come and the brave service at hand, made their repair to the place appointed by me, which was from thence they came 10 miles. I having the enemies in sight till I met the soldiers, when I brought them face to face at the gate of the Carre in the barony of Kyllmaynham in the County of Mayo, where the enemy did prepare them in battle array and come against us. 1 S.PJ.E., CXLIII. No. 12 ; vL, vii., viii. FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 227 The soldiers not neglecting their time went against them ; there was a volley of shot on both sides. They came to the push of the pike with great courage, when the said Teig O'Flaherty was slain with eight of his company. Then they were disordered, and I with six horsemen of mine and eight footmen, being beside our battle as a wing ready to charge upon the breach, did charge, when I struck their guidon under his morion with my staff and ran him through in the face of the battle. I followed another and had him down, and so did my horsemen kill 5 more at that charge. We had not six score of ground to deal with them when they recovered a main bog. Three of my horsemen and eight footmen did kill of them in the bog 16. Her Majesty's Attorney in that province (Mr. Comerford), under- standing of their disordering, issued forth when he met of them and did slay 16. Divers others in their flight did kill of them, so that I account there is slain of them 80 and upwards. The Attorney and I brought the head of Teig O'Flaherty to Sir Richard yester night who was w'onderful glad, for this Teig was the stoutest man in this pro- vince and could do most. I have recovered all my losses by this means." On the 1st April he writes, that all the Clandonnells save two have gone with the rebels, and have of late made -400 gallowglass axes. " I was troubled with certain of my friends in my castle upon the assault, by name my sister Marie Hussey, my wife, and four gentlewomen more of the Pale, who wished themselves in their graves." Francis Bingham Avrote from Tuam on the 30th : " We overtook them at Castle Annacare, where they had gathered the prey of 13 towns, who seeing us come marching, displayed two guidons at the first, and when they saw both our colours displayed they displayed six more, and then retired into a piece of ground of advantage, and put a hedge of bushes between us and them, and presently joined battle with us, and gave a marvellous hard attempt at the first, so when their attempt was withstood they broke so that there and in the chase we had the killing of 100 and odd." That night two prisoners were got and put to the sword, and next day being Easter Sunday, four men weie found wounded in a house and executed, and eleven were got in Tibbot Boy's castle, whereof ten were executed. "There was gotten of their furniture 63 pieces, besides other furnitures, as morions, swords, sculls and targets, and four guidons." They camped that night at Clogher (Cloghans?), and thence went to Tuam to get meat. Uivm and Teig Og, two other sons of Sii- Morough, were among the slain. Comeifonl was in a castle two miles from the battlefield, and sallied forth on the fugitives with six shot, seven footmen, and four horsemen, and killed twenty- four, accordintr to his letter dated L'9th M:irch at Turin Castle. 228 THE EAELY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. At this juncture, when the O'Flahertys had suffered disaster, and the Bourkes could have been crushed easily, the Lord Deputy inter- vened, ordering Sir R. Bingham to refrain from prosecuting the rebels, and to withdraw all forces from Mayo, in order not to hinder a pacification. He appointed the Bishops of Meath and Kilmore, Su' Robert Dillon, Chief Justice, Sir Nicholas White, Master of the Rolls, Sir Thomas Le Strange, and Sir R. Bingham as commissioners to treat for peace. He handed over the loyal and law abiding part of the people, who were the bulk of the people of Mayo, to the will of the rebels for six weeks. O'Rourk had been encouraged by the previous inaction to send a party to plunder in the County Sligo, who were defeated and driven away by Sir G. Bingham.. Rebellion had not spread further. The Lord Deputy's action encouraged others to join, and to plunder quiet districts, so that the rest of the county of ^layo were forced as condi- tions grew worse to join the rebels, at least nominally, for their own safety. Of these commissioners the Bishop of Meath and Sir R. Dillon were bitter, open enemies of Sir Richard, because he had exposed their corruption in the case of O'Conor Sligo a year before. Captain Merbury, who had been employed in Connaught, has left notes on some of the principal men of Mayo who were concerned in the rebellions and negotiations of this year.^ "Sir Murrough ne Doe is reckoned about seventy-five years, the Devil's Hook ['s son], Ulick Burke, and Robert O'Malley nigh to sixty. Walter ne Mully is exceeding poor, but crafty-headed and bold. Walter Kittough is wise enough, but too weak to attain to the M'Williamship. . . . The Blind Abbot was never wise, steady, or honest. He doats for age ; is very beggarly overborne by his children. Edmund Burke of Cong, called M'Thomas Yvaughery, is a very handsome man ; always out for fear of the law for killing Ulick Burke of the Xeale, and if Cong be taken from him, which indeed did belong to Sir William Collyer, he will be very poor by and by. The many factions among themselves are enough to overthrow them." Walter ne Mully spoke English, and was on friendly terms with Francis Bingham. Gerald Comerford and Edward White knew Irish. The commissioners reached Athlone on the 11th April. IS'ext day the Bishop of Kilmore and Sir N. White and Captain Fowle, the Provost-marshal of Connaught, were sent to parley w4th the Mayo rebels. Edward White was with them at the parley. He was a relation of Sir Nicholas, and the bishop was father of Christopher 1 S.P.I.F. CXLVI. No. 21. FKOM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 2'29 Garvey, who had settled in ^layo. The other commissionex's went on to Galway, and sent a message to Sir M. O'Fhxlierty. By the l7th the Bishop of Kilmore's party had met the Bourkes, and had agreed with the Blind Abbot, Richard Bourke, and the others, for seven days' peace for themselves, but not for Walter ne Mully, who had gone with 120 swords towards Tireragh and Bally- mote to join O'Rourk, Sir Richard wished to send 200 men to cut him off, but the Bishop of Meath would not consent. The two commissioners came to Galway on the 19th, and reported the complaints and demands which the Bourkes had made. Sir Richard desired to send Fowle against the Clandermots, who had risen, but the commissioners desired to retain him. On the 21st Sir Richard asked the commissioners what he was to do about O'Rourk, who was plundering around Bally mote. They told him to report to the Lord Deputy. The negotiations were opened on the 23rd, when Ulick Bourke, Walter ne Mully, and Robert O'Malley came into Galway. They were told that they must bring in the Blind Abbot, Richard Bourke, Sir Morough, and Teig ne Mully O'Flaherty if they wanted peace, for whom protections were sent. Sending men of such small import- ance to meet the commissioners was treating them with contempt. On Friday, 25th April, the commissioners, except Sir Richard, met the leading rebels in conference at the New Castle near Galway, as they I'efused to enter the town. Sir Richard did not join in the conference, as the rebels made charges against him personally. The grievances and demands of the Bourkes and Sir Morough were again set out. The Bourkes declared that they would not have rebelled but for the commission to John Browne, that they had never done anything to break their protections, or done one groat of harm to any man until Browne and Gilson encountered them. Their other grievances were — oppression by sheriffs and other officers going about the country with more men than they were entitled to have with them, taking of their lands without order of law, hanging of gentlemen of land and living by martial law, especi- ally the two sons of Walter Fada and Justin MacDonnell, and tyranny and oppression by Sir Richard Bingham. Sir Morough's grievances were that the Isles of Anan and certain lands had been taken from him, and he said that he would not have rebelled but for Browne's commission. The liomkes offered peace on these conditions — That the 31ac- Williamship be restored, that no English officers be sent into MacWilliam's country, that Sir Richard be removed from the gover- norsliip, and that they should pay the composition rent. 230 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. The Loi'd Deputy's instructions to the commissioners, *' They shall have sheriffs, and shall not have a MacWilliam," rendered further discussion useless. But they had another conference at the New Castle on the 26th, when the commissioners proposed a peace for a month, and that Sir Morough, and the Blind Abbot, and Ulick Bourke, and Walter ne Mully should accompany them to Dublin to declare their grievances before the Council. These made such conditions as the commis- sioners could not accept. They desired not to be held responsible for breaches of peace during their absence, and avowed that they could not rely on their confederates to keep terms. The commissioners left Gal way on the 27th April. The failure to make peace Avas the result of the situation as it appeared to the rebels. They had killed the sheriff, and the O'Flaherty contingent had been routed ; the Lord Deputy had not dared to follow up this success by attacking the Bourkes, but with- drew all his forces from their country. When he sent to sue for peace, they could see no reason why the victors should submit to terms imposed by a beaten enemy. If he wanted peace he must submit to their conditions. Moreover, they were in possession of the country. They could plunder any one in Mayo who did not submit to them, and could make raids into Roscommon and Sligo. It would be time enough to submit when the queen's forces came in irresistible strength. The reasoning was sound. They kept their country under their own control until the following February, except for Sir Richard's raid in May and Sir W. FitzWilliam's journey through it in September. The refusal to entertain the offer of peace prevented immediate inquiry into the alleged grievances, but the report of the four com- missioners was answered at length by Sir R. Bingham in November. From these documents the above account of their proceedings is taken. The report shows a desire to discredit Sir Richard by any means, and consists chiefly of allegations of want of politeness or consideration towards them, and unwillingness to co-operate with them. But it discloses the fact that he did meet their wishes on all points, although he expressed to them his opinion that the rebels who were pillaging the country ought to be prosecuted. On the face of their report some of their complaints were frivolous, and it was answered and explained in full by Sir Richard. Sir N. White seems to have been free from the bias of the majority of the commissioners, as he wrote to Burghley on the 9th May that he sees no reason why peace should not have been concluded "if the desire of revenge in some of us to condemn Sir Richard as author of the wars and hinderer of the peace were not the cause." But he probably erred as to the possibility of a peace at that time. FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 231 When they left Galway the commissioners authorised Sir Richard to pi-osecute the rebels. At the end of April Sir Richard had received 100 foot and 30 horse in consequence of O'Rourk's adhesion to the rebels. FitzWilliam saw the futility of the Galway talk, and sent orders to Sir Richard on the 29th April to prosecute the rebels, and promised to send more men. By this time the rest of the county of Mayo had been forced to join the rebels in form, if not in action. Only MacMorris and David MacMorris, and Walter MacEryddery in Clanm orris, and William Bourke of Shrule, and a few others, held by the queen. In Ros- common some of the MacDermots, O'Conor Roe's sons, and Dualtagh O'Conor of O'Conor Don's sept, were out in arms. Sir Richard acted with skill and energy as usual. The Sheriff of Roscommon drove O'Roui'k back to his own country, and suppressed the other rebels. He went himself to Mayo with six companies, where the rebels fled before him. He marched through their moun- tains, and killed some without losing any of his own men, but did not get their cattle, which had been driven to the sea-shore and the islands. When he came out and encamped at Cong to rest his men, he met an order from the Lord Deputy directing him to withdraw all troops from Mac William's country, and to refrain from prosecuting the rebels. But the troops might defend themselves if attacked. If Sir Richard had not been thus stopped, the rebels would have svibmitted everywhere, and peace would have been made in a fortnight. All those who had joined the rebels only in appear- ance had abandoned them. The Blind Abbot and the leaders were now fugitives, skulking in the woods and hills. This order was made on the 10th May to allow the rebels free access to the commissioners, the Archbishop of Ai-magh, lately Bishop of Kilmore, Sir Robert Dillon, and Sir Thomas Le Strange, who were sent to Galway to treat with the rebels until the Lord Deputy should come himself to make peace. The Bishop of Meath was joined with them, then or soon after. The rebels bad done comparatively little harm up to this time. Now the three counties of JSIayo, Roscommon, and Sligo were left to their mercy for many weeks, and great damage was done when they were thus encouraged to undertake fresh enterprises. The commissioners started immediately, and sent protections to the leading rebels to enable them to come in to treat. This policy had immediate effect. On the 22nd May Walter Kittagh Bourke and the Clandonnells of Gallen and Costello, and some Sliocht Ulick Bourkes, invaded Leyny and Corran, where they pillaged and burnt, and drove off cattle. Walter's son Richard was killed by a gunshot at Tullyhugh, near Achonry. At the same time O'Rourk's brother 232 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY^ OF MAYO. took more prey on the other side. Walter MacRichard an larainn went into Costello, whence he carried off some of Theobald Dillon's goods and a gentleman who was in charge of them. Edward Ber- mingham was robbed of some horses. Grace O'Malley robbed the Arran islanders. She did not altogether give up " her old trade of maintenance by land and sea" after 1586, as she alleged in 1593, but was ready to resume it when the chance came. This sudden change was caused by a letter from the queen directing the Lord Deputy to adopt a more temperate course in the inferior governments, especially in Connaught. Hereupon he determined to make peace on almost any terms the Bourkes would give. Hitherto he had never cast doubt on the propriety of Sir Richard's proceedings, and had expx'essed his continued good opinion of him, notwithstanding the commissioners' report. Even Sir Geoffrey Fenton, no friend of Sir Richard, thought that no one matter had more pushed the Connaught rebels to disobedience than the spurning of their own minds against government. Up to the 31st May FitzWilliam affected to suspend his judgment till he went there, but after that he appears to have decided to make Sir Richard responsible for the rising, as the result of his tyranny, oppression, and extortion, and at last came to spare no means, just or unjust, to procure his conviction upon false charges if true charges could not be adduced. As he passed through Athlone on the 7th June he ordered Sir Richard to remain thereabouts. On arrival at Galway he found that the commissioners had arranged with the principal rebels, except Richard Bourke, for a submission, which they made on the 11th June in St. Nicholas's Church, remaining on their knees almost three- quarters of an hour. Next day the Bourkes handed in a Book of Complaints against Sir Richard Bingham and the queen's officers, and a petition praying, by way of redress — 1. That a rate be laid down for pleading for pardons. 2. For the removal of Sir Richard Bingham. 3. For the qualification of extremity of martial law. 4. That a man chosen from amongst themselves be appointed to collect the composition. 5. Tliat gentlemen of the county be sheriffs. 6. That no one be dispossessed of lands by provincial order with- out trial by law, and that such as have been dispossessed be restored. 7. That part of the yearly profits of MacWilliam allotted to the house of Castlebar, now in the queen's hands, be given to William Bourke, the Blind Abbot, for his maintenance. FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 233 Though the submi.ssion was niiule on the 11th of June, the pro- ceedings went on until the submission and the conditions of peace were embodied in the following formal instrument on the 20th June, which is an interesting document, both for the actual terms of confes- sion and conditions of peace, and for comparison with the subsequent actions of these very humble and very contrite supplicants : — " W. FiTZWILLIAM. " Whereas Sir Moroughe ne doe O'Flartie of lar Connaught, chief of his name, William Burke the Blind Abbot, eldest of the low- Burkes, Edmond Burke M'Thomas Evagherye, Meyler Oge M'Walter Fadda Burke, David O'Dowde, chief of his name, Hugh DuffeM'Moroghe O'Flartie, Shane M'Morice, Walter M'Tibott alias M'Tibott, Shane M'Thomas, Tibott Reoghe M'Tibott M'Gibbon, U'Donell, Edmond M'Tibott, Robert O'Mayle, Walter Kittaghe Burke, Walter ue , Teg roe O'Mayle, and Dualtaghe O'Connor of the sept of O'Connor Dun, being the chief and principal of such as lately entered into action of rebellion in the county of Mayo, and in the country of lar Connaught, the most of them brought into Galway against the coming of us the Lord Deputy, by the Lord Primate, the Lord Bishop of Meath, Sir Robert Dillon and Sir Thomas Le Strange, knights, commissioners appointed for that service, far as Galway afore- said, the 12 of this June 1589, in the body of St. Nicholas' Church exhibited to the Right Honourable Sir William Fitzwilliam, knight, Lord Deputy, and the Council, then present, upon their knees, their humble submission, the tenour whereof ensueth — " ' To the Right Honourable Sir William Fitzwilliam, knight, Lord Deputy General of Ireland. In most hvimble manner, and ac- cording to the loyalty, and most bounden duty to the Queen's most gracious Majesty, her royal crown and dignity, and also to your honourable good Lordship, maketh our lowly and humble submission, Sir Moroghe O'Flartie, knight, chief of his name, William Burke alias the Blind Abbot, chief of the low Burkes, Edmond Burke M'Thomas Evagherie, Walter M'Tibot alias M'Tibott, Edmond M'Tibott, and otheis now pi-esent, and set upon our knees before your Lordship with lamentation and grief for our unhappy revolt fi-om our natural duty and allegiance, as also for all and singular our tenants, followers, and servants, and all other our most unhappy associates in this hateful odious action, raised, put in execution and practised in the county of Mayo, and the counti*y of lar Connaught, or elsewhere wheresoever within the province of Connaught, whereof we, for us all, being from them hereunto authorized, and they swore and boinid to us by oath and faith, to conform and stand to what onlers or conditions soever we should agree and consent unto, Do not only acknowledge ourselves to be right heavy and humbly sorry, even from the bottom of our hearts, 234 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. the cause or occasion thereof whatsoever notwithstanding; but also we here do offer, for and in the name of us all, to stand and per- form what order soever your good Lordship and her Majesty's Privy Council here, shall order and set down, as well for our former faults in this and late falling from our duties, as also for our unfeigned, loyal, and dutiful obedience to her Majesty, her crown and dignity, during our natural lives hereafter, most humbly assuring your honour- able lordship to accept this our humble and unfeigned submission, and that we may taste of her Majesty's most gracious mercy, as many others as grievous and hateful offenders heretofore have been. And we, from the bottom of our hearts, according to our bound en duties, shall, not only daily and continually, most humbly pray for our most gracious sovereign Lady and Queen, long to reign with prosperity over us, with faithful promise of the venture of our lives, and the spendings of our lands and goods to serve her Majesty at all times, but also for your Honours long to continue in honourable state amongst us.' "Upon which their petition and humble submission, we the Lord Deputy and the rest of her Majesty's Council (whose names are sub- scribed) entering into the considei-ation of the matters, and of the great desire they have to yield themselves to her Majesty's grace and mercy, and to stand to such directions and orders as we, in the behalf of her Highness, shall set down, have with the full and whole consent of the said Sir Morogh O'Flarte, William Burke, Meyler Oge, Hugh Duffe M'Morogh, O'Dowde, Shane M'Morice, Walter Tibott, Shane M'Thomas, Tibott Reoghe M'Tibott M'Gibbon, O'Donell, Walter Kittaghe Bourke, Walter ne Mulye, Teig roe O'Mayle, and Dualtaghe O'Connor of the sept of O'Connor Dun, concluded, ordered, and agreed, in manner and form following : — 1. First, that every sept shall deliver in such sufficient pledges for the observation of the peace, and for their loyalties and obedi- ence to her Majesty and the state, as we the Lord Deputy and Council shall nominate and think meet. 2. That the said Sir jSIoroghe, and the rest of the Burkes and others abovenamed, with the rest of their confederates, shall presently disperse their forces, and everyone to repair to his habitation, and to live as becometh good and dutiful subjects. 3. They shall forthwith deliver to the Lord Deputy such Spaniards, Portagalls, and other foreigners of the Spanish fleet as are now amongst them. 4. The said Sir Moroghe and the sept abovenamed shall make satis- faction of all spoils and hurts done by them since the first day of intelligences of the Commissioners, as the Lord Deputy shall nominate and appoint for that purpose. FROM SPANISH ARMADA TO THE PEACE OF 1589. 235 5. They shall pay such fine to the use of her Majesty, for their undutiful breaking out into action of rebellion, as the Lord Deputy shall lay down. 6. All which being performed by the said Sir Moroghe and the rest according to the express meaning hereof, then they and every of them to have her Majesty's gracious general pardon for their offences past. In witness whereof we the Lord Deputy and the rest of her Majesty's Council have hereunto put our hands, and for the better accomplishment of the premises, the said Sir Moroghe and the rest abovenamed, in behalf of them- selves and the rest of their confederates, have likewise here- unto put their hands. At Galway the 20th June, in the 31 year of the reign of our sovereign Lady Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France, and L'eland, Defender of the Faith, A'c. In the presence of the Arch- bishop of Tuam, the Earl of Clanricard, the Bishop of Kildare, the Bishop of Elfin, the Bishop of Kilmacoughe, the Lord Birmingham, the Lord of Trimlaston, the Baron of Donkallin, Sir Hubert Burke, M'Davie, Knight, the Mayor and Aldermen of Galway, and divers others whose names are thereupon endorsed. " William Burke the Blind Abbot's mark )(. Sir Moroghe ne doe O'Flartie's markX- Walter Kiltagh Burke's mark X- Dualtaghe O'Connor's mark \. Tig roe O'Mayley's mark X- Walter ne Mully's mark X- Edm. M'Tibbott's mark X- Tibbott M'Gil)bon's mark X- Shane M'Morice's mark X- Shane M'Thomas's mai'k X- " John Armachan. Thomas Midensis. Robert Dillon. Lucas Dillon. Thos. Le Strange. Geofrey Fenton. " Subscribed by the parties within named, and they solemnly swore upon the holy Evangelists, as well for the performance of the peace, and all and every the articles within contained, as for their loyalties and duties to her Majesty henceforth ; and for payment of her Majesty's composition money, in the presence of those whose names are underwritten. " W. Tuamensis. U. Clanricard. Peter Trimelston. B. Dunkellin. Ed, Athenry. Thomas Dillon. Andrew Morris, Mayor of Galway. llicard Burke. Nath. ])illon. Will. Bowen. Will. Martin, Sheritf of the Co. of Galway. Dominick Browne. Fra. Sheres. Edw. J>ir- mingham. George Morice, Bailiff of Galway." ^ The peace appears a triumph of moderate policy which secured its ends by peaceful suasion, and brought the whole of JNIayo and lar Connaught to obedience to the law by willing consent of the rebels, but it has a different appearance when the light of contemporary circumstances and of subsequent events is turned on it. 1 Brit. Mus. Cotton, Titus E, xiii. f. 41(;. 236 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. The rebels did nothing beyond kneeling in church with a petition and agreeing to terms for future fulfilment. An Irish chieftain's submission was nothing unless he gave good hostages. When he came to submit he left them behind him on his departure. None were given now. Some seem to have been given later, but by minor rebels. The Blind Abbot gave none, though he was head of the rebellion, as chief of the Lower Bourkes and claimant of the Mac- Williamship. When his hostages were demanded in October he denied that he had ever promised to give them. The submission was not real. The rebels were left in possession. The queen's law and her ofiicers were withdrawn from their country, and Sir Bichard was forbidden to use force against them or O'Bourk who had not made peace, and was forbidden to hold sessions or circuit of assize until FitzWilliam should come again himself and hold them in every county. On their side the rebels acted as if they had made no peace. Within a fortnight they had broken down three of Theobald Dillon's castles, and had robbed his brother's house, and robbery and violence were unchecked. The circumstances and events of the following months point to a secret agreement of FitzWilliam and the rebels, that they should make the submission and peace, and that he should not enforce the conditions, and should procure the removal of Sir Bichard Bingham. CHAPTEll XXVI. TIIK PKIJSFX'UTION OF SIR RICHARD BIXGIIAM AND THE SUPPRESSIOX OF THE REBELLION. Fuoji this peace dates Sir W. FitzWilliam's determination to pro- cure an unjust condemnation of Sir R. Bingham for misgovernment. His visit to Coiinaught must have shown him that none could be procured justly. To compass this end he appointed the late com- missioners for this peace, and Fx'ancis Barkley and Fowle as com- missioners for trial of Sir llichard upon the charges and complaints made in the report of the first set of commissioners, and in the Books of Complaints lodged by the rebels. The Archbishop and •Sir Thomas Le Strange have not been accused of hostility to Sir llichard. The Bishop of Meath, and Sir R. Dillon, and the two new commissioners could be relied on to convict of a false charge on false evidence. Barkley had made false charges in 1586. Fowle is called an open enemy of Sir Richard. This commission drew from Sir Fx'ancis Walsingham a letter of rebuke and condemnation of the endeavours to procure a conviction by means of enemies, and a warning that it was no unknown thing for a deputy to be accused himself. The queen's government ordered that the trial be held in l^ublin, before the Lord Deputy and Council, except the Bishop of Meath and Sir R. Dillon, and before holding sessions in Connaught. The orders were disregarded as long as possible. In September the Lord Deputy had held the sessions, and had given copies of only parts of the complaints. The delays were caused by the impossibility of making out a case. Those who had lodged complaints took no further interest in them. At last FitzWilliam had to give the copies. Sir Richard put in answers, and the trial began on the 8th November, and continued during that month. Acquittal on all points was recorded on the 4th December, and was published next day. As nothing was proved against the governor, it is needless to dwell on the complaints and trial, which have been treated at length in the " Galway Architological and liistorid^il Society's Journal," Vol. ^ iv., p. 101. The result established Sir Richard's discrftiim, hone>ty, justice, and fairness. 238 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. FitzWilliam ignored the petition for redress, but two points deserve notice. It is not quite clear what is meant by the demand for *' qualification of the extremity of martial law ; " probably the same thing as the complaint made in April of hanging of gentlemen of land and living by martial law ; and their desire was in that case that such further restriction should be put upon its use as would exempt gentlemen of the rank of Walter Fada's sons and Justin MacDonnell from being dealt with. When Sir Richard came to the government of Connaught every sheriff had a commission for martial law. These were withdrawn, and a commission was given to the chief commissioner only. Execution by martial law did not mean execution by the mere order of the governor. Offenders were tried and convicted upon evidence, and the sentence was carried into execution by a warrant under the hand of the chief commissioner and one or more of his council. It applied only to cases of treason or felony, when the offender owned less than 40s. a year of freehold land or £10 of goods. The object of this restriction was to secure for the treasury the benefit of the forfeiture which followed upon conviction after trial by the common law. Sir Richard denied that those three men owned any lands or goods of their own. Men might hold high position in an Irish tribe, and have no land and no property of their own worth mentioning. They had but a general right with other members of the family ; they were not in the habit of farming themselves, and lived upon the tenants or subjects of their family. The English land tenures did not prevail generally in Mayo as yet. Though the sons of Walter Fada were allowed free land by the indenture of com- position, their houses are not named, and it is very likely that no part of the land belonging to the family of David Bourke had been assigned to them. Execution by martial law was not the same as military execution in the field. Rebels in arms and enemies taken prisoners, not having surrendered upon terms, were put to death or reserved at the discretion of the officer commanding on the spot. Usually they were put to death, unless the rank or property of any one made him worth keeping for superior orders, or for trial by the common law. The demand that no one be dispossessed of lands by provincial order without trial by law, and that such as have been dispossessed be restored, seems to be a version of Walter ne Mully's complaint made to the commissioners in April, that Bowen and Garvey had dispossessed him of two castles, regarding which Sir R. Bingham replied that these matters had their course in law in open sessions. THE PERSECUTION OF SIR RICHARD lilNGHAM. 239 He denied tliat any man's land had been taken from him nnhiwfully. If such a thing had ever occuried, it could have been proved easily. The redress desired appears to have been the abolition of the local court, whose operation could not be other than displeasing to men who had been subject to no legal jurisdiction. The petition must have been drawn up for the rebels, and cast into such form as their advisers thought best. The rebels could not have drawn it up in English as it was put in. Unable to remove Sir Iiichard from office, FitzWilliam did what served the rebels better than the substitution of one governor for another, — restrained Sir Richard from interfering with them, and left them in a state of independence for seven months more. The damage done by the Bourkes before and after the peace up to the end of August was calculated at =£15,809, according to claims made, which were probably exaggerated, but, on the other hand, a very great deal of damage must have been done and petty robbery which was not reported. The Lord Deputy went to Munster in August, and came by Limerick through Clare to Gal way ou 2nd September. Sir M. O'Flaherty came in, and gave Galway merchants' bonds for his composition. On the 8th September and following days he held a sessions at Kilmaine. Six principal men of the Bourkes attended, but the Blind Abbot, Walter Kittagh, and Shane MacTibbot, for themselves and all the Bourkes and Clandonnells in geneial, sent a letter of excuse that they were engaged against the Scots in Erris. During this circuit FitzWilliam was trying to find matter against Sir Richard and his officers. Presentments were made in sessions for supplies taken up, £250, against Sir Richard, and .£2000 against FitzWilliam's train. These were only ex parte statements, not findings on evidence, but they throw light on the conditions of the country owing to the explanations which followed. As regards presentments made against him, it appears that Sir Richard's method was to pay ready money for all his own supplies. It was impossible to carry on the queen's service at this time unless officers were allowed to take up supplies for which they gave bills. He paid these l)ills out of the officers' allowances or the revenues. Some of the presentments against him were in respect of 205 cattle given to him as a wedding })resent when he returned to Ireland in L588, having been married in England. Lord Clanricard and others certified that the presentment had been made unjustly at Galway in I'espect of 50 cattle which they had given freely, and P. Barrett and Walter Kittagh IJourke declared that they 240 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. had given some cows freely from Tirawley. A list shows that none of the rebels had given anything. FitzWilliam alleged that his train paid ready money, and that the officers gave bills for the soldiers. These bills had not been paid in November, nor had he paid for what he took on his passage into Ulster the year before. He had no money while in Galway in June, and complained that the merchants would not lend him more than £200, which he got with fair speeches, but " harder speeches and threatening " failed to extract more. Sir J; Perrot had not paid for some of his supplies even in 1595. The Lord Deputy's presence therefore was a heavy burden on the country. In the first week of September seven galleys with 400 to 600 Scots " of the sept of the Barrones " came to Erris under guidance of one of Grace O'Malley's sons, having been made believe that the Bourkes would engage them. At this moment the Bourkes did not want them. The Lord Deputy, with a large force, was on his way to their country, and engagement of these fighting men would have been a declaration of war. Their immediate anxiety was to get the Lord Deputy out of the province as soon as possible. A quarrel ensued, and the Scots came to blows with their guides. They plundered the country and killed several hundreds of cattle, and took away the hides and tallow. From Kilmaine FitzWilliam went on to Sligo. In that county some Galway merchants in his train were robbed of £60 woi-th of goods, and Sir Robert Dillon lost his horse. After Sligo he held sessions in Roscommon, and thence went out of Connaught. Even before he left it the Blind Abbot spoiled Theobald Dillon's lands in Costello, and other bands robbed in lar Connaught. The Bourkes threw off the pretence of obedience to the queen in the beginning of October. They would not let any Englishman or civil person — that is, any Irishman who lived according to English custom — live among them, and re-established their old customs. On the 15th October William Bourke was made MacWilliam on Rausakeera, near Kilmaine, with the usual Irish forms. MacTibbot handed him the rod and called him MacWilliam. In 1595 Theobald Bourke was inaugurated at the same place and proclaimed by Mac- Tibbot. These are the only references to the place or form of inauguration of MacWilliam Eighter. As Rausakeera (Rath Essa Caerach) is but an ordinary fort, it is likely to have been in yet earlier times the inauguration place of the chiefs of the Conmaicne. Marcus Mac an Ab was made MacDonnell. Disorder was so great that no man of importance dared to live out SUPPRK8SI0X OF THE KEl'.ELLION. 241 of H castle. The castle of Lough Mask was taken from Comerford's garrison for MacWilliam. They attacked but failed to take Thomas Nolan's castle. They plundered John Browne of the Neale, a nephew probably of the late sheriff, T. Chaloner, Edw. Birmingham and Miles Kavanagh, and William Bourke of Shrule, and Kuaidhri O'Flaherty in Moycullen. The Blind Abbot received FitzWilliam's envoys, Theobald Dillon, Lord Athenry, and MacDavid, on the •J2nd October, refused to give pledges, and denied that lie had promised them to the Lord Deputy, Early in November Robuck French went to arrange for the composition rent and got satisfactory assurances ; the Blind Abbot and some gentlemen even went to a parley hill and there ordered the collectors to make payment, but it is not recorded that any one paid rent. They promised to sul)mit tliemselves to the queen and Lord Deputy. In his desire to please and pacify, the Blind Abbot wrote a letter dated at Donamona on the 22nd of November, protesting that he assumed the name of MacWilliam in loyalty and zeal for the queen's service, to enable him to restore the proceeds of robbery in other counties which might have been brought into Mayo. " I understand you are highly offended with me for taking the name of MacWilliam upon me. I have done the same by the counsel of some of the bad people of this country, whereby I might make restitution of certain stealths supposed to have come into the country, if that the .same might be justly proved, without which or other authority I could not do it. I did not take the said name upon me for any evil intent, but for the purpose aforesaid. And if the same be done by me rashly and contrary to my duty, I humbly submit myself to your honour, and would have come myself to you to make my submission if that I had the means to bear my charges. And I do provide for the same and will come to your honour as soon as I can. And for the taking of Ballyloughmask, I will be ready to yield it up again. Hoping your honour will have some pity of my being the eldest of my name and best in the country, and will be as bene- ficial to me as to other Irish lords, I take my leave." ^ The patience of the English Government was exhausted now. The queen wrote hei'self to Fitz William, expressing her displeasure at the Bourkes' rebellion and restoration of the MacWilliamship, and order- ing him to assist Sir llichard Bingham to suppress the rebels. Till' trial of Sir Itichard was now nearly over. He was acquitted of all charges on the 4th December and was onlered to go to CouTiuught ; but in spite of the queen's orders, he was not yet let 1 ,v/'./.A'., (XLVIII. 19. Q 242 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. meddle with the rebels, who were still in arms and plumlering as usual. Fitz William started for Galway on the 16th, and had about 1500 men there at the end of the month, besides the forces of the Earls of Clanricai-d and Thomond. About this time 500 rebels were encamped near Roscommon, having burnt and robbed many towns in the plains of Connaught. Edmund MacRichard an larainn and Coagh O'Madden, two important pledges, escaped from Galway. Two MacCostellos were killed in Slievemurry by an 0' Kelly, whom they must have gone to rob, as the O'Kellys did not join the rebels, and this was only a week before Christmas. The Lord Deputy issued a proclamation on the 23rd December at Galway, inviting the rebels to come in and treat by the 12th January. As it said nothing about their returning, they justly suspected and did not come in, except Sir M. O'Flaherty, who was seized because he refused to give a son as a pledge, and O'Dowda, who was seized to make him surrender Castleconor to the queen and give better pledges. FitzWilliam sent his envoys to persuade the rebels to come. First Robert Fowle and James Lynch reported that the Blind Abbot and others would not come in, saying that they could not provide thirty- eight pledges, and that if the best of them came in they would never get out, and that they could not control the country without a chief, by whatever name. The Blind Abbot, Walter ne Mully, and Edmund Bourke of Cong and others asked for a safe conduct to come and return. Upon receipt of this report, dated 4th January, FitzWilliam sent out Thomas Dillon, Nich. Lynch, and Theobald Dillon, who reported on the 10th that they held a conference at Rosserrilly with the Blind Abbot, Walter Kittagh, Edmund and Walter ne Mully Bourke, and about 1 00 others, who kept on the west side of the river, refusing to come into Galway except on protection with liberty to withdraw. The first three wrote to that effect on the 10th. On 12th January commission was given to Sir R. Bingham to prosecute the rebels and command the forces. Sir Murrough and O'Dowda were left in his hands, to be dealt with at his discretion, with their own consent, when the Lord Deputy and Council left Galway. Richard Og MacJonyn and some O'Kellys and others were apprehended as a precaution. This Richard Og appears in many records of the time, and seems to have had considerable influence. About this time the Blind Abbot's sons made a raid into Airtech. On their return they attacked the castle of Bennfada in North Costello and burnt the town. SUPPRESSION OF THE IlEBELLION. 243 Sir Tlichard assembled a force at Cong, mustering 809 soldiers and 228 kerne on the 1st February. The Earl of Thomond " footed it in the mountains" with Sir Richai'd, and the Earl of Clanrieard also did good service. The force was small but ample for the service. Sir Richard thus describes the rebels to whom FitzWilliam had been suing for peace : — "The whole force which the Burkes could make were'not 900 mer^ whereof the one half were churls, only armed with Gallowglass axes. We would have encountered 3000 of them such as they, for God knoweth they were most badly furnished, and very rags to look upon, but the manner of the country is to double or treble every- thing upon like occasion. If all the Irishry in Connaught were ovit in rebellion, both earls and others, they were not able to make 3000 men to serve. The sons of Edmund Buike of Castlebarry are in the Low Countries with Stanley."^ This is the last we hear of Edmund's sons. They were the first Bourkes who went to serve abroad with the queen's enemies. Sir AVilliam Stanley had deserted from her army. On the 3rd February the force moved to Bellanaloob, where some MacDonnells opened communications, and on the 6th to Castlebar, where a prisoner disclosed an intended ambush at Barnagee. A few shots were fired into the camp. Next day as they moved down Barnagee about four hundred rebels made a feeble attack on the rear, and were driven off by a discharge of shot. The halt seems to have been made near the foot of the pass. The march from Castlebar must have been very laborious in those days. On the 8th they got into Tir/wley. Seven horsemen had been following at a distance, knowing that Sir Richard had no cavalry. Five of Lord Thomond's kerne chased three or four rebel kerne who were crossing a bog, not seeing the horsemen, who suddenly charged upon them, killing one and wounding another. One of the kerne, being almost overtaken, turned and dealt a stroke with his sword • which nearly cut off the horseman's foot at the ankle, and so escaped unhurt. The horseman was the Blind Abbot, and his companions were Walter Kittagh, Edmund MacRicaird an larainn, ;ind four other men of rank. The Blind Abbot was taken to an island in Lough Con, where a surgeon cut the foot off. Thus ended William Bourke's pretension to the chieftainship. Being now insignificant. Sir Richard never troubled about him again, and he got his pardon like the ret^t. The last we hear of him is that he died in September 1598 in Thomond, and was buried in Quin Abbey. The J^ourkes and their allies had now lo>t heart. As the soldiers 1 8. P. I.E., CLT. SI. 244 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. entered Tirawley they burnt their own towns and corn before them. Sir Richard marched by Ballysakeery into the Laggan, burning what corn the rebels left, so that their losses in this matter came in the whole to 1200 ricks or so. Some 400 to 500 cows were collected. On the 11th Alexander MacHugh Boy MacDonnell submitted un- conditionally, and gave his son as a pledge. The Clandonnells, dependants of the Bourkes, gave up when they found that the Bourkes would not fight. The soldiers marched into the mountains of Erris on the 12th, and got there 1600 cows, which were much wanted as food. On the 16th they reached Burrishoole. On the 18th Captain St. Leger took half the forces into MacPhilip's country (MacPhilpin's ?), met 120 Gallowglasses, slew many and chased the rest, and slew the churls and took 70 cows. Next day Sir Richard took the other half of the forces into the other half of the fastness, took 100 cows, and slew churls, women, and children. Lord Clanrieard and others with their horsemen took 400 cows from Gallen, and slew some rebels. The English of Roscommon and the queen's men under Captain John Bingham and others slew 12 rebels and took 300 cows. This fastness must have been the wild, rough country north and west of Castlebar. Mountain, or bog, or high wood was not considered to be a fastness, however difiicult to travel over, but rough country covered with brakes of thorn, hazels, briars, and the like tangled growth, where quantities of cattle and men could lurk and not be found easily. On the 22nd Feragh MacDonnell came on behalf of all MacWilliam's men to sue for peace, which was promised, and he was ordered to meet the Governor at Castlecarra. Next day Edmund MacRicaird an larainn and other septs sent to treat for peace. He and Marcus Mac an Ab MacDonnell and Feragh MacDonnell came in to treat, Edmund made his peace. Marcus was left as a pledge. On the 21st February Sir Richard was at Togher again, and ready, after resting his men, to take the field in spite of the hardships of the winter campaign, which in his opinion punished rebels far more than they could be punished in summer. The queen's troops were badly supplied ; the rebels were not supplied at all. But the rebels were now all dispersed, and were craving mercy in earnest. The Bourkes and Clandonnells submitted wholly to the conditions which he imposed, of which we know only that the Bourkes were to pay a fine for their rebellion. By the 10th March all the septs of Mayo which had been in rebellion had been received into the queen's peace, and had engaged to pay all the charges of the war. These were not to be imposed on them alone, but also on those countries which had risen. SUPPKESSION OF THE REBELLION. 245 The costs of the rebellions were : — War against Eourkes and Scots in 1586 . . . £1470 3 4 others in 1;jS9-1590 . . 329G 17 (! After the peace was made, but before she knew of it, Grace O'^Ialley took two or three cargo-boats to the Isles of Arran and I'obbed some of Sir Thomas Le Sti'ange's men to the value of 20 marks. Richard Bourke, her son-in-law, was put in chai'ge of her until she restored the plunder and made good the damages. Peace being established in Mayo, Sir Richard sent forces against O'Rourk, who fled first to Ulster and afterwards to Scotland. The Sligo and Roscommon rebels were feeble and gave no trouble. In September the Governor reported that Walter Kittagh, Walter ne Mully, Edmund of Cong, and other Bourkes and the Clandonnells had met him at Galway, and that the Bourkes had paid the composition rent and a fine for revolt. He suggested that the costs should be charged on the Bourkes and the countiies which joined them — lar Connaught, the Joys' country, Tireragh, O'Conor Roe's and O'Rouik's countries. When peace was fully restored garrisons were put in Cong, Creg- more near Kilmaine, Bellanaloob, and Castle ne Gye, which is probably the castle on the shore in Kilcummin parisli. CHAPTER XXVII. FROM 1590 TO 1595. At the end of May 1591 seven hundred Scots, under Angus MacEllin or Campbell and Rory MacE Xeill Barre, landed in Erris from thirteen galleys. The Bourkes of Sliocht Ulick went forward to meet them, sending word to John Bingham, the sheriff, and asking him to help. He went forward to help them. Sir Richard wrote for another band of soldiers, as it was not safe to go into Erris with a small force, lest the Bourkes "and Scots should combine against it. The Bourkes drove the Scots away before any help reached them, killing forty, among whom were Owen M'E Keill Barre and a son of MacLeod. The Bourkes lost Richard and Thomas, sons of the Blind Abbot, and John MacMeyler Oge MacGibbon, killed ; David and Meyler, sons of Ulick Bourke of Erris, and eighteen followers of Sliocht Ulick were severely wounded. This action was on the 2nd June 1591. When the Bourkes thus successfully defended themselves from robbers, it was for their own benefit, and not from a law-abiding spirit. Sir Richard's doubts were soon justified. His brother, Captain John Bingham, had been employed in command of a company since Sir Richard came to Connaught. Somewhat before this time he settled at Cloonagashel, which he had bought. He had bovight also the lease of Edmund Bourke's forfeited Castlebar estate for 100 cows and the unpaid rent of £5 a year since 1586, from Bryan FitzWilliam, the Lord Deputy's brother. In April 1591 he was made Sheriff of Mayo. He was now arranging to rebuild Castle- bar, which the Bourkes had broken down. Judging by Downing's description, written in 1585, as a large bawn containing two round towers or castles and a dwelling-house, it was of considerable size and suitable for a garrison, and we find that Sir Richard proposed later on that it should be occupied for the queen. After restoration Captain Bingham held it by a ward of twelve Englishmen. Occupation by an English sheriff and his men would put a very unpleasant restraint upon the Sleight Ulick Bourke, which they sought to prevent by murdering Captain Bingham. Under colour of soing to see a duel arranged to be fought in June FiJOM 1590 TO 1505. 247 between William Bourke of Ardnarea, son of Sir Jolin, and Alexander MacDonnell, son of Hugh Boy, in which William was killed, they collected some four hundred men and waylaid Captain Bingham about the 20th June, at a place eleven miles from Cloonagashel, as he went to Castlebar with sixty of the garrison foot- soldiers. Their attack was a disastrous failure. They wounded one man slightly with a bullet. Eight of their men were killed ; thirty-five were seriously wounded ; the rest fled. They were so cowed that they begged for mercy, which the Governor and Council granted, exacting only some better conditions than were made at the last peace, and taking as pledge the eldest son of Ulick of Erris. All was finished in a week. Not want of courage but want of discipline was the cause of this pitiful display. The soldiers would be of the best in Ireland, the permanent company of Connaught, trained under the Governor's eye. On the other side was a mob of country gentlemen and their de- pendents, armed with swords, spears, and axes, and only a few muskets. At the end of the year Sir Richard induced five Spaniards and one Italian to leave the Bourkes and go to their own country. Sir W. FitzWilliam imprisoned them in Dublin, in breach of conditions of surrender. Walter Kittagh, the chief of the Tirawley Bourkes, died towards the end of the year, and Walter ne JNlully was murdered at night by his brother David's son Edmund and some MacDonnells. He had been for some years the most active, though not the senior, of the Sliocht Walter Bourkes. Thus in one year these names and that of the Blind Abbot disappear from the history of Mayo. Sir R. Bingham's letters of this time show that he was intent on the improvement of the social and material condition of the country. He saw the difficulty of inducing the people to abandon their old habits and submit to the restraints of law and order. Faults had been found with the composition, and he earnestly deprecated tamper- ing with it, prefei'ring to tolerate those faults rather than unsettle men's minds. He writes that by Connaught custom tenants may remove from one landlord to another. Hence uncertainty of com- position, as it is not on waste, and .some people keep a certain extent waste from Lady Day to Michaelmas as winterage, so that the composition is short for a half-year. Moreover, the tenants prefer the free land. The only remedy was the reduction of the greatness of the septs, as all rebellions of the Bourkes and others are due to their dislike of the abolition of Brehon Law, and the composition cannot be certain until the freeholders lease thrir htuds to their tenants and so stop the yearly flitting. The work in hand was to produce a state of security, to protect the 2 48 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. tenants from the oppression which they had to endure under the practice of the great men going about with gangs of armed men and living on them. To make the composition insecure would have withdrawn the foundation of his work. Early in 1592 a sessions was held in Mayo at which MacTibbot and Moyler Oge Bourke were tried and executed for offences not named, but such incidents as the murder of Walter ne Mully, which is recorded, were not unusual events of those days. Two others were imprisoned. Kegarding these he writes : " I hope, by little and little, that country will come to a very good reformation, for indeed if a few of their old practisers and principal ringleaders were taken away, that country would be bi-ought to as good terms of obedience as the English Pale." ^ The bishops O'Hely and O'Boyle on the Ulster side, trying to raise rebellion in Connaught in aid of Hugh Roe O'Donnell and promising foreign help to come, failed to gain adhesion of any of the Mayo septs except the Sliocht Ulick, who were trying to buy Castlebar from Captain Bingham that the Governor's intention of restoring it might come to naught. They entered into communication with O'Donnell and took up an attitude of hostility to the Government. Hemmed in by quiet baronies, they had to confine themselves to their own countries, and could do no more than throw down a few stones of the broken castles of Kinturk and Castlebar. Sir Richai-d went to Cloonagashel at the end of May to hold sessions for Mayo, suppress this rebellion, and arrange for the restoration and the garrisoning of Castlebar. Most of the chief gentlemen of Kil- maine, Clanmorris, Costello, Gallen, and Tirawley attended, a sign of peaceable intentions. Sir M. O'Flaherty had offered his services against the Bourkes if needed. Lords Clanricard and Athenry, Justice Thomas Dillon, Nicholas Mordant, John Bingham, and Gerald Comerford, Councillors, were present. On Friday before 1st July the Bourkes wrote for a safe conduct for some of them to come in to treat for peace, which was given. They agreed among themselves to come in and submit, but at this point some friends of Feragh MacDonnell, who was then awaiting trial on a capital charge, on which he was tried and executed, per- suaded the Bourkes to rescue him before doing so. Some of the principal MacDonnells thereupon forsook them. They came to the castle by night and attacked an hour before day- light. The watch beat them off with the help of a few soldiers who were sleeping outside in the trenches, only sixteen men being engaged before the Bourkes fled, of whom five were wounded. The Bourkes had six men killed and fourteen or so wounded. One of their MacDonnells was left with a broken thigh. 1 S.P.I.E., CLXIV. 26. FROM 1590 TO 1595. 249 Next day the Bourkes asked for safe conduct to treat, which was sent to them. They were not yet in earnest and refused to give good pledges, seeking to gain time, as they hoped for help from O'Donnell, to whom they sent a son of the Pdind Abbot and a MacDonnell. O'Donnell's submission in first week of August put them on their resources, which they hoped to strengthen by hiring O'Donnell's Scots. On the other hand, Sir Richard did not intend to take the field until some fortification which he wvas making there was finished, when he pui'posed to suppress the rebellion and re-edify Castlebar to hold a garrison. The work was finished, and he moved to Gweeshadan at the end of the second week of August, where he was for some time, hoping to efi"ect a peace. The operations after this are best told in his letter of 25th September, ^ which 1 have abstracted slightly in parts : — "Though after their attack upon us here in Sessions the Bourkes affected a desire for peace, yet they refused reasonable terms, being fed with hopes by O'Donnell and the Popish bishops James O'Hely and Neale O'Boyle, and trusting to a combination with him. I inter- cepted a bag of Irish letters carried hence fi-om the Burkes to O'Donnell by O'Donnell's own Gallowglass, and sundry letters to the said two Popish Bishops, to whose judgment the Burkes offered to stand in all things betwixt them and Hugh Roe O'Donnell. It appeared from the letters that O'Donnell had promised to come hither to join the Burkes, and they said they would never submit again to any foreigners. But as Hugh Roe performed nothing and I drew near they by degrees began to make good offers. I had arranged for two barks, one of a good burthen owned by Valentine Blake of Galway, with four or five great boats or pinnaces to meet me at Burrishoole. I lay long at Gissadan, and finding the Burkes would not come to terms, I gathered the forces which I had prepared with assistance of the Earl of Clan- ricard, Theobald Dillon, and marched towards the mountains. " The very first day I removed from Gissadan towards the Burkes, the captains of their Gallowglasses, viz. Tirlough Roe MacMarcus and Phelim MacMarcus, the best of all the Clandonnells, came in to me upon their knees, offering to stand to what conditions soever myself and the rest (in Her Majesty's behalf) should prescribe, and being thereupon received, they would not depart from me in many days after. Then the Burkes seeing the Clandonnells to have forsaken them, Edmund Burke MacRichard an larainn (the best of the sept of Ulick) came in great haste in to us the .same day, offering in the behalf of all the rest to perform all such conditions as on Her Majesty's behalf should be required of them, so the prosecution might be for- » S.rj.i:.. ( LXVI. (•.«. 250 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. borne and the Burkes received into Her Majesty's protection. This submission was accepted, and we diverted with all the forces, and took our next way to Burrishoole, forbearing in our march to commit any kind of spoil. " At Burrishoole we met our shipping, and so continued there two nights all together. The shipping had done great service, for the same had cleared all their islands. From Burrishoole we removed to Cahernamart, whither our boats came to us, and from thence to Aghagower in the Owles ; and at this place Tibbot Burke MacRichard an larainn came in to us, and agreed unto all things for the Burkes, O'Malleys, and Clangibbons to be received into Her Majesty's mercy and protection, laying in his foster-father Edmund MacTibbot and one Tibbot MacGibbon to remain as pledges till the other pledges for the several septs should be brought in, and the other conditions be performed at full. " Here we had somewhat to do with the Burkes, for that they would needs have had the sept of the Joys upon their peace (as they termed it), which myself would in no sort allow of. For indeed those Joys are a people that lie in the greatest fastness, I think, within all Ireland, for mountain, wood, and bog, between the Burkes and O'Flahertys, and are challenged to be followers of the O'Flahertys. But in the end the Burkes were content to leave the Joys to deal for themselves, and promised to serve against the Joys if need were. "The chiefest conditions laid down to the Burkes were these, viz. that every principal sept should lay in a separate pledge, namely, the Burkes by themselves, the Clangibbons by themselves, and so in like sort the O'Malleys, as also the Clandonnells, by which we have divided them one from another. And upon all these septs (for of each name there are divers septs) we shall have nine or ten pledges. They are to pay 1500 marks towards cost of soldiers specially raised. And within a certain time they are to make restitution of spoils com- mitted on any of Her Majesty's subjects since 1588. They had done no pennyworth of harm since this action began. " Thence we marched to Ballynonagh on the side of Lough Mask, where the Joys came and submitted upon like terms, and to pay 500 marks as their share of charges of the action. " Thus the pacification was brought about within eight days. Weak as these septs are, no temporising will bring them to obedience once they stand upon terms. Whatever grace is offered them and not sought by themselves, they impute it to Her Majesty's weakness to suppress them, and to their own strength and likelihood to prevail. " But in very truth the rebellions of these people are carried still in the policy of three or four of their chief men, which in time of peace FROM 1590 TO 1595. 251 do live by the spoil of the rest under them, and in time of stirs do maintain their greatness, the inferior people and such as have any goods of their own being tractable enough to live in obedience. Namely, I find the Devil's Hook's son, Edmund Macllichard an larainn, and Tibbot MacRichard an larainn to be men of no posses- sions, or to have of any goods so much as half a dozen cows apiece, and yet in the peaceablest time that is, every one of them has daily attending on him twenty or thirty loose knaves, which he maintains upon the inhabitants of the country. And the way to reform this must be, as I take it, to lay here and there amongst them such small garrisons or wards as shall be able to match the loose and ill men, and defend the better sort against the tyrannies of the others ; and then will he that has wealth and goods of his own be glad to depend on the State (finding the sweet thereof) and to put his hand to weed out the evil members. As I hope in God ere long be such a course shall be taken as henceforth your honour shall not hear so much of the name of the Burkes. " Since my coming to this country now I have repaired this castle called Cloonagashel, and another castle in Cari-a called Gissaden, where I have placed a ward, and had masons and workmen ready to have gone in hand with the building up of Castlebarry as the only place to settle a garrison in, whereby to divide the Burkes and Clan- donnells for ever. But this extreme wet weather coming on so sud- denly, I was forced to forbear it till March next. " After the fine of 2000 marks is taken, which the soldiers are now collecting, 1 will go to Galway for Sessions, and thence to Dublin about my accounts." By the 28th September 1000 cows had been paid towards the fine, valued at one mark apiece. The final conditions of peace were delivered to the Bourkes at Cahernamart on the 6th, and were accepted by them on the 8th September at Aghagower, being as follows : — That every principal man, as the Devil's Hook's son, Edmund MacKickard en Erin, O'Malley, and Ulick Burke of Erris, with the rest, shall in person submit themselves to Her ^Majesty before us, before they be received into meicy. That every principal man have a protection alone for himself and his company by particular name. That 1500 cows be presently answered before the forces l)e dis- charged. That the Joys be wholly left to deal for themselves, and not be received upon the peace concluded with the Burkes. That tlie O'llarts, O'Dowds, and all strangers, be presently sun- 252 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. dered from the Burkes, and have several protections by themselves to repair to their own dwellings. That several pledges lie for every sept, and not any sept to depend upon another sept, but all upon Her Majesty only. That all challenges after six months be made good to any of Her Majesty's good subjects which have grown since Michaelmas 1588. The terms were easy but were enforced. The last clause was not ignored, though details of effect do not appear. Sir Richard after this appears engaged in cutting down exorbitant claims. Edmund and Tibbot Burke, and the Blind Abbot, and Tirlagh Roe, and Felim MacDonnell are recorded to have svibmitted personally. Richard, the Devil's Hook's son, who " challenged a special repvita- tion in that he had never come in before any English oflB.cer," fled to Ulster with some other Bourkes. The affair was wound up by the order of the Lord Deputy and Council, on the 20th February 1593, for a general pardon of all persons in the county of Mayo, except Theobald MacWalter Kittagh Bourke, Richard Bourke M'Doyll O'Coran, Edmund duffe MacJordan, and Crobar gar, and except any in prison or on bail to appear, provided they appeared within one year at a General Sessions in the county, and sought the benefit of the pardon, paying only 6d., that it might be known to whom the pardon extended. Accordingly the records show long lists of pardons from the 7th to 11th March. Theobald MacRicaird an larainn, better known as Tibbot na Long, so named because he became to some extent a sea captain, made use of and owned a ship and went afloat himself, entered into the history of Mayo at Aghagower, and thereafter played a great part, being the most influential man of the Sliocht Ulick after the death of his brother Edmund, and was generally on the queen's side in the rebellions. His rise marks the decay of the tribal system and the growth of tlae civil. His position was due to possession of property. Several of Sliocht Ulick were his seniors, and under the old conditions would have been leaders. But his possessions and good abilities made him a man of great importance. He was brought up vmder Sir George Bingham, and spoke and wrote English. He married Meadhbh, called Maud in English, sister of Donogh O'Conor Sligo. His inheritance was estimated at 40 quarters in Carra and Gallen and the Owles. It does not appear why Edmund MacJordan and the Crobar gar, or Short Woodcock, who was Richard, son of Ulick, son of David Ban Bourke, were excepted. Theobald MacWalter Kittagh was not concerned in the rebellion. He had been prosecuted by his uncles, Richard and Edmund Bourke, and condemned in sessions. Sir Richard reprieved him, and pro- cured a pardon. Hearing of the sessions to be held in Mayo, he FROM 1590 TO 1595. 253 went into the Pale, and was arrested at Atblone on the day the sessions broke up in Mayo. He could not have fulfilled, and did not mean to fulfil, the provisos of the pardon. To have effect, a pardon had to be brought to the sessions and pleaded. While he was thus confined at Athlone, Sir Richard applied to the Lord Deputy for a new pardon, and allowed his wife to visit him, who was supposed to have conveyed a file to him, whereby he and other prisoners, pledges, escaped a few days before the 28th September, namely, Edmund Bourke of Tirawley, Henry Keogh MacMorris, Dermot O'Conor, Rory MacFelim Boy O'Conor. He fled to O'Donnell, under whose protection he lived in future with other Mayo and Connaught outlaws. The effect of these petty revolts and invasions appears in a state- ment of the quantity of land allowed for in collection of the composi- tion rent up to Michaelmas 1592 as waste and uninhabited : In Mayo, 392 quarters ; in lar Connaught, 44 quarters ; in Sligo and Bally- mote, 264 quarters ; in Maughery Connaught, i.e. central Roscom- mon, 182 quarters; in Clanricard, 8 quarters; in Thomond, 10 quarters. The receipts of the year were £2700 out of £3164. Captain John Bingham restored Castlebar in the spring or summer of 1593. Early in May the Governor ari'ested Tibbot na Long, upon infor- mation that Tibbot had written a letter to Brian Og O'Rourk, offering to raise Mayo men for joint action with the chiefs of Ulster, if Brian could keep the war up for a month. Grace O'Malley went to England in June, and was about the Court during July and August, a visit which has given rise to well-known legends. She sought the release of her son Tibbot and her brother Donnell na Pipee, who had been arrested on a charge of being con- cerned in murdering some soldiers ; the succession of her sons to their father's lands ; permission for them and Walter and John, grandsons of Walter Fada Bourke, to surrender their lands and receive them back by grant under letters-patent ; and maintenance for herself. Reference to Ireland occupied some time, but in the end she re- turned to Ireland with a letter from the queen to Sir R. Bingham which procured Tibbot's release. The result of her petition appears in a draft of a letter from the queen to Sir Richard, dated 6th Sep- tember,! ^o ^\^{^ effect : — Sir Richard has given no just cause of complaint to Sir Murrough O'Flaherty, Grany ne Maly, and Robuck French, who have to come to the Court with suits and complaints. The Queen approves of the favour which Sir Richard has shown t.i ' Hist. MSS. Coium. Cal. MSS. of Marquis uf Salisbury, pt. iv. p. 3GS. 254 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. her eldest son Morogh, who had been dutiful to the Queen when his mother preyed him with her galleys, and desires him to continue to favour him. " But the second son Tibbott Burk, one that hath been brought up civilly with your brother and can speak English, is by you justly detained, because he hath been accused to have written a letter to Bryan O'Rork, the late traitor's son, though it cannot be fully proved, but is by him utterly denied ; and for her brother Donald, he hath been imprisoned 7 months past, being charged to have been in com- pany of certain that killed some soldiers in a ward." As Bingham thinks they may be released upon bonds for good be- haviour, the queen is content, and the old woman has departed with great thankfulness. For pity of this aged woman, having no title to any livelihood or portion of her husband's lands, she desires Sir Richard to deal with her sons, in the queen's name, to yield her some main- tenance for the rest of her old years. She has confessed her ill usage of her son who served the queen, and promises by oath to continue most dutiful. Her answers to a set of questions put regarding her petition throw light on the social condition of chieftain families which is instructive as coming from one of that class who was free of any tinge of Eng- lish culture. She tells us that "among the Irishry the widow of a chieftain never got any thirds. His rent was uncertain, for the most part extorted." " Woman is entitled only to her first dowry, for which her husband has to give security for restitution. Chieftains usually die in debt, and husbands now and then divoi'ce their wives on pre- contracts, or even put their wives away without any lawful proceed- ing and bring in othefs." The answers make clear, what could be inferred from other facts, that Edmund and Walter, sons of Sir Richard, were illegitimate. This in an Irish tribe mattered nothing. Edmund was certainly the principal man of the Sliocht Ulick after the Blind Abbot was dis- abled, and would, but for the Indenture of Composition and the introduction of English law, have become MacWilliam if he lived long enough. Walter, sou of Tibbot Reagh, son of Walter Fada Bourke, who was in England with her, returned in September and joined the rebels in Ulster. At the end of September 1593 the Governor was leading a strong force against Maguire. On the night of Thursday before the 30th September, Richard Bourke passed Sligo on his way to Mayo with 160 men detached from Maguire's force, who soon became 300. He burnt a town in O'Hara's country and carried off some cattle. This changed the Governor's plans. He sent off a strong party to operate FiiOM 1590 TO 1595. 255 against Maguire, and stayed himself to watch the MacDermots, O'Rouik, and Feriagh MacHugh O'Byrne, who had come into Ros- common from Leinster. The English of Roscommon soon destroyed all O'Byrne's force except himself and four or five others. The Governor sent after Richard Bourke his brother John, Theobald Dillon, and Captain Henry Strete, who intercepted him and killed sixty of his men. After that, David an Ry Bourke and the Bourkes of Tirawley attacked him with their own forces and burnt sixty more in a house. Richard Bourke went into Erris, where he was joined b}' his kinsmen under Ulick Bourke of Erris, the principal man of his sept. Captain Clarke, with two bands of Irish soldiers raised by the Governor, but commanded and officered by Englishmen, was sent after him, and pursued him in boats among the islands. He surprised the rebels in Inishkea, about 120 in all, of whom 80 were able men. Richard and half-a-dozen escaped in a boat. The rest, finding escape impossible, stood manfully to it. All were killed or drowned. Captain Clarke lost but three or four killed and four wounded. Before this action had finished Richard's attempt, Tibbot na Long had been released, and had gone to help in hunting down his rebellious kinsmen. Some thirty heads of rebel Bourkes and their followers were sent to the Governor at Cloonagashel. All was over by the middle of November. In April 1595 Tibbot sent a list of the Bourkes whom he had him- self slain, as evidence of his loyalty and justification of his applica- tion for a pension, namely, John MacMeyler of Erris and his three sons, John Og, Ulick, Antony ; Thomas Ballagh and his brother David ; Richard MacUlick and his brother Walter ; Richard ; The- baidt Boy ; Thebault MacThomas DulT and his brother Edmond Boy and his four sons. David an Ry had twelve months before broken out of Athlone Castle, where he lay condemned to death for some offence, and had failed to obtain any conditions from the Governor until he should do some special service as assurance to the State of his fidelity. He was now admitted to terms. Mayo was in peace until after the surrender of Sligo Castle to O'Donnell in June 1595. No remarkable events are recorded. Small garrisons were kept in the castles of Cloonagashel, Castlebar, and Belleek, which had been forfeited by the attainder of Theobald Mac- Walter Kittaf'h. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE BREAKDOAVN OF GOVERNMENT. CoxNAUGHT was ill peace in the beginning of 1595. O'Donnell made small raids into Roscommon in March and April, but was driven out quickly by the Governor, who reported after the second raid that he could not resist the Ulster invasions with the risings out of the country, and must have a force of English. The Government, now much pressed by Ulster affairs, could not keep O'Donnell em- ployed or give support to Connaught. Thus O'Donnell gained power and reputation, and the loyalty of Connaught was proportionately strained. At this time Sir Richard's cousin, Captain George Bingham, was stationed in Sligo Castle with his company, in which Ulick, son of Redmond na Scuab, son of the first Earl of Clanricard, served as ensign with twenty Clanricaixl men. On the 3rd June, when Captain Bingham sat writing in a room of the castle, Ulick Burke and his men fell on him and murdered him and seven English gentlemen. They wounded the sheriff, Nicholas Martin, and kept him and his brother and the wife of one of them as prisoners, probably with a view to sale for money or terms, as the Martins were nephews of Sir Richard. The design failed if it was entertained. Sir Richard seized Ulick's mother and two brothers. According to O'Clery, who was a contemporary and should have good information, this treacherous murder was premeditated and committed with an intention of joining O'Donnell. The murderers were marked men. One of them, Taylor, was taken prisoner in Dunboy Castle and was hanged in Cork. Ulick and the others lost their lives in the course of the wars. As the Governor could get no help from the Lord Deputy, he went to Sligo with such force as he could collect — only about 300 men — arriving about the 18th June, at the same time as O'Donnell, who came with 300 horse and 500 foot. The Burke prisoners were handed over to O'Donnell in exchange for the Martins. The castle was given up to O'Donnell by Ulick Burke. The retreat of the Governor un- molested by O'Donnell's great force marks the difference of quality. He cannot have had more than 100 foot and 50 horse of the garrison, well drilled and armed, most of them Englishmen. The rest must THE BREAKDOWN OF GOVERNMENT. 257 have been recruits of the new companies or some rising out from Galway. But they were not enough for an attempt to take the castle or to attack O'Donnell. This treachery was a great blow to the defence of Connaught, as it hiid open to O'Donnell the best passage to and from the west. Sir Richard asked for six comjianies and fifty horse, English, to enable him to recover Sligo and take Ballyshannon from O'Donnell, and so prevent incursions. The Lord Deputy, Sir William Russell, pressed by Tyrone and Ulster, could send him only a few English soldiers. By the middle of July Richard Bourke and the other fugitive Bourkes, O'Conors, and MacDermots had returned to their countries, and it was evident that the government could not protect loyal men in those parts. Most of the gentlemen of INlayo and Sligo had been forced to join the rebels, and the O'Conors of Sligo and the AlacDei-mots were out. In August 1400 rebels were out in Connaught besides those from Ulster. The governor believed that the earls and others who were still loyal would remain so if the queen's army were strong. But the new English companies were much wasted already. In August the government held in Sligo only Ballyniote, which maintained itself. The three Mayo garrisons were supplied at great expense. Seven hundred rebels were out in Tirawley, Erris, the Owles, Carra, and Gallen. The castle on Inisbofin leased to Captain Fildew had been betrayed to the rebels. A number of hostages confined in the castle of Galway tried to escape one day in August, excited thereto by drink, according to the Four Masters, but probably also by the abandonment of their countries by the government. They succeeded in breaking prison in the early part of an August night, when people were at supper and the gates of the town not yet closed. The bridge was secured before they could cross it, and they had to take to the river. Some were killed and the rest captured and hanged. Among those hanged were Edmund MacRichard an larainn, Meyler, son of Theobald, son of Walter Fada, Hubert Bourke, son of a MacDavid, two O'Flahertys, and two O'Conors. After the middle of August O'Donnell made a sudden raid into Connaught. He captured Castlemore, and made it over to MacCostello, who joined him. Thence he went into the barony of Dunmore, where he took the castle of Turlach Mochain. He hoped that Lord Clan- ricard would join him, but that lord went with thirty horse to join Sir R. Bingham, who hurried from Dublin to Connaught and went towards O'Donnell, who turned back and made his way homewards through Mayo. The governor made all the haste he could to inter- cept him at Ballysadare, but O'Donnell got over three or four hours ahead of him and escaped into Glencar, where it was useless to follow li 258 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. him. O'Donnell did no harm on this raid beyond the capture of the two castles and the useless mischief of burning a few houses in Dun- more. The cattle of the country were driven away before him owing to the delay at Castlemore, and he had to escape with all speed when the countx^y did not join him and the governor came down. The governor had not enough men or supplies or ammunition to besiege and take Sligo Castle. On the way back he took Collooney Castle, and put a garrison in it, and then distributed his men in frontier garrisons to act on the defensive, as they were worn out by the long marches. The companies were wasting daily from sickness. New-comers to Ireland fell sick in numbers from what was known as the country sickness, due to the great damp and exposure on service. Ammunition was so sparingly supplied that there was no more than enough for one day's fight at Sligo. Two new English companies had been promised him, whose coming would enable him to undertake active operations. Meanwhile Tyrone was making offers of submission, and the queen was eager to end the war. Bingham was ordered to abstain from offensive operations and to enter on a course for pacification. When these orders arrived, Theobald Mac Walter Kittagh was besieging Belleek Castle, and it was necessary to relieve it. Captain Fowle, who had been absent from his duty as provost- marshal for five years and had lately returned from England, was sent to relieve Belleek, and to treat with the rebels as a person likely to be acceptable to them. Sir Richard remained at Tulsk to treat with O'Conors and MacDermots who had expressed some willingness to do so. During this time and afterwards the governors of Connaught received from many persons in the districts abandoned to the rebels intimation of their readiness to submit if the queen would protect them. Captain Fowle set out from Castlebar on the 3rd October, accom- panied by Captains J. Bingham, Mynce, and Dillon. In a pass not far from Castlebar the rebels attacked the baggage, and slew Captain Fowle and three or four soldiers, deserted by the baggage guard. When the party arrived in Tirawley they learnt that the guard of Belleek had surrendered the castle on terms of life and liberty. As the rebels showed no disposition to treat, the force retired next day by another way. The rebels — about 500 of the country and 200 Scots — skirmished for six hours until the soldiers had shot away their bullets and were reduced to stones and buttons, when they came closer and killed and wounded many with arrows. The new English soldiers were so unskilled in use of their weapons that the captains gave their bullets and powder to the Irish shots, who did best on that day. The losses were Captain Mynce, Lieutenant Tuite, and about 20 soldiers THE BREAKDOWN OF GOVERNMENT. 259 killed and luauy wounded on the English side, and on the other side about 80 reported killed. The rebels did not press their attacks to close quarters, and did not molest the party again. The want of ammunition was very great. The stock was so low that the officers were constantly calling for it. The English soldiers sent to Ireland w^ere untrained and therefore not much good at first, and died in numbers fi-om sickness. There is much evidence of the unhealthiness of the climate for new-comers exposed to the hardships of Irish life. Those who survived the first year or so seem to have done well afterwards. The eight companies sent against the Bourkes, supposed to be each 100 strong, were in fact only 400 men in all. A truce until January was made with O'Neill and O'Donnell in October. Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, and North Iloscommon were left in the hands of the rebels, save the castles occupied by garrisons. Sligo had been reoccupied, but not rebuilt, since O'Donnell broke down the castle and abbey in October. The effect of withdrawal of the queen's power was that from the end of June the semblance of law and order disappeared. Those who had been the original rebels and those who joined them, and those who were in a position to gather armed men, went about the country living upon the farmers, robbing whom they pleased, provided he was weaker than they, under no restraint but the fear of coming into collision with one of greater power. Before eighteen months were over. Mayo and the countries in like conditions were reduced to extreme poverty and misery by this revival of the ancient customs. In addition to the waste and suffering caused by the great men resorting to their old practices, the counti'y had to bear a heavy burden in the visits of O'Donnell with considerable foreign forces. Yet to most of the great men this state was detestable ; all who had not too deeply committed themselves were ready to submit, and did submit, as soon as the queen's forces relieved them from the foreign oppressors, who made the insig- nificant local rebels formidable. Sir Richard Bingham's government practically ended in September as far as North Connaught was concerned, and by degrees, under various pretexts, he was superseded as regards the rest. When Mayo and Sligo were overrun by rebels from Ulster and the country obliged to join them for want of the protection of the Stixte, Sir Richard's enemies accused him of having driven the country into rebellion by oppression and by extorting lands and goods from the people for himself and his relations. These enemies were, in his opinion, Theobald Dillon, Anthony Brabazon, Malbie, Taaffe, and Justice Dillon, whose enmity he incurred by restraining their corrupt practices in acquiring lands. Sir Richard never owned a foot of land in Ireland. He had yearly 260 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. leases of the lands attached to the Castle of Athlone and of the Abbey of Boyle, at full rents of £54 and .£16, given in virtue of official position. Sir George, as Sheriff of Sligo, had a similar lease of Ballymote. Captain John Bingham bought the leases which had been given to Bryan Fitzwilliam. None of his other relations acquired any land. Sir William Russell went to Galway early in November, in order to investigate these allegations and to treat for peace with the Connaught rebels — that is, with the Bourkes, who were the only body to be satisfied. He sent Sir Geoffrey Fenton, Bingham's bitter enemy, ahead to treat and get up the complaints, and ordered Sir Richard to remain at Athlone. His endeavour to get complaints from the rebels or make a peace was a failure, though he was at Galway for a month. Only Dermot O'Conor of Roscommon lodged a statement. One Lennan, an Irishman of the Co. Mayo, put in a book, and Anthony Brabazon put one in at Loughrea, which was supposed to come from the Bourkes. The Mayo complaints alone are within the scope of this work. All have been dealt with at length in the Journal of the Galivay Arch, and Hist. Society, vol. iv. It is enough to say that these complaints went over the same ground as the inquiry of 1589, and brought in many new matters. Actions attributed to Sir George and to Captain John Bingham and to svibordinate officers were included, Lennan did not allege that he suffered wrong himself. Sir W. Russell treated Sir R. Bingham as Sir W. Fitz William had treated him. The chai-ges were held back as long as possible. Sir Richard pressed for trial, which was put off as no evidence could be got. The queen's government interfered, and made orders for the trial. Sir W. Russell's successor, Lord Burgh, seems to have acted fairly in the matter, which was now being handled by the queen's govern- ment. He and his council reported that Sir Richard was not to blame for delay ; that they did not believe that these books had been framed by the rebels or even seen by them, but by Lennan and others, who preferred them secretly. ' Sir John Norris and Sir Geoffrey Fenton had been appointed commissioners for the trial, being already employed in treating with the rebels. Sir John was an enemy of Sir Richard, and had applied for the governorship for his brother Thomas in November, as soon as Sir Richard should be removed. Sir Geoffrey was an old enemy. These put off trial, unable to find evidence. In September the queen ordered that the trial be at Athlone, and added Sir Robert Gardener as a commissioner, and that Lord Clanri- THE BREAKDOWN OF GOVERNMENT. 261 card and others should be summoned to hear the trial, but not as judges therein. This appointment of Gardener gave great offence to Norris and Fenton. The proceedings ended suddenly. Sir Richard was in JJublin, prejjaring to start for Athlone so as to arrive at the same time as Su- Robert Gardener, and was informed on the 23rd September of the arrangements made for his reception there. Sir John Norris had made his brother, Sir Thomas Norris, governor of Connaught ; Sir Richard was not to live in the Castle of Athlone, which he held by lease ; he must live five or six miles from Athlone ; he was not to have any of his own horsemen or footmen for his protection. Sir J. Norris had served long in Ireland, and knew the consequences of his actions. These arrangements admit of only one interpretation, that it was intended that Sir Richard should be taken prisoner by the rebels or murdered. Sir John cannot have intended capture, because that would have ruined his credit with the queen, who would have been forced to buy release by large concessions to the rebels. They would gain nothing by murder, but would rather exasperate the queen. On the other hand, Sir John and his English confederates would have settled all questions in their own favour by his muider, and could have charged it on rebels or on unknown persons. Sir Richard embarked for England that evening. On arrival in London he was treated as a fugitive from justice, suspended from office, and imprisoned. The truth becoming known, he was released and ordered to go to Ireland for trial in charge of Sir Conyers Clifford, who was appointed governor of Connaught. Clifford had to leave him ill at Chester. Bingham embarked in a ship which was driven back by storm, and had a bad relapse. He was still at Beau- maris in March 1597. In the meantime the queen bad ordered the trial to be before the whole council in ])ublin. The course of trial is not in the records, but he was in London in July, when he wrote a letter which shows that he had been acquitted. He governed Connaught during twelve years, which covered a most difficult time. In his careful hands the small revenues of Connaught paid the cost of administration, and the country was free from the oppression of the cess, except at the hands of the Lords Deputy. The confidence and support of the Irish population were gained in all but a few parts of the province, such as Leitrim, where the government would not let him act until O'Rourk's banishment, when the rest of that clan came in and submitted and gave no more trouble. The risings originated in Mayo with the Slioclit Ulick, and were insignificant until the actions of the Lords I )oputy fostered their 262 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. growth. Rebellion in July 1595 was not an original rising, but due to outside causes, and absence of force in the hands of the State to preserve the peace. With few exceptions the people then and after- wards sought the restoration of government. Historians have imputed cruelty and oppression ; authentic records of the day show humanity, uprightness, and justice. The power of the Lord Deputy was used twice in vain to procure his conviction upon charges of cruelty, harshness, and oppression, which were framed by English ofl&cers and English settlers in Connaught ; and twice the endeavour was brought to naught by the impossibility of finding evidence of wrong done by him or by his relations or subor- dinates. Not only was he upright in his own dealings, but be kept his subordinates strictly within their duties. CHAPTER XXIX. o'doxxell's domtnatiox and the fixal peace. The conduct of operations in Connaught was taken out of Sir Richard's hands in September 1595, and by degrees he was left to carry on only routine business. Sir G. Fenton was sent to deal with the rebels, to induce them to meet the Lord Deputy at Galway to treat for peace. Sir W. Russell was at Galway for a month up to the 11th December, endeavouring to make a peace and to get complaints against Sir R. Bingham, who was forbidden to accompany him. On the 16th November Sir Richard made an accurate forecast — " The Burkes upon this offer of peace will make a MacWilliam by all likelihood." Meanwhile they burnt the country round Tulsk, and even the village. The situation was nearly all they wanted. The Lord Deputy was suing for peace, and left to the rebels all the country outside the walls of a few castles held by garrisons. Anthony Brabazon and Theobald Dillon were sent to treat. At Brees Castle they met Richard Bourke, Theobald Bourke, Mac- Jordan, the MacDonnells and the rest, who demanded only the removal of all the Binghams, and their kinsmen and officers. They refused to go to Galway, as O'Donnell had required them to meet him at Moyne in Tirawley. The Lord Deputy sent Brabazon again to meet O'Donnell, who said that no peace should be made until he himself was satisfied, and insisted on having Ballymote and all Sligo made over to him as his inheritance. Brabazon was sent out yet again, and brought to Sir W. Russell at Loughrea, on the 7th December, a Book of Complaints alleged to have been made up by the Bourkes. This and some more com- plaints were all that came of this journey of the Lord Deputy and his council. On the 25th December Sir Richard reported that the wards of Tulsk, the Boyle, Ballymote, CoUooney, Sligo, Castlebar, and Cloona- gashel, were likely to be lost for want of relief, and that the sons of Dualtagh O'Conor, first cousin of Hugh O'Conor IXm, were threaten- ing Athlone by water. O'Donnell now came to Connaught to restore the abolished chief- tainships, and arrived at Kilmaine immediately before Christmas to inaugurate a ^lacWillinm. Mae Jordan, MacCostello, MacMaurice, 264 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. O'Malley, MacDonnell Gallowglass, and all the nobles of the country assembled there. The competitors for the name of MacWilliam were William Bourke of Shrule, the senior of all ; Edmund of Cong ; John, son of Richard, son of John of the Termon ; Richard, son of Deman an Chorrain ; Theobald na Long ; David an Fraoch, and Oliver, sons of Sir John ; and Theobald, son of Walter Kittagh. As in the case of the Blind Abbot, the place of inauguration was Rausakeera. The proceedings are thus described in O'Clery's " Life of Hugh Roe O'Donnell," Murphy's edition, p. Ill : — " When all these nobles had assembled, as we have said, to Hugh O'Donnell in the same place, Shane Oge O'Doherty formed (as he was ordered to do), four lines of troops back to back around the liss, and the chiefs all about. Eighteen hundred of his soldiers and hirelings and mercenaries round the royal rath, were the first body ; O'Doherty himself and Tadhg Oge O'Boyle with the infantry of Tyrconnell outside them, in the second circle ; the three MacSwineys with their gallowglasses outside them ; the men of Connaught with their party outside them all ; O'Donnell himself with his chiefs and nobles in a close circle on the summit of the rath, and no one of the nobles or gentlemen was allowed to go into his presence in the rath but whomsoever he commanded to be called to him at the time. He proceeded then to consider and forecast with the chiefs who were with him what to do to the nobles in reference to the title for which they were in conten- tion and dispute. He called to him the barons and chiefs of the territory in their order to ask them which of the nobles he should appoint to the chieftaincy of the district. MacMaurice, MacDonnell, and O'Malley said with one voice that it was right that the senior William Burke should be styled chief, as their custom was to appoint the elder in preference to the younger. MacCostello and MacJordan said it was right that Theobald, son of Walter Ciotach, son of Oliver, should be styled chief, for he was strong and vigorous by day and by night at home and abroad, whether he had few or had many with him. " When they had given their opinion to O'Donnell, he resolved in the end to confer the chieftainship of the territory on Theobald, son of Walter Ciotach, and he ordered the son of Theobald [MacTibbot] to proclaim him MacWilliam. That was done to him, for he was called by the name in presence of the forces publicly, though there were others of the tribe older in years and better qualified than he. Yet it was he that had come first to him after his expulsion and banishment from his territory, and he had promised to restore him to his inheritance if he could." Edmund, John, and Oliver were carried away to Tirconnell as prisoners, and pledges were taken from other competitors and from o'DONXELL's DOMINATJON and THIO FINAL PEACE. 2G5 MacDonnell. After celebrating Christmas, O'Donnell went to the Bree in Clanmorris, and left Connaught on the 15th January to meet the commissioners sent to treat for peace with him and O'Xeill. Before leaving he appointed an O'Dowda, an O'Kelly, a MacDermot, two MacDonoghs, and an O'Hara Reagh. Theobald cannot be held to have continued the line of MacWilliams by bearing the name without the authority. Even his own clan of Tirawley turned against him when they could do so safely. Hence- forth he lived in Mayo only as a dependent of O'Donnell, protected by men supplied by O'Donnell. The appointment was an unwise act, which weakened O'Donnell's influence in Mayo by giving offence to every family of the Bourkes, whose rights and feelings were openly disregarded. William of 8hrule might not have accepted the dangerous eminence. He was on the queen's side as long as possible on all occasions, and for that reason might not have been generally acceptable ; but any of those who were in the right line of succession as sons of a Mac William, being chosen by the tribe, would have got, if not universal support, at least a friendly neutrality on almost all sides, and the active support of all who sought the restoration of tlie old practices. Hitherto the old customs were the alternative to the queen's government. Now the choice was between the queen's government and the old customs subject to the very heavy burden of O'Donnell's domination. Those who had been active to restore the name of MacWilliam designed to secure a chieftain of their own choice and independence of restraint, and to preserve the advantages of the composition. It was no part of their design that a MacWilliam should be imposed upon them, and that they should subject themselves to O'Donnell's cess and oppression. Yet this was what they got by the new Mac- Williamship. Henceforth we find the Mayo gentlemen ever ready to submit to the queen's government. If some had disliked her government, they had occasion to dislike O'Donnell's oppression more. The same feelings seem to have grown all over Connaught, which gave the Ulster chieftains very little help in their wars. They had a few bands of Connaughtmen under unpardonable rebels whom they had to support, but no independent help from Connaught chief- tains, no co-operation. The truce with Ulster was extended for two months, anSir Henry Sidney's arrangement with Sir John Bourke in 1586. In this barony they were settled in the castles and lands of Aghalahard, Ballykine, Mocorha, Moylla or Hollymount, Togher, and Liskillen. Their appearance in Ireland was a consequence of the settlement in Antrim of John Mor MacDonnell, son of John of Islay, upon his marriage with Margery Bisset, heiress of the Glens, about 1399. The wars of the Kings of Scotland with the Clandonnells caused much dispersal, to which we may ascribe the appearance of so many MacDonnells in Ireland about that time as constables of Gallow- glasses. Sir Henry Sidney mentions seven lineages, or families, as coming from Mayo. Their relationships cannot be made out, but they held together very much as a clan, having a " MacDonnell " as chief, whereby they had great influence in the country. At the close of the sixteenth century they were only country gentlemen, no longer the leaders of drilled mercenary soldiers. Their principal settlements were in Kilmaine, Carra, Burrishoole, and Tirawley, under the Bourkes, those in Clanmorris, Costello, and (lallen being insignificant. CHAPTER XXXI. THE BARONY OF CARRA. Carra was a well-defined territory from early times, occupied by old Domnonian clans. After the fourth century Hy Fiachrach clans settled over them, leaving in view only a few families of the Partry in Odhbha if, as is probable, their descent from Fiachra is fictitious. Odhbha included the parishes of Ballintubber and Ballyheane, in yet earlier times when the Partry had their own king. MacFirbis's ti-act on the Hy Fiachrach gives a detailed account of the families settled in Carra and Tirawley and Erris, defining the seat of many families with great accuracy as they were about the thirteenth century. The chieftains of Carra were of the families of O'Tierney, O'Murray, MacNeill, O'Gormghail, and used the title of king. The Clann Cuain, known also as Fir Thire and Fir Siuire, Men of Siuir, the river which flows by Castlebar, had as chieftain O'Cuinn. Their territory comprised the parishes of Clancowane, now called Aglish, Islandeady, Turlough, Breaghwy, and Kildacommoge, and seems to have been the same as that of the earlier Corcu Themne. Clann Cuain transfei-red its allegiance to MacDermot in the twelfth century, under the circumstances stated in Chapter V. By the thirteenth century the tribal distinction between Odhbha and Carra was lost. The whole was divided between Carra and Clancowane. The Hy Fiachrach clans were so feeble that Torlogh Mor's descendants were being settled over them, as they had settled over the Domnonians 600 years before. None survived as freeholders to the close of the sixteenth century. We know only the names and positions of these tribes. Fert Lothair, Aenach, and Loch Buadhaigh are named as the three royal forts of Carra. Fert Lothair is mentioned as occupied by Ailill Inbandha when St. Cormac visited him. There is no indica- tion of its position or of that of Loch Buadhaigh. Aenach was in O'Gormgialla's lordship to the south of Toberloona. The great fort in the field to the north of Liskillen farmyard is likely to be the place. It was a fort of the first rank, having a diameter of 104 feet within the wall inside the inner ditch, a wall on the rampart between the inner and outer ditches, and a wall on the outer edge of the THE BAJiONY OF CARRA. 287 outer ditch ; and all the faces of these ditches were revetted with stones. When the O'Conors, who seem to have held all Carra as principal chiefs, were ejected b}' Richard de Burgo in 1236, Carra was let out in two great fees, called Carra and Clancowane. Adam Staunton, a great baron of Kildare, or his son Philip, got Carra, wherein he built Castlecarra immediately, one of the earliest Norman castles in Mayo, but the present building in ruins may be of later date. The wall across the isthmus may well be original. He founded also a small town, whereof only the name survives in Burriscarra. Adam was succeeded by his son Philip, and he by his son Adam, who died in 1299. His estates were divided between five daughters. Carra, havinfc been assigned first to Nesta and another, became the share of Nests- When her father died she was married to Simon de Flatisbury, but by 1316 was wife of Fromund Le Brun, By 1325 Fromund and I«i-esta had transferred the manor of Carra to John, Earl of Louth. I find no indication of the further devolution of the estate. The original graniee gave a large fee to one of his relations, fx'om whom came the Sta intons of Carra, known as Mac an Mhilidh in Irish, now MacEvilly. MacEvilly owned the castle of Kinturk, which was most likely the original fee, and the castle of Manulla until 1592, and Kilvonell, now called Castlebourke, and Castlecarra. Castlecarra was the manor house, and head of the fee. Its devolution is un- certain, but it was in MacEvilly's hands until it was sold to Lord Trimleston in Sir N. Malbie's time, and by him to Captain W. Bowen in 1586. We have no geneaiogy of this family. It was said to derive from a Bernard Staunton. A Bernard was extant in the thii-teenth cen- tury, who had a son Philip. A Sii- Bernard of Connaught was alive in 1333. A branch of the Sta^mtons took the name of MacUlkin or MacHul- kin. Some owned Ballybanan and other townlands in that district. A family of Branaghs or Walshes of Rosslahan, near Welshpool, are the only other earJy colonists who survived as freeholders to the close of the sixteenth .ientury. In 1306 a family named Savage held .some lands. In 1316 Fromund le Brun f.nd Nesta claimed from William, son of William de Burgo, suit and service in their court of Carra in respect of his freehold in SauA age's castle, and four vills of land therein. This castle is not ideatified, but is likely to be Castle Lucas. The name of Le Sauvago survived in the denomination of the eight quarters of land called Levally ne Tavese in the composition, but in the 288 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. preliminary inquisition, Levally in Tavase, Halftown of le Sauvage. This is some evidence that Sir William had got a footing in Carra. From Sir William's brother Philip, and Philip's son John, came the MacPhilpins who are found at Bellabourke and near Castlebar. The Clancowane division called Clancowane and Fertyr was given to a Barrv, whose name survives in Castlebarry. This family gave the rectories of Turlough, Breaghwy, and Kildacommoge to the family abbey of Kilnamullagh near Buttevant. By 1333 the fee had passed to the heir of Peter de Cogan. The further devolution of these two fees does not appear, but by some means they came into the hands of MacWilliam Bourke. We may accept MacFirbis's statement that Castlebar fell to ICdmcnd na Fesoige, with so much of Carra as was not assigned to the families of his brothers, Walter and Richard and John. His descendants increased rapidly. His sons, Richard and Ulick, succeeding to the JtlacWilliamship, founded the two great families called Sliocbt Ricrard and Sliocht Ulick. Castlebar remained in possession of the senior line, but Richard's son John founded the more numerous and powerful branch in Tirawley. Ulick was ancestor of Sliocht Ulick, which spread over Carra and into Burrishoole and Erris, having Ballynacarra as the chief castle. The MacDonnells of this barony owned the castles of Clooneen and Touaghty. Others lived at Manulla and at Keelogues. The castle and lands of Donamona belonged *o a fan.ily of O'Kellys, whose ancestor is said to have settled there in the fifteenth century, as mentioned on p. 156. At the composition the barony is divided into nine cowrynes or divisions, exclusive of church lands, of nearly equal value, 21 and 22 qrs., except Kinturk and Slewoney of 25 and 24 qrs., and two half cowrynes, and four still smaller denominations amounting to 22 qrs. They seem to have been laid out for some purpose of administration or survey, as they cannot, according to present information, be made to fit into a scheme of assignment oi inheritance. The Earl of Ulster's rent of <£16, 13s. 4d. oil the two Carra fees, the twenty-four bailies of MacWilliam's mental ^ands in the Hist, et Gen., and MacWilliam's composition re;. .ige of Jl7, 6s. 8d. on twenty-four towns coincide so closely as to oii;?gest that the latter are based on the original tenures acquired b_,. MacWilliam, that these rents were assigned to the MacWilliam ship, and the oeneficial occupation to Edmond na Fesoige's family. Edmund Bourke of Castlebar had an annual rent of £21, 6s. 8d, out of Clancowan, which would be in part his share of the profits of the MacWilliamship. CHAPTER XXXII. THE BARONY OK TIUAW LI:Y. When this counti'y comes into history the fjimily of Fiachra Folts- nathach is settling over the early Domnonian tribes, of whose names only that of the Calry of Moyheleog has survived. The descendants of Fiachra's son Amalgaid, who gave it his name, spread over all this barony and Erris, except the parishes of Killala and Ballysakeery, occupied by the Hy Eachacli of the Moy, descended from Eochaidh Breac, son of Dathi. Amalgaid, son of Fiachra Elgach, is said to have built Carnawley on Mullaghcarn near Killala, as a place for assemblies and fairs, and to have been buried there. Seventy years ago O'Donovan found that the earn on top of the hill had been nearly all removed, but not far from it, on the same hill, he found a monument " like an earthen fort with round stones of great size placed in a circle on its border. The internal diameter of this circle is about seventy-eight feet, and its external diameter is two hundred and forty feet." ^ The arrange- ment of the boulders marks it as a sepulchral or ceremonial rath, and it is perhaps the actual burying-place of this Fiachra, the earn, like Carnfree, being the place of inauguration. Carnfree is likewise near a sepulchral mound called Duma Selca. Carn Amalgaid became one of the inauguration places of the King of Hy Fiachrach. It is recorded that if O'Dowda should be in Tirawley he may be inaugurated on Carn Amalgaid ; if he should be at Carn Ingine Bbriain he may be inaugurated there ; in either case he need not cross over (the Moy). Carn Ingine Bhriain has not been identified. Carn Amalgaid seems to have eventually superseded it, or possibly it was adopted after the conquest of the thirteenth cen- tury, when O'Dowda was confined to the barony of Tireragh. MacFirbis's tract on the Hy Fiachrach gives the names and situations of the families living in Tirawley and Erris who descended from King Amalgaid, son of Fiachra. Seven of his sons left descendants in Tirawley and Erris : — Enda Crom ] ,^ -r^. , 111 Movheleog, Crossmolma. Oengus Finn J • »' Coiiall in M()}heieog. ' 11. F.. p. 143. 289 „, 290 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Oengus in the Lagan, Kilbride, Doonfeeny, Rathreagh. Eochaidh in Killarduff. Fergus in Caille Conaill, Bac, Glen Nephin, Bredach. Fedelmid in Erris. The part of the county of Sligo lying south of the Bunree river, which was originally in this county, was occupied by O'Moran of Ardnarea as sub-chief under O'Caomain, whose lordship inckxded all Coolcarney from Toomore, and Tireragh to the river Leaffony. None of Amalgaid, son of Fiachra's descendants attained to the chieftainship of the Hy Fiachrach. We do not find that they had a common chieftain, probably because the king of the whole tribe had three foists in the barony, whereby his influence was felt constantly. O'Lachtna, lord of Bac and Glen Nephin, was the greatest chieftain next after the king, and perhaps had been in some measure a general chief of the Hy Awley. His lordship comprised the parishes of Kilmoremoy west of the Moy, Ballynahaglish, Kilbelfad, Ardagh, Addergoole, and a small part of Ballysakeery, and perhaps a part of Moygawnagh, where some descendants of Fergus lived. The Abbey of Errew appears to have been the ecclesiastical head of his lordship, and to have owed its greatness to the connection with his tribe, and that of Killala to have owed its superior importance, whereby it became the seat of the bishopric, to its connection with O'Dowda. The MacFirbises were of the race of O'Lachtna. They lived first in Maghbroin, supposed to lie about Killybrone near Oastlegore, and afterwards at Rosserk, and, after the O'Dowdas were turned out of Tirawley, at Lackan MacFirbis in Tireragh, where they built a castle. The MacFirbises were the chief ollavs and poets of O'Dowda. To them we are indebted for the great volume known as the Yellow Book of Lecan, for books of genealogies, and for the detailed accounts of the Hy Fiachrach from which this statement is drawn, and nearly all that we know of the early history of this barony and of Carra. O'Murray, chief of the Laggan, seems to have been next in importance. The king of the Hy Fiachrach had his own forts at Inishcoe and Annagh on L. Con, and at Rathfran. At the Conquest Tirawley was considered to be two cantreds, one called Tirawley, the other called Bac and Glen. Tirawley was let to Nicholas Petit, who enfeoffed Adam Cusack of the whole or part, but the Petit tenure and the chief Cusack tenure had come into the Earl's hands by 1333. The Petit tenure accounts for the grant of the rectories of Rathfran and Kilmoremoy and others to the Priory of Mullingar, which was in the Petit country. The transactions mentioned hereafter show that Bac and Glen had been let to a loi'd whose tenure had disappeared, so that Bai'rett and THE BARONY OF TIR.lWLEY, 291 others held directly from the Earl in 1333. This chief lord was pro- bably Richard Carew. The liarrotts were the principal colonists, and next after them the Cusacks. The Barl'etts came from Munster, where they have left their name to the barony of Barretts in Cork. I give MacFirbis's Genealogy of the Barretts of Tirawley ; it is certainly wrong in the early part, but may be right at or soon after Wattin. He says that William Finn may be the same as William Mor na Maigne, who is also called William Breathnach, and that the Welsh White Knight was William Finn's brother, showing that he had no authentic account of the family at that period. We cannot rely on the Irish genealogies alone for Anglo-Norman families until the fourteenth century, when they become accurate i-egarding important families. The English records enable us to identify William Mor na Maigne as the man who was killed at the battle of Kilroe. Xa Maighne may mean "of the Wound," and this is the probable meaning. At his death he was tenant of the cantred of Bac and Glen and of at least part of Bredagh. The first mention of a Barrett in Connaught is in 1253, when Adam Petit recovered eleven vills in Bredagh from William Barrett, who had called Richard Carew to warranty.^ Meddling with Bredagh perhaps cost him his life. The story is of interest as an illustration of the complexity of titles, conflict of obsolete and extant titles, and the consequent opportunities for a quairel. In the year 1300 the Prior of Mullingar sued Elias of Dundonnell for the advowson of the church of Bredagh. Elias called the Earl of Ulster to warranty, and pleaded that Walter de Burgo gave to Elias's father, by a charter which he filed, ten vills in Bredagh to which the advowson belonged. The Earl pleaded that his great-ginxndfather, William de Burgo, being seised of the whole Theodum of Bredagh enfeoffed thei-ein Nicholas le Petyt, who enfeoffed the Prior of the advowson, and afterwards enfeoffed Adam Cusack, senior, of the land. Thus the advowson was sepaiated from the land. Afterwards William Barrett entered on the land, ejecting Adam, who gave ten vills to Richard de Burgo for maintaining him in the remainder. Walter de Burgo gave seven of the vills to Milo de Curcy with his sister, which Milo gave to Elias's father. Elias replied that Walter was seised of the advowson and claimed ti-ial.^ The result does not appear. William de Burgo's grant of Connaught never took effect. Adam Cusack's title from him was valueless, so must have been renewed by Richard de Burgo. In January 1299 the Earl of Ulster petitioned 1 D.I., II., Nos. lii'U, 471. 2 Plea Rolls, 30 Ed. 1., K. G2, iM. 14 D. 292 THE EARLY HloIoRY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. the justiciary for seisin of the lands of which William Barrett was seised, which he held of the Earl in capite, according to the sheriff's inquisition which had found that William held the cantred of the Bac and Glen by the service of 20 marks yearly, and two knights' fees, and doing suit at the Earl's court, and rendering 39 marks yearly to John Roche, and that the land was worth 20s. yearly beyond these charges. The land had been taken into the king's hand after the death of William in Adam Cusack's prison. The escheator re- ported that William held all his lands in Connaught of the Earl ; that he held also Grennach in Muscry of John de Cogan ; Fresketh [in Cork?] of Maurice Rochfort; Alle of Peter Butler; Castelgeych of John de Barry ; Drumbolgyn of the Bishop of Ross ; Clardor of Maurice de Carew ; that William his heir was three years old at his father's death. Seisin was given to the Earl.^ Maurice, son of Richard de Carew, summoned William in 1300 to do suit and service which he owes to him for his freehold in Bac and Glen and Bredagh, i.e. homage and £4 when royal service runs, as heir of his father William. William admitted the claim, and seisin was ordered to be given to Maurice. - The tenant apparently held directly from two lords. The payment to a Roche shows some unexplained transactions. William Barrett certainly held Bac and Glen in fee. This cantred now comprised only the parishes of Ballynahaglish, Kilbelfad, and Addeigoole or thereabouts. The Munster estates must have been large. Castelgogh, or Castelgeych, Manor comprised 7| knights' fees held by the service of two knights. He held also land at Tyberneyvin in Limerick from Maurice Rochfort, who seems to have been his chief lord, as William settled with him regarding his marriage, which was valued at .£100. William senior is said to have built Caislen na Circe on the Tiraw- ley bank of the Moy opposite to Foxford, at which a small market town grew up. William na Maigne had a brothei- Robert, who survived him. After 1284 Batin, Thomas, Richard and his son William, and Philip Barrett are mentioned. From Batin the chief of the Barretts . took the name of MacBhaitin. He must have been the principal Barrett in Tirawley. He had to pay a fine of £163, 18s. 8d. for peace, and Gilbert Lynet had to pay X33, 6s, 8d. Adam Bretnath paid £3, 6s. 8d. Batin must have had a very large estate to afford such a fine, which we may take to have been imposed for taking part in the battle of Kilroe. 1 Cal. Just. Rolls, Irel , 1295-1300. 2 Plea Rolls. 28 Ed. I., R. 47, M. 13 D. THE BARONY OI'^ TIRAWLEY. 293 Batin's estate was outside the cantred cf Bac and Glen. We may take it to have been in the cantred of Tirawley. Ballysakeery was the castle of the MacWattin of the composition. Belleek was that of a branch of his family who divided their possessions with Walter Kittagh Bourke in 1584. Batin's son Robert succeeded him, was lord in 1335, and may have lived until 1365. In 1356 Robert was seneschal of Connaught. The Barretts broke up into several clans, some taking new sur- names : — 1. Clann Andriu, who lived in the Bacs, descendants of a Sir Maigiu. 2. Clann Toimin of Erris. 3. Clan Philip or Pliilpin, descended from Philip or Philpin, grand- son of Toimin's brother. 4. Clann Toimilin. 5. Clan Ricin of Glen Nephin, descended from Ricin Og, son of Ricin. 6. Clann MecRoiberd, descended from the son of William Mor na Maighne, whose inheritance is along the river Deel. The above is xMacFirbis's account of these clans as he gives it iu the Ti'act on the Hy Fiachrach. His authorities are at variance, and we cannot give much credit to what was based only on traditions of his day regarding clans of no great importance. The Barretts probably did as the Bourkes in the matter of taking new names, and on those grounds it is probable that the clans IMacRobert, Toimin, Philip, Ricin are descendants of the Robert, Thomas, Philip, and Richard, who ■vyoul'^^ have no claim on the inheritance of Batin. According to the pedigree, the clan Andrew did not come from Batin. A Mathew, son of Mathew Barrett, was extant in 1303, who may be the ancestor. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth century we find tlie Mac- Andrews holding much land in the Bacs, MacTomyn iu Ballycroy, MacPhilips at Portnahally near Ballycastle and at Dookeeghan in Erris. One of the Barretts became chief lord of Erris at some time. MacFirbis failed to disentangle the traditions regarding the earliest Barretts, and worked them into a symmetrical genealogy from the uncertain William of Kilcorainon, who had a brother called An Ridire Fionn, the Welsh White Knight. Breathnach comes in also as a name of William. The Barretts seem to have thrown off a clan which adopted Breathnach as a surname, translated again into Welsh. In 1407 a priest is described as " Maurice Bared a/m-s Brechnach." I find evidence for a suspicion that the Carra Branaglis of Rosslahan may have been Barretts. 294 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. " The Welsh Pauper," An Failghech Breathnach, is made a brother of Batin, and a grandson of "William Mor na Maighne. That the Failghech was Batin's brother is very likely to be correct, but he has put them too late. The Failghech and Thomas Barrett were killed at Coin Berrain in 1260 (L.C.). The Failghech left sons who held a good position ; it is recorded that Felim O'Conor plundered them and took Richard himself prisoner in 1316 (L.C.). The Clann an Fhailghigh disappears from history until we find the Clannenallies mentioned in 1588, and some families called MacEnally among the small freeholders of Carra and Kilmaine in the early seventeenth century. Seeing the uncertainty of this genealogy, I am still inclined to think that the Irish used An Failghech as a translation of Le Poher, supposing it to be the French Le Paurre. Some of the names in the pedigree are very unusual. On the whole, we cannot be sure of more than that several Barretts came from Munster soon after the Conquest and settled in Tirawley. The Cusacks. According to MacFirbis, Adam Cusack built the castle of Meelick. Adam Cusack, junior, the victor at Kilroe, owned also the manor of Cuilcnama, the parishes of Skreen and Dromard. He died by 1297, leaving only daughters. One of his daughters surrendered Cuilcnama to the Earl of Ulster. We have no particulars of Adam Cusack's Tirawley estate, but it must have been large. Rathreagh was pro- bably in it, as it was once known also as Cusackstown. Though the great estate ceased to be held by a Cusack, the memory survived, so that in the Division of Connaught the barony of Moyne is described as containing " Tirawley and the Cusacks' coimtry." A junior branch of the family survived. In the beginning of the seventeenth century Robert Cusack owned the castle and lands of Ross, together with other lands in the parishes of Killala and Bally- sakeery. The Carews. A branch of this great family also survived. One of them was of sufficient importance to be a party to the Indentiire of Composition. His castle of Dunmacnyny has not been identified. His family are later found in possession of Cloonawillin in Ballysakeery, and other lands not identified. The Lynotts, Gilbert de Lynet was of sufficient importance to be Sheriff of Con- naught from 1287 to 1289. The family appear again as owners of THE BARONY OF TIRAWLEY. 205 half the castle and lands of Cam — the other half owned by Carews — and of the lands of Kincon, Ellagli, and Seehaunniore in Kilfian. The INIerkicks. Some of this family survived in possession of a small freehold at Ballyteige in Glenhest, which takes its name from Hosty, whose descendants in the barony of Dunmore are the INlacCostys. The De Exeters. A branch of this family called Clan Stephen settled at Rathfran, where the monastery was founded by one of the de Exeters in 1274, who probably came in as tenant of another lord of his own family, as the estate held by this family at Rathfran in the sixteenth century was small. This family is dealt with at length in Gallen. The Lawlesses and Cogans. MacFirbis says that Sir William Lawless had the country of Caille Conaill. There is some doubtful evidence of a Lawless connection with Ballycastle. There is reason to suspect that a de Barry owned a fee about Crossmolina, as we find that the Augustinian monastery of Ballybeg, near Buttevant, a de Barry house, owned the rectory of Crossmolina. In 1306, John, son of William de Rathcogan, Walter de Usser, and Walter de Cogan Avere indicted for robbing the abbot of the monastery of Crossmolina. Rathcogan is a name of Charleville, which was in the Cogan estate in the county of Cork. We may suspect that an estate hereabouts passed like Castlebar from a de Barry to a Cogan. The Bermixghams. This great family comes into the barony because Ardnarea was within it as originally laid out. But none of the family settled permanently. At or soon after the Conquest, Peter de Bermingham held the manors of Ardnarea and Castleconor. The former was the parish of Ardnarea or Kilmoremoy in Sligo. The latter extended north from it so as to include a great part or whole of Easky parish. The original grant may have been of all Tireragh, which was called by the Irish ]MacFheorais's country. It is afterwaids found broken up. There were many transactions regarding lands in those days, and we know that Cuilcnama was surrendered to the Earl of Ulster, and there are indications that some de Berminghams had an interest tlierein superior to that of Adam Cusack. Within the next fifty years Ardnarea belonged to Peter, son of 296 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. Meiler Bermingham, and Castleconor to his cousin Peter, son of James. But under this Peter an Andrew Bermingham seems to have held the manor, whose daughter and heiress, being married to Stephen Le Poer, conveyed her rights to Eustace Le Poer, a great baron of Munster, who had a large estate in the south of Galway. His family did not settle. Under him a Martin Taaf held a great part of the manor. In a settlement of claims regarding Andrew's inheritance, Castleconor was let to Eustace Le Poer at a nominal rent. No more is known regarding their devolution until they appear in the possession of the Bourkes, who lost Castleconor and retained Ardnarea, which was bounded on the north by the Bunree river when the county bounds were laid down. If we suppose that Sir Edmond Albanagh or his father had acquired the Bermingham or Le Poer rights, and that O'Dowda had acquired the Taaf or Le Poer rights when the Taafs retired, we can understand that there were grounds for conflicting claims between MacWilliams and O'Dowdas which led to wars, and that Cathal Duff's payment of five marks yearly to Mac William, as recorded in the Hist, et Gen., may have been a recognition of ancient right, and nob submission to arbitrary oppression. The thirteenth and fourteenth century records show a good many names of colonists in Tirawley whose position is not ascertained. It is evident that there was a large English population then. Bvit all have disappeared save those who have been noted above, who are far more families of the early colonists than have survived in other baronies. The Period of the MacWilliamship. The death of William Saxonagh at Iniscoe in 1368, and his grand- son's attack on Bishop BaiTett in 1396, and the existence of a Redmond Bourke who described himself as of Iniscoe in 1452, afford ground for supposing that Sir Edmond Albanagh, having acquired the de Barry or de Cogan rights over Crossmolina to- gether with Castlebar, settled his son and his family there, and that the long quarrel between the Bourkes and the Barretts may date from that affray, to end only with the agreement regarding Belleek in 1584. We have no glimpse of the cause of quarrel. But if Sir William Liath or his sons bought rights or took tenures from the absentee lords and made them effective, we have the conditions needed for a crop of quarrels which must be settled by sword and spear in absence of the courts of the earl and the king. When those courts disappeared, and most of the smaller colonists and farmers fled from disorder and oppression, the head of the Barretts was the greatest loi^d in Tirawley, and might count on THE BARONY OF TIRAWLEY. 297 general support from the other resident lords, whose independence was equally threatened by Mac William's claims. A picturesque tradition, handed down to us as it was told in D. MacFirbis's time, tells precisely how the Boui-kes came to spi'ead all over Tirawley. The Lynotts murdered the Barretts' steward who came to collect their rents, and threw his body into a well near Carn Castle, after- wards called Tubberscorney from his nickname. The Barretts capturetl the Lynotts and blinded them, testing the thoroughness of the blinding by making them cross the stepping-stones, called from them Clochan na ndall, near the castle. Any one who crossed without stumbling was blinded again. To strengthen themselves against the Barretts, the Lynotts got Teaboid Mael Bourke as a foster-son, said to have been a son of Sir Edmond Albanagh. This foster-son was killed by the Barretts at the stream at Cornasack on the road to Ballycastle. As an eric the Barretts gave up to the Bourkes eighteen quarters of land. Teaboid's foster-father took as his share of the eric the assignment of the quarters, and chose them throughout Tirawley, that the Bourkes might plague the Barretts everywhere. This last item seems to be the Belleek agreement, whereby about eighteen quarters were given up. The other facts are likely to be separately true — the murder of the steward and the punishment of the Lynotts ; the alliance of Lynotts with Bourkes ; the killing of Teaboid by Barretts — all brought together to account for the mixture of clans, contrary to the usual practice of each clan having a separate defined territory. MacDonnells were settled at Rathlacken, Ballycastle, Ballinglen, Bally kinlettragh, and Cloonenass. Most of them were of a family- called the clan of Aedh Buidhe. The Bourkes of Tirawley, so far as they have been traced, were all of the Sliocht Ricaird, descendants of John, son of Ricard O'Cuairsci, except that the Bourkes of Turlough had the castle of Addergoole and some lands there and about Levally and Bogadoon, and the descendants of David Ban had a small estate. Mac William's rent charge of .£40 on IGO quarters in the composition is so close to the sum allowed on 164^ quarters scattered througli Tirawley, that they must be the same assessment ; and they are both so close to the Eai^l of Ulster's rents of 1333, that there can be little doubt that they are the survival of the Earl's rents but slightly modified. As in Carra, so here the cowrines seem to have been of the nature of survey divisions, not, as far as we know, representing estates or minor chiefries. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE BARONY OP ERRIS. Erris, lorrus larthar, or Western District, was the inheritartCe of the Oinel Fedhlimidh branch of the Hy Fiachrach. Their chieftain was O'Caithniadh, whose death is recorded in the Annals under the years 1180, 1206, and 1274. He had three sub-chiefs — O'Callaghan, O'Muimhneachain (now called Minahan), and MacCoinin (which is anglicised in various ways). Dumha Caechain was the fort of the kirlg of the Hy Fiachrach in this country. In the middle of the thirteenth century, the Clan Murtough Mweenagh were in this country up to their expulsion in 1274. The country as a whole is next found to be held under the de Burgo lord by Jordan de Exeter. From the Plea Rolls we learn that John Butler, who died leaving a son Henry who was under age in 1.306, held the manor of Ballycroy from Jordan de Exeter by knight-service, namely, by half a mark of royal service when scutage runs, and by a yearly i-ent of £1, 16s. 8d. From the Justiciary Rolls we learn that when Adam Flemyng was killed in the battle of Kilvoe fighting against Adam Cusack, his lands of Kildarvila, Kilcommon, Killannan, and Caher were taken into the king's hands by order of the justiciar. From these denominations we may infer that he held a great pai-t of Erris. The widow of Stephen, son of Stephen de Exeter, claimed dower in his manor of Dookeeghan in 1320. The history of Erris is a blank until the close of the sixteenth century, when it is mentioned as the barony of Invermore, and is in possession of Barretts and Bourkes. The Barretts appear to have acquired the lordship of the whole, MacWattin being called chief therein. The Bourke intrusion into Tiran and an estate thereabouts appears to have been of recent date, when the family first appears in Erris. Upon what claim they came in does not appear. The Clan- william had power to enforce any claim which one of the family might acquire against any Barrett. The Barretts styled them forcible intruders. The Butler title to Ballycroy came to the hands of the Earl of Ormond by some means, and was made effective with the re- THE BARONY OF EREIS. 299 storation of English law. ^lacToimiu and IJarretts were tenants there. At the time of the composition, Edmond Barrett of the castle of Dowlagh Avas head of the Erris family. His sons Edmond and Richard were brought up in England, and were attached to the household of Lord Essex in 1594. Edmond did good service in the wais ;t> cMjitain of a company, and received grants of abbey lands and of forfeited estates, and a pension in respect of his wounds and services. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE BAROXY OF BURRISHOOLE. The barony owes its form to the tenures of the sixteenth century, which owed their form to those of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as settled by the de Burgo lords of Connaught, which again depended largely on the existing thirteenth-century Gaelic territorial divisions in accordance with tribal occupation. Up to that time it is only part of the kingdom of Umall. The Clan Murtough Mweenagh settled upon the O'Malleys in the thirteenth century. The kingdom of Umall became the de Burgo cantred of Owyll, and was split into several fees when we get details for the first time in 1333. We first find Henry Butler in possession, who has a castle at Tyrenmore, and has established there a small town called by the Irish Burgheis Cinn Trachta, now known as Burrishoole. The estate was a little more than the parish of Burrishoole, which was called Leath Fherghuis, Fergus's half, whence we may infer that O' Fergus, head of one of the three great divisions of Clann Maille, held it as a chiefry. The Norman grants of lai^ge fees followed existing known divisions. Clan Murtough remained in Umall under the Butlers until their rising in 1272 led to their expulsion. John Butler held Owyll Butler in 1333. The Butlers do not appear again until the close of the sixteenth century, when Lord Ormond's title is acknowledged to this estate and to that of Ballycroy. By unknown means the right of the descendants of Henry Butler passed to the earls, who made their title effective when English law became so again. There is indication that the earls got no rents from the estate in the interval, that their rights were in abeyance, that the Bourkes and O'Malleys treated the country as their own, perhaps acknowledging a bare ownership. The O'Malleys were in Achill. The Bourkes of Sliocht Ulick had the rest of the estate under MacWilliam in respect of his chieftainship. The barony was made up of this estate and of those of the Bourkes of Sliocht Ulick, the MacPhilpins, MacTibbot, MacMeyler, Mac- Daibheog Boy, Mac Walter Boy, some minor estates, and the Arch- bishop's Aghagower estate. These clans are given in the genealogical THE BARONY OF BURRLSHOOLE. 301 tables except Slioclit Walter Boy of unknown origin. Thus the eastern boundary is not the same as that of Umall, but includes parts of the pari.sh of Islandeady. Those of Clan Philpin and MacTibbot seem to be the freeholds of the fourteenth century. The Sliocht Ulick Bourkes had castles at Newport, then called Bally veghan, and llockfleet and Burrishoole. The MacPhilpins had the castles of Aille and Aghle and Doon in this barony, and those of Belial )ourke and the New Castle near Castlebar in Carra. MacTibbot had the castle of Moyour, now called Castleaffy. This estate may be taken to represent that which William of Umall held in 1333. The MacMeylers seem to have been tenants of other freeholders, and were very few. Some are described as of Kilmaclasser. Sliocht MicDaibheog Buidhe were a branch of the Clan Gibbon. Three of the name of M'Cavoke Boy are described as of Rosscleave, which was within the Butler estate. The Sliocht Walter Buidhe are perhaps of the same clan, but there is nothing to indicate their dwell- ing-place. Both of these clans are named in the composition as liable to a rent charge for Mac William. The Clan Gibbon had little land of their own in this barony. They had Ballyknock Castle and lands, and were chiefly tenants under the Archbishop and others. A family of MacDonnells called Clanrannell were settled in the castle of Carrickenedy and at Clogher. These were the only freeholders of importance. Rockfleet, in itself a poor little tower, deserves notice as the only castle known to have been the dwelling-place of Grainne ui Mhaille. In early youth she may have lived with her father in any of the O'Malley castles, and after marriage she lived in her husband's castles. After Sir R. Bourke's death she settled in this tower within the country where her son-in-law, Richard Bourko the Devil's Hook's son, was chief. A lawsuit relating to the manor of Aghagower shows the difficultiL's arising from coexistence of English and Brehon Law.^ John Stanton and his wife Joan sued Archbishop William Berming- ham for two parts of that manor as the inheritance of Joan, whereof the Archbishop dispossessed Mathew Magelaghy, bruther of Joan, who is his heiress. The Archbishop replies that he need not answer Joan, because she is an IrislnvunK\n and is not of the five families entitled to use English law. ' Cal. Plea Rolls, "ij Ed. I.. K. 38. M. 21. 302 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. They reply that he must answer, because his predecessor, Archbishop Marianus,^ enfeoffed Benyach Macgreathey,^ with assent of his chapter. After death of Benyach, Adam, his son and heir, being a minor, was a ward of the king during vacancy of Tuam, and after Thomas O'Connor was made Archbishop, Thomas took homage of Adam, being of full age. After Adam's death, Mathew was a minor and was in custody of Archbishop Stephen Fulebourne, to whom Mathew did homage, and suit and service at the Court of Archbishop William, of which Mathew Joan is heiress. They say that the charter of enfeoffment was burnt at Athlethan and can be proved. The Archbishop replies that she cannot prove it, because she is an Irishwoman. A day is given for judgment. The decision is not enrolled. The provisions of the Treaty of Windsor in 1175, preserving to the Irish the use of their own customs, might have worked fairly well if English manors had been inhabited only by the English, and Irish lands only by the Irish. These pleas show the incompatibility of the two systems. Two questions were raised here — Were the archbishops debarred from pleading that Joan is an Irishwoman by having treated her brother, father, and grandfather as Englishmen ? and can an Irish- woman prove a lost document by secondary evidence when it is neces- sary to establish her right to English law ? But the second question may not have been in issue, as the Archbishop's plea may have been intended as a general denial of the right claimed. If she failed to establish English right, the King's Court would have dismissed the suit for want of jurisdiction, without pronouncing on the claim. She would have been left to her Irish law for redress. It would have given her none. The Archbishop would not have sub- mitted himself to a Brehon's judgment voluntarily, and there was no force behind a Brehon to compel submission. It shows where Irish laws failed. The plea shows also that Irish archbishops let out see lands to middlemen in large holdings. If the name is MacOirechtaigh, we see that the old comarb lands were let out to the Airchinnechs. ^ O'Lachtnain, who died in 1249. * Benedict Mageraghty (see a.d. 1247). CHAPTER XXXV THE BAKOXY OF ML'URISK. This barony is the country in which O'IMalley was cliief when baronies were hiid out. With Burrislioole it forms the kingdom of Aicill and Umall, which comes into history at the battle of Moy Lena. Aicill seems to be a descri[)tive term applied to mountainous country. Umall means low, and applies in this sense to the country lying east of Clew Bay, as Aicill applies to the parts lying north and south of the bay. The title may be translated as King of Highland and Lowland. Aicill sui-vives in Achill Island and Curraun Achill. The term was applied to the country between Clew Bay and the Killeries in the thirteenth century. Though at all times an independent kingdom acknowledging supre- macy of only the King of Connaught, it was too small to play an independent part, and therefore is rarely mentioned in the Annals, The earliest chieftains were families of the Olann Umoir. Clann Maille probably descended from one of them, but were tacked on to Brian Orbsen by the genealogists, and were known as Hy Briuin Umaill. The eaily part of the pedigree of O'Malley is not trust- worthy. Seven generations will not fill the space between Brian Orbsen and Flannabhra, who died in 773, the first lord of Umall mentioned in the Annals. A couple more are missing between him and Domnall Ruadh. Clann Maille were renowned as seamen in early times. The entries in the Annals and the sixteenth-century State Papers show how they maintained their renown. (F.M.) 1384. A meeting took phice between O'Flaherty and O'Malley, but a quai-rel arose between them, in which Owen O'Malley, Cormac O'Malley (i.e. Cormac Cruinn), and many others besides these were slain by the people of O'Flaherty. 1396. Melaghlin, son of Conor O'Malley, and a son of Theobald of the Kerne, one of the Clanrickard, went with a ship to plunder in Connemara. They killed a grandson of Cathal Boy O'Flaherty, and filled their ship with spoils, but the ship was wrecked between Aran and the mainland, and all, tliirty-three in number, or all but one, were drowned. 304 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. 1413. Tuathal O'Malley had been serving in Ulster as a soldier for a year. He was going home with seven ships, when a storm drove them to Scotland about the feast of St. Columcille, when six of the ships were wrecked and the crews drowned, upwards of 240. Some MacSweenys were with him. 1415. O'Malley, Hugh, plundered Dermot O'Malley. Dermot took O'Malley's island. A battle ensued, in which Hugh and his son Conor were killed, and Dermot's son Donnell and a son of Thomas O'Malley. The sovereignty now passed from Hugh's descendants, and Dermot became king. 1427. Hugh O'Malley, son of Dermot, heir to the lordship, went with a fleet to Tirconnell, and was slain in retiring to his ships. (D.F.) 1460. Donnell, son of Dermot O'Malley, and William and John O'Malley joined O'Brien's sons in an attack by sea on Corco- vaskin against MacMahon. They were driven back to their ships, and the three O'Malleys were slain before they reached them, and many of their men were killed. (A.U.) 1513. Eoghan O'Maille went to Killybegs with three ships when the nobles of the country were absent on a rising out. They burnt the town and took many prisoners. A storm prevented them from embarking, and they had to wait near their ships. A young MacSAveeny boy and some O'Gallaghers collected some idlers and farm hands and rushed on them. They slew Eoghan and five or six score of his men, rescued the prisoners, and took two ships. (L.C.) 1524. Cormac O'Malley's son Dermot was killed while help- ing O'Conor Kerry in a raid into Duhallow. 1560. Tuathal O'Malley joined an O'Brien of Aran in an expedi- tion against Desmond. On their return the ship was wrecked at Invermore. Only O'Brien and three men escaped. 1568. John na Seoltadh, son of Donnell O'Malley, went with a long ship to pay a visit to MacMaurice of Kerry at Lixnaw. MacSweeny, a constable of Gallowglasses, was also there on a visit, with only fifty of his men, after his engagement with MacMaurice had ended. James FitzGerald, who had charge of Lord Desmond's estate, came against Lixnaw in great force. The visitoi-s stood by MacMaurice, and advised to attack the enemy. He did so, and de- feated them with great loss. 1583. Some O'Malleys went to Ulster and killed Donogh O'Boyle on Iniscaoil in Gweebarra Bay. 1594. In July some O'Malleys of the Out Isles plundered the shore of MacSweeny Banagh's country. We must regret that the Irish writers have not recorded the exploits which earned for Grainne ni Mhaille so great a name among her Irish and English contemporaries. THE BARONY OF MURRISK. 305 The following collection of obits shows that the O'^Ialleys fought a good (leal with each other : — (F.M.) 1094. Gilla na ninghen Ua Cobhthaigh, King of Umhall, Airchinnech of Aghagower, was killed by the men of Caria. 1170. Donnell O'Malley, Lord of Umhall, died. 1220. Dubhdara, son of Miiredhach O'Malley, was killed by Cathal Crovderg. 1235. Donnell and Murtough, sons of Muredhach O'Malley, were killed by O'Conors. (L.C.) 1337. Donnell Euadh and his son Cormac were killed by Merrieks. 1361. Tuathal died. 13(32. Owen and his son Dermot died. 1401. Donnell, the king, died. 1408. Cormac O'Malley was killed by his brother. (A.U.) 1416. Tuathal was killed by the sons of his brother Dubhgall. (L.C.) 1429. Melaghlin, heir to the lord- ship, was slain by the sons of O'Malley. (D.F.) 1460. Brian O'Malley was slain by his brother Hugh, son of Teige, in a dispute. (L.C.) 1467. O'Malley, i.e. Tadhg, son of Dermot, died. But one fight with Bourkes is recorded. In 1378 the O'Malleys killed Walter, son of \Mlliam. The principal dwelling of the kings was at or near Belclare from very early times. The castle of Belclare, near the modern house, may be taken to have been the successor of the fort called Cruachan of Aigill, if it was not on the site of the Dun. Cruachan had the meaning of a king's fort, and we have evidence that this Cruachan was in that neighbourhood in the record of St. Patrick's visit to Cruachan of Aigill, which was under the Hill of Aigill, now called Croaghpatrick. The old church of Cloonpatrick represents the Patri- cian foundation. Xi'Mallexwas the only Gaelic chieftain of Mayo who retained his rank until the extinction of the title. He appears as a tenant of the Earl of Ulster in 1333. He must have acquired the Lawless and Knappagh estates of that time, which, with some see lands, and perhaps some land not let out for money rent, covered the barony of Murrisk. We can take O'Malley's towns to have been about Belclare and in the east, and the Lawless estate to have been towards the west, because John Sturmyn sued Maurice Lawless and his wife for warranty of the Isles of Inishboffin and Inishark.i This also shows, what we would not have supposed likely, that Englishmen were then able to get enough profit out of those isles to make them worth litigation. O'Malley owed no rent to MacWilliam, only a rising out. He was so hemmed in by the Bourkes as to be necessarily dependent on MacWilliam, and especially on his nearest neighbours the Sliocht Ulick. The MacCibljons had no separate clan lands, were freeholders ' Cal. Plea Rolls, 9 Edw. I., II. 7. U 306 THE EARI.Y HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. under O'Malley or tenants under other freeholders, and dwelt chiefly in the east and round by the south to Aillemore. The MacGibbon estate in Knappagh may have dated from the fourteenth century, Taut all who dwelt within the barony held under O'Malley in the sixteenth century, except the tenants of the ecclesiastical lands. The O'Malleys alone possessed castles. That of Belclare, and perhaps more, went with the chieftainship. The other castles were at Caher na Mart, one near Louisburgh, now named Grania's Castle on the maps, Clare Island, and Inishboffin. Clare Island castle alone remains. The family occupied Kildavnet Castle in Achill. The composition describes O'Malley's country as consisting of two divisions of thirty-six quarters each, called Lorge Owle O'Mayle and Ilane ne Moghere. If the foi'mer be meant for Lurg Umhaill O'Maille, it means " End of O'Malley's Umhall," and describes the western half of the country and the great islands. Ilane ne Moghere is the small island in Moher Lake on which are traces of stone building. It must have been a place of note, or it would not have given a name to half the chiefry. We may take it to have been O'Malley's principal crannoge and place of safety for his valuables in troublous times ; it may be O'Malley's island which Dermot took in 1415. CIIAPTEK XXXVI. THE BARON V OF GALLEX. This barony is the lordship of MacJordun de Exeter, which was the western part of O'Gadhra's kingdom called Gailenga, whereof the eastern part was Sliabh Lugha. The barony boundary follows parish boundaries, except where a part of the scattered parish of Kilda- commoge is split. Coolcarney came into O'Gadhra's kingdom before the de Burgo conquest, having been previously under the lordship of O'Caomhain. Its inhabitants were then of the Calry race. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries some families of Clan Donogh O'Dowda settled there, whence arose an objection to the county boundaries as first laid down, the county of Sligo claiming Coolcarney as lying propeidy Avithin its bounds, which were intended to include all the families Avhich acknowledged O'Dowda as their head. But their landlord was MacJ'ordan, O'Dowda being only a tribe-lord. Xo more is known of the early history of this territory than what has been given elsewhere. Hugh de Lacy was R. de Burgo's grantee of this cantred, which he soon transferred to Jordan de Illxeter or his father, but Jordan is the first person Avho is known to have been in actual occupation. Jordan is first mentioned in a grant of 1239-40, by which Maurice Fitz- Gerald conveyed to him part of the barony of Leyny, which he afterwards surrendered. In 1250 the king gave him twenty-five marks yearly in reward of services until he should be given waste lands worth <£20 a year, which were given about the parish of Killallaghtan in Galway, to be held by the service of one knight. He was killed in 1258 while Sheriil" of Connaught. To him we must attribute the building of the castle of Ballylahan, the only thirteenth-century castle in Mayo whose plan can be made out. It stands on a spur of high ground overlooking Athlethan, the Broad Ford, having a gate-tower as i)rincipal dwelling, and a wall with fianking towers following the crest of the ground, enclosing an irregularly shaped court. He founded the Dominican Friary at Strade in 1253. According to the Registry of the Dominican house of Athenry, he had pre- 308 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. viously put Franciscans there, but turned them out at instance of his wife, Basilia, daughter of Meyler de Bermingham. He was succeeded in this lordship by his son Meiler, who was killed in 1289, and he by his son Meiler, who was killed in 1317, whose heir was his uncle Jordan. This Jordan was active in Connaught, was sheriff in 1269 and again in 1279, and was constable of Roscommon Castle in 1280. He is found in possession of the cantred of Erris. At the close of the century he held from the king the barony of Athmethan, in Co. Waterford, at a rent of =£20, 13s. 4d. He died about 1319, leaving a widow, Barnaba. His son John was lord of Athlethan in 1335. In 1302 he is named with his wife Ismania, who seems to have been heiress of a Christophre. Their son Jordan Bacach seems to have claimed lands in Cork through Ismania.^ This Jordan Bacach does not appear in Connaught history. It may be inferred that he succeeded to his father's Munster estate, and John to the'Connavaght estate, and that his descendants recorded by MacFirbis were a junior branch. The relationship of the branches of the de Exeter family extant in the thirteenth centui-y are obscure, but the family was rich and of high rank. Internal evidence suggests that the Annals called " of Multifarn- ham " were written at Strade by Brother Stephen de Exeter. They close in 1274, when a monastery was founded at Rathfran, where the author may have gone. They record the death of John de Exeter in 1261 ; of Eva, Richard's first wife, in 1262 ; of Mabilia, his second wife, in 1264 ; his marriage to Ysemain, daughter of David de Pren- dergast, in 1269 ; the birth of her son John in 1270 ; and the succes- sion of Richard to the place of the Justiciary. These Annals ignore Jordan and his line. The Irish Annals ignore Richard's line. The John who died in 1261 was probably Richard's father. Sir Richard was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1273 ; con- stable of the castles of Roscommon and Randown in 1282-84; and was killed in battle in Thomond in 1287. He acquired a large estate in Roscommon, where he built a castle at Athleague. He was succeeded by his son, Sir Richard, who became Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and was keeper of the castles of Ros- common and Randown in 1302 and 1304. He was Sheriff of Ros- common in 1292 and in 1302. He died in 1327. His son Simon, who had been a justice, became Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1335. His son Richard owned the manor of Derver in 1347. A conveyancing transaction, for which no reason is given, intended probably to clear title, shows the estates of Sir Richard in 1305. 1 Cal. Justiciary Rolls. THE BARONY OF (lALLEX. 309 He transfers by several deeds all his lands held of the king to Nicholas de Exeter, a priest. The king confirms the transfer on the 20th May. Nicholas transfers them back to Sir Richard. The king confirms on the 30th June. Like transactions take place in respect of lands not held in capite} He held in cajnte in Meath the manors of Staghcallan, Carrig, Listathell, Bryaneston, Crowenbeg, and Ilathslyberaght, messuages and lands, and £21, 9s. 4d. rents in Rathbranna, Donneyvin, Imelagh- began, and le Newenhagard near Trim ; the manors of Derver and Corbally ; iu Roscommon, the Athleague estate.2 From the lords of the fees he held the manors of Bellaghlysconan and Lynne, and houses and lands, and 40s. rents, and the manors of Baronnyston and Phelipyston de Nugent in Louth. The last two manors seem to have been held in right of his wife, Elizabeth. In Roscommon he had lands and houses in Roscommon and in tlie Irish town of Roscommon, and 5| villatas of land. The family must have held a very high position in Meath, wlience we may infer that Jordan and Stephen were junior members of that family. MacFirbis derives Clan Stephen from Jordan Og, but there was another earlier and more important line of Stephens connected witli Mayo. Stephen, son of Stephen, and Johanna, widow of Stephen, filed suits against R. Fleming at Dublin in 1280. In 1290 Sir Stephen acted in Meath inquisitions, and is mentioned in 1302 with his son S.^ Stephen was killed at Athlethan in 1316, called lord of the place in the Annals of Ulster, bub in the Hid. et Gen. chief of his nation, which would apply to Sir Stephen if he was not a grandson of Jordan Mor. It is, indeed, not improbable that Jordan was a younger son of the family of which Sir Stephen was the head. Meiler was killed in 1317. In 1318 Matilda, widow of Stephen, son of Stephen, sued for dower in the manors of Moyrathir, Dawathlethren, Dowath- myl . . . , and in the manor of Duffathkeeghan in Urrus.^ Only the last is identified as Dunkeeghan in Erris. At the same time, the Pipe Rolls mention the estate of the late Stephen, son of Stephen, in Athmethan, and state that Meiler, son of Meiler, had the ward- ship of the lands in Connaught which Stephen held in capite during nonage of the heir, whose name is not given, and that Meiler havint' died, his uncle Jordan was his heir. I find nothing to show what lands Stephen held in capite in Connaught. They must have been in the king's cantreds. Sir Stephen, therefore, was a man of higli position, in close rela- 1 P.K., w:, K.I. I. = A'..v..l./.. i;i03, p. 240. => r.U., S Kd. ]., unci D.I. •> IML, i;! Ed. II. 310 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. tions with the race of Jordan by occupation of lands in Mayo and Waterford. He and Jordan Og were heads of two independent branches, and he was recognised by the Irish as the head of a family. It is therefore probable that his father is the Stephen from whom MacStephen sprang, and that he had a position analogous to that of MacSeonin, holding an estate by a title independent of that of Jordan de Exeter, The position of the three castles of Clan Stephen in a part of a parish divided arbitrarily from the barony of Carra raises a suspicion that the MacStephen estate was originally in Carina, and that MacStephen transferred his allegiance to his kins- man of Gallen in the fourteenth century. This case of Sir Stephen shows, what appears clearly in the Plea Rolls, that in King Edward I.'s time law was so well established in these parts that a Meath family could profitably hold remote manors in Erris and \Yaterford. To his father we may with most probability assign the foundation of Rathfran Abbey, though there is no record of his connection with it, and it may have been founded by Jordan Og. A Thomas de Exeter is found at Rathfran in 1577 (13 D.K. 3081). The family had an estate there in the seventeenth century. It alone retained the name of de Exeter in the sixteenth century, the other branches using Irish surnames, as MacJordan and MacStephen. \Ve must hold MacFirbis's descent of this family from Jordan Og to be doubtful. The MacJordans were not always on good terms with the Mac- Williams. The hostility resulted in a settlement made by Sir N. Malbie, whereby ]Mac^\^illiam's chieftain rights were commuted for money rent, reducing occasions of quarrel. Though this settlement is not recorded in the State Papers, it has support from Sir X.'s dealings with MacJordan in his early compositions. In the beginning of the seventeenth century MacJordan sold to Theobald Dillon his heritable rights. The following entries appear in the Annals after 1320 : — (L.C.) 1336. Meyler MacJordan de Exeter died. 135-5. Stephen was killed. (P.M.) MacJordan, lord of Athlethan, and John were killed. Here we must refer to the calendar of the Patent Rolls, 4 Rich. II., wherein it appears that the Bishop of Clonmacnoise as Sheriff of Connaught reported that John, son of John, is heir of Meiler de Exeter deceased, and is under age. This must be the Meiler who was killed in 1380; it is most unlikely that any other family is referred to. If so, the genealogy requires reconstruction. We should make 5 (1) John to be a son of 4 (2) John, taking him to be the heir of 1381. The Bishop would follow the English law of succession, but at this period the family would disregard English law and the succession would fall to the eldest of the family or the THE BARONY OF GALLEN. 311 most active. The following entries show how imperfect the genealogy really is. 1394. Mac Jordan, John, son of Meiler, lord of Athlethan, was killed by the sons of John. (F.M.) 1416. Mac Jordan attacked the western O'Haras, intervening in an existing O'llara quarrel. O'Hara and some Sligo O'Conors met the van of his army, when O'Hara and several of his allies were slain. Mac Jordan plundered the country, but was attacked in his retreat and killed with O'llowan and Hugh O'Rowan and MacDuarcan, lord of Culneiridh. 1426. Richard MacJordan of the Wood was killed by MacJordan Duff (INIacCostello). {A.U.) 1497. The sons of John Mor MacJordan were slain in treachery in the spring by MacJordan, Thomas, and by his sons. (L.C.) 1520. William MacJordan died. 1584. MacJordan, i.e. Thomas Duff, died. We have two entries relating to the great bardic and literary family of O'Higgin, which had a good estate in Leyny : (A.U.) 1448. O hXJiginn, Tadhg Og, a very eminent scholar who kept a great school, died at Kilconla, and was buried at Athlethan, i.e. Strade. 1476. Brian, son of Farrell Roe O'Higgin, head of his tribe, an eminent poet, died on Maundy Thursday and was buried at Athlethan. This barony is remarkable among the Mayo baronies for the number of Gaelic families who had small freeholds at the close of the sixteenth century, as shown in the Inquisitions of 14 James I. These inquisi- tions, after making allowances for changes arising from sales and forfeitures, represent fairly the general state of the tenures as they were when the composition prepared new conditions. O'Rowans, MacDurcans, O'Higgins, O'Haras, O'Hennegans held a considerable extent, usually in small parcels. MacNicholases held estates near Bohola. Their name suggests that they were of English descent. As MacJordan sold his estate to Dillon, so other MacJordans sold to him. Sir Theobald Bourke, and other pei'sons before inquisitions were taken in the time of King James to ascertain the names of all the freeholders and the extent of their lands. Hence we cannot tell how the barony was diviiU'il among the de Exeters except in a general way. Our first information is in the Division of Connaught, showing the castles of Corraun, Bellavary, and Danganmore in possession of the jNlacStephens, as they were in 1617. The Sleight Henry had Kean- condroe, Bohola, and Newcastle. The first is, I think, Ballinamore. They form a compact block next east of Clan Stephen. MacJordan na Kelle has Clanvara Castle, not identified, probably in the Swinford district, the castle of the Tuath of Clanmanny. The composition has eight denominations, whereof two are parcels of ecclesiastical lands, as follows: Clan Stephen, 16 qrs. ; Clanmanny, 16 qrs.; Toae Bohola, 16 qrs.; Toae Newcastle, 16 qrs. ; Coolcarney 312 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. and Toae Bellahaghe, 64 qrs. ; Bellalahen, 16 qrs. ; Kinaff and Kille- dan, 6 qrs. ; Strade Abbey, 4 qrs. Excluding the ecclesiastical lands and Bellalahen, which seems to have gone with the chieftainship, the barony is divided into five portions, whereof one is equal to the other four together. Mac Jordan got 10 qrs. free in Coolcarney and Bella- haghe, and Jordan FitzThomas of Bellahaghe got 4 qrs. free. This Jordan, therefore, was the next most important man after the chieftain in the branch of the family to which the chieftainship was attached. The first four tuaths thus appear to be heredi- tary estates of branches of the family which had lost right to the succession, comprising most of the land south of the Moy. These tuaths did not belong exclusively to the families which we know or suppose to have occupied them. Other freeholders were mixed with de Exeters. We may take it that while these represent hereditary estates in a general way, the great tuath of Coolcarney and Bellahaghe was under the direct management and control of the chieftainship branch — the line of Thomas Duff — and that, but for the change of tenure, estates would have been provided for other branches, and had been to some extent. In 1617 we find Henry Mac Jordan owning the castle of Bellahagh, or Old Castle, and Callough, Calbhach, owning that of Toomore or Cloongee, with large estates attached — Henry's mainly in Attymas, and a little near Bellahagh ; Callough's mainly in Kilgarvan, and a little in Kilconduff and Meelick. As they held shares in two quarters in Attymas, Callough may be taken as of the family of Thomas Mac- Jordan of Bellahagh. CIIAFiEif XXXVII. THE BARO.W OK COSTELLO. This barony is the lordship of MacCostello, from whom it takes its name, but was first named after lielahaunes. The part north of the parish of Aghamore was in the kingdom of Luighne or Gailenga, and was a subdivision of the latter called Sliabh Lugha. In St. Patrick's time the Ciarraige had some of the eastern part about Castlemore and the Letter, which they had lost by the thirteenth century. As far back as history goes clearly, the southern part w^as in l)OSsession of the Ciarraige, successors of tribes called Cruithnech in the Attacottic list ; but they make no great show in history, being one of the tribes on which Brian Orbsen's ancestors and descendants rested their supremacy in that early period when the legends give little more than names of chief kings. In the thirteenth century it was held by tw-o divisions called Ciarraige Uachtarach and Ciarraige lochtarach, the latter better known as Ciarraige of Loch na nAirneadh, now Lough Mannin. O'Ceirin was chief of all, and had his principal dwelling on or near the lake. Mannin House is close to the site of Mannin Castle, which is on a small peninsula. The country about the lake is full of cashels and duns. In the lake were many crannoges. About the lake are many prehistoric graves and remains of cromlechs, evidence that for many ages the lake has been surrounded by the dwellings of families of high position. In the de Burgo partition Hugh de Lacy had a grant of Sliabh Lugha. We next find Miles MacGoisdelbh established as lord of Sliabh Lugha. As he is said to have been married to a daughter of the Earl of Ulster, he probably got it from Hugh. Jocelyn de Angulo came to Ireland with his sons Philip and Gilbert, called by the Irish MacGoisdelbh, where Goisdelbh is a corruption of Jocelyn, corrupted back into English as MacCostello. In Hugh de Lacy's enfeoffment of Meath, Jocelyn got the barony of the Navan, and his son Gilbert got Machaire Gaileng, comprising ^Mor- gallion and Ratoath. Philip and Gilbert were outlawed for rebellion in 1195. (Ulbert's fiefs were forfeited, and were given by Walter de Lacy to his brother Hugh about 1 1'.lS. In 1206 King John pardoned Philip and Gilbert and William i\v Angulo. This William had been 313 314 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. associated with Philip and Gilbert in their rebellion, and had held lands i;nder the king and under Walter de Lacy, which were I'estored to him.i As he is the ancestor of the MacGoisdelbhs of Mayo, we must take him to have been a son of Jocelyn. Philip was allowed to succeed to his father's lands. Gilbert lost all his ]\Ieath lands. He had taken service as a soldier under King Cathal Crovderg, who gave him lands in Hy Many. When he was pardoned, King John confirmed to him what he held from King Cathal so far as it lay in that king's part of Connavight, and made him a grant of other lands, probably the rest of Cathal's grant. Being afterwards in the king's service, he built the castle of Caeluisce with King Cathal's help, probably near Ballyshannon, and was killed there and the castle bui-nt in the following year, 1213. His family held the Hy Many estates until the partition by Richard de Burgo, when they seem to have been taken up in an amicable way from his successors, as Muintermailfinnain, a part of them, was held by Earl William on a different tenure from that of the rest of "Connaught. The family probably died out in the male line, as no more is heard of this branch. Miles MacGoisdelbh now appears iighting in Conmaicne in Co. Leitrim for the Lord of the Navan, Avho had a grant from Walter de Lacy. He built the castle of Athanchip in 1245, but was driven out of the country in 1247. Thus ended the attempt of the Lord of the Navan to hold that country directly. He appears next as Lord of Sliabh Lugha, holding the great castle of Sliabh Lugha, Castlemore, which replaced Ailech Mor Ciarraige, a few yards away. He died in 1259. His wife had been buried in Boyle Abbey, which we may take to have been the family burying- place until Urlare was built. In 1324 Matilda, widow of Jordan de Angulo, and her husband, Nicholas de Kerdyflf, sue John and Gilbert de Angulo for her dower in the manor of Castlanmor in Connaught ; and John sues certain persons for lands in Angevyneston near Ardbraccan, and other places, claiming as son of Jordan, son of Hugo, son of Milo, son of Philip, son of William, who held them of the king in capite in the time of King John. Matilda sought dower also in the manors of Kilbixi and Kinclare in West Meath.- This suggests that Jordan was not long dead. John pleaded that his father had not such fee and freehold in Castlemore on the day of his marriage as to enable him to endow Matilda.3 Gilbert's position in the suit does not appear. He was 1 D.I., I., Xos. 363, 43G, 673. 2 ^.U., 17, 18 Ed. II. 3 Matilda's claim was admitted except as to Castlemore, regarding which the result does not appear. THE BARONY OF COSTELLO. 315 probably the owner in possession. It may be inferred that Gilbert or his father had been enfeoffed of this manor. lie and the Thomas and David who were killed in 1292 would be Culliert Mor's three sons. The Plea Rolls show that about the time of Milo's death a Gilbert was in litigation with a Philip about land in Obresil, and with a William about other land. A Michael also appears, and appears again in a Pipe Roll of 30 Edw. I. as owing half a knight's service for Obresil,! which name survives in r.razil townland, in Killossery parish, Nethercross barony, Co. Dublin. But we have no informa- tion as to extent of the estates of this family in Meath and Dublin, nor as to the relation of the line of Milo to the other members of that family. The record of the death of Hugo in 1200 in tlie Annals of Loch Ce shows that he was known in Oonnaught. Philip was Sheriff of Oonnaught in 1277. The sheriffs were men of high position in those times. It is probable, therefore, that he held the cantred of Kerry Oughter, which we find later on in the possession of his descendants, the MacJordans. Jordan or his successor must have taken over the cantred of Kerry Eighter or Kerry Lochnarney from the FitzGerald lord. Though the Mac Jordan Duff estate was thus about equal, or even greater than that of Mac- Costello, none of this clan was ever given the title of MacCostello ; they always acknowledged that the title lay in the senior line. From Philip's son Baldraithe came also the small clan of Mac- Philip of the Letter, who had Doo Castle in that region. Waldrons live about Ballyhaunis who, I am told, are commonly called Walder by their neighbours, and, according to some of them, ought to be called Bhaldraithe. This suggests that Philip originated a third clan called IMacBhaldraithe and MacBhaldrin. The latter form is given in the Annals of Loch Ce, 1336, and by O'Clery. My genealogy is taken from that of D. MacFirbis from Miles Bregach downwards. From Edmond an Machaire downwards it seems coirect. The thirteenth and fourteenth century parts are open to doubt. An ancestor has certainly been dropped between Gilbert Og and Edmond, whom I insert as John, wlio died in 1366. The descent of the lordship at this time seems to have been strictly in accordance with English law. Many names entered in the Annals cannot be placed. The Genealogies as a rule omit those whose descendants did not survive to the time of compilation. Thus the second Edmond an Machaire is omitted, and also the Philip whose son was set up as chief in 1487. Castl('mi)i-e was always ^MacCostello's chief castle. Ratlmaguppaun, 1 :;S D.K. 316 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. now called Rath Castle, was the chief castle of MacJordan Duff, probably where Philip established himself. When other castles and lands were sold to Theobald Dillon, MacJordan kept it and some land about it. The ruins show it to have been a large building. In coarse of time MacCostello and MacJordan founded monasteries for theii' territories at XJrlare and Ballyhaunis. In the seventeenth century tradition told that the latter had been founded on the site of a manor-house of the de Barrys. Thick foundations have been found at the monastery. Lying on the borders of the Silmurray and the Luighne, the MacCostellos were almost always at war with their neighbours, and sometimes among themselves. They were the first colonists of their high rank who adopted Gaelic names. MacRudhraighe appears as a surname at the close of the sixteenth century. They were probably the descendants of the man of that name who was killed in 1545. There is no trace of survival of any other English colonists into the sixteenth century. War of the MacCostellos axd MacDermots. Almost always at war with each other, these tribes in the six- teenth century carried on a more definite warfare than visual, inde- pendently of the larger contests of the greater lords. Other periods may have been much the same, but this is more fully described by the annalists. In 1547 Jordan Boy, son of John, son of Walter MacCostello, went into Moylurg with eighteen followers to seek stolen pi-operty. Brian, son of Ruaidhri, son of Tadhg MacDermot, with only six men met him. Brian being badly wounded, his men submitted, but Brian had wounded the GilladufF, son of Philip (or MacPhilip) severely. Tadhg became MacDermot in 1549. He invited the learned men of Ireland to visit him at Christmas, when he was so generous and liberal that on St. Stephen's Day he divided among the professors and poets all the plunder which he had taken from MacCostello, being 60 cows, and from Clan Philip, being 1200 (120?) and 10 horses. These must have been acquired in raids in revenge of Brian. In 1551 Jordan Boy came again, and was defeated by the Mac- Dermots at the Upper Muinchend, losing twenty to forty men. In 1553, the MacDermots being at war among themselves, Jordan Boy took a prey from Brian MacDermot's people, and, with the help of Eoghan MacDermot's sons, killed Tomaltach MacDermot treacher- ously on the Lung. In retaliation, MacDermot's sons made a great depredation on Jordan Boy in 1554. In 1557 Brian MacDermot plundered MacCostello and burnt THE BARONY OF COSTELLO. 317 Tulrohan. A large force overtook liim, but he carried off his booty after a fight. In 15G0 he plundered Jordan again, and killed Henry O'Gradaigh's sons. This quarrel seems to have ended when Jordan was killed by David Ban Bourke's sons in Ballyloughdalla in Tirawley. It does not appear why he was there or why he was killed. The following notes from the Annals show the life led on the borders of Mayo and lloscommon from fourteenth to sixteenth century : — (L.C.) 1333. Gilbert killed. 133G. Maiduic, son of Balldrin, killed. 13-10. Jordan Ruadh killed by Cathal MacDermot Gall. William, son of Gilbert, was slain in a conflict in Brefne by the Tellach Echach. 1346. The sons of Balldrin treacherously slew Maghnus MacDermot Gall in his own house. 1365. An attack was made by Clann Gois- delbh on the Luighne, on which occasion six sons of kings were slain, along with Cormac O'Hara, the Tanist. 1366. John, lord of Sliabh Lugha, died. (O'Flaherty's Annals.) 1367. Milo, son of Jordan Duff'; Johnock, son of John, son of Jordan Duff; William, son of Jordan Ruadh; and David, son of Philip, were killed. (F.M.) 13S4. Miles died. 1417. John plundered Edmond an Machaire, but was shot after he had carried off the prey. 1426. Richard Mac Jordan na Coille (de Exeter) was takeia prisoner by Owen, son of Flaherty, and delivered up to MacJordan Duff, who destroyed him. 1428. John Finn was killed. 1437. MacCostello, i.e. Edmond an Machaire, died. 1438. Jordan, son of John, died. 1443. O'Flynn and some of his kindred were slain by the Clan Costello at the house of O'Killeen. 1449. O'Flynn was slain in his own house by the sons of Walter Boy MacCostello. (D. MacFirbis's Annals.) 1461. Fergal O'Gara, that ought to be King of Coolavin, was slain by MacCostello. 1464. O'Flynn and hi.s brother and five of their men were slain in Clooncrim by the sons of Philip jSlacCostello. (F.M.) 1464. Tomaltach Og 0'(!ara was slain by night in a skirmi.sh on Clooncarha in Kilmovee parish by Maurice MacDermot Gall, who was in alliance with MacCostello. 1467. David was killed by Mac- Fheorais. 1468. Edmond an ^lachaire was killed by his brother William. 14H7. MacCostello, John Duff', ilied. His own brother William, son of Edmond an Machaire, and Jordan, son of Philip, were both set up as lords. 11 '.)3. David, son of IMeyler, son of Edmond an Machaire, was .slain by O'llaras. 1496. ^MacCostello was taken prisoner by MacDermot. 318 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. (L.C.) 1536. MacCostello, John, son of the Gilladuff, was killed by Piers and by some of the people of Airtech — treacherously, according to the Four Masters. See also above, p. 167. 1545. MacCostello, i.e. "Walter, son of William MacCostello, went on an expedition to Bunni- nadden against the sons of the O'Conor Sligo, who had been killed lately by the MacDermots. The O'Conors and some MacSweenys defeated him, killing MacCostello and his son Rudhraighe at Ruscach na Gaithi. 1555. MacCostello, Piers, was killed. 1561. Jordan Boy was killed, 1581. Thomas an tSleibhe, son of Richard, died. 1582. The Gilladuff Og and Egnechan, sons of the Gilladuff, were killed. 1586. The son of MacCostello, William, son of Piers, was hanged by the Sheriff of Roscommon on Dumha na Romhanach. In 1588 Sir R. Bingham wrote that the Sheriff Eyland had hanged by warrant one " Pers" MacCostello, a traitor for whom Sir N. Malbie had offered <£200 in vain. It does not appear what Pers had done to be so highly valued. This man may be really William. Sir Richard's Pers may have been a MacPers. 1588. The son of MacCostello, Edmond, died. 1589. The sOn of MacCostello, i.e. William Caech, son of Jordan, son of John Duff, and William, son of Jordan, son of Meiler Ruadh, were slain on Slieve Murry a week before Christmas. 1590. Anthony, son of Walter Caech, son of Thomas Duff MacJordan, was killed. Sir N. Malbie writes to Walsingham on 10th June 1580 : — MacCostello, pretending to be allied to the Dillons, as he is, " hath called to him out of the English pale this gentleman bearer hereof, Mr. Tibault Dyllon and moving him to join with him in friendship (in the name of his kinsmen) hath with the consent of all the rest of his siu'name, given him of free gift a great portion of his land with a large ancient castle called Castlemore." Dillon wishes to devote his life and living to the advancement of good government. Therefore I recommend him.^ This tradition of common descent of Dillons and de Angulos is found also in 0'Clei"y's " Book of Pedigrees," and may be true, nothing being known of the de Angulo pedigree beyond Jocelyn. Dillon belonged to a family having considerable influence in the Irish government, was a man of ability, and was not hampered by scruples in the use of his abilities. In a few years he acquired so much more that the composition for the barony was made with him alone in 1587. On the 10th June 1586, John MacCostello, captain and chief of his nation, surrendered the manors and lands of the barony with the inten- tion of their being regranted to him, and renounced the title and name of MacCostello and all Irish customs incident to it ; which manors and 1 6'./'./.Z'.,LXXIII. 51. THE BARONY OF COSTELLO. 319 lands, as described below, were regraiited to him on the 2nd July 1586, to be held by the service of the twentieth part of a knight's fee, and one fair great hawk, and 10s. rent as composition for cess out of every quarter that shall be charged therewith by the com- missioners. The manors and lands of Castlemore, Kilcolman, Benfadda, Ballin- doo, Letter MacPhilip, Twoee Balliallon, alias Slyeve O'Loee (Sliabh Lugha), Mannyn, lUanmacgillavally, Bealagary, Annagh, Caislean Bellaveel, Tulrohaun, Bekan, Keryeghter, Keryoghter, and Cowgy, Ballindingen, and the three towns of the Errick. Letter MacPhilip is part of Kilbeagh towards Doo Castle or Ballindoo, and Sliabh Lugha comprises parts of the Bockagh and MuUaghanoe i-anges. Bealagary, or Belanagar, is now called Cashlaun na Drancaddha near Ballyhaunis. Keryeghter, Keryoghter, and Cowgy, or Coogue now, are parts of Aghamore and Knock, the present townlands of Coogue lying to the north-west of Lough Manniu. Ballindingen is probably the town of the fort called Dhine, Daingean, in Kilgarriflf townland, south of the Coogues. MacCostello's title being thus secured, he seems to have sold it to Dillon immediately, the transaction being thus noted in the Annals of Loch Co for 1586 : "The Great Castle of MacGoisdelbh, and half the lordship of the country, were given to Tibbot Dillon by MacGois- delbh, i.e. John, son of the Gilladuff, son of Hubert, O'Gadhra gave five towns in his division, and the castle of Daire-mor, to the same man." Dillon acquired most of the MacJordan rights also, as we find him in the seventeenth century owning all the castles of the country except Mac Jordan's castle of llathnaguppaun. When the composition was made, the survey of 1587 dealt with the country in five divisions, viz. : Castlemore, 52 qrs. ; Letter MacPhilip, 48 qrs. ; Kerryoughter, 52 qrs. ; Tulrohaun, 52 qrs. ; Ballyhaunis, 48 qrs. For the assessment of composition rent, it was recommended that four of these quarters be treated as one quarter of 120 acres, owing to the poverty of the country. Thus the MacCostellos lost their place among the great land-owning families. Dillon's transactions must have been generally fair, though Sir R. Bingham took exception to the ways in which he and others had got large tracts of land. No complaints appear to have been made by those concerned. The MacCostellos did not take advantage of disturbances to turn against him. The change may have benefited them in various ways. They were not all turned out of their castles and lands, but held on English tenures, paying a fixed rent, free from the irregular exactions of chieftains, and from the quarrels and jealousy due to uncertain successions. Under him as landlord they 320 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF MAYO. got all the benefits which the composition was intended to confer on the subjects of the old chieftains. Dillon similarly acquired the castle of Gallagh on the shore of Lough Glinn, and MacDermot Gall rights over the greater part of Artech ; thus two hostile tribes were brought under one head who was not directly connected with either, and was a means whereby ancient enmities could be let subside and the new ideas of English government be brought into effect. CIIArTER XXXVIIT. Tin: BAFvOXV OF CLAXMORKIS. The territory comes late into notice as Tir Nechtain and Tir Enna, called after Nechtan and Enna, sons of Brian Orbsen, whose descend- ants inhabited them — obscure small clans overshadowed by their great relatives. Even the names of their chiefs are unknown. Except that the great Abbey of Mayo grew up here, history ignores it. The northern part, consisting of the parishes of Kilcolman and Mayo, was ca]le, 21'J, 2l>r> : A.Cl. 'dl, :U] ; F.M., A.M.. .iT'.tO. - Hcvuc Ccfti'/uc, xu. ^ 0'l)unt>van's Translation, O.S.L.M. * "Cuchullin .Saga." [>. (Jl. '" Ibid., p. SI. 330 APPENDICES. De Domnu and De Danu may be gods, but it is most unlikely that tliey are, and that in these two instances alone Irish tribes are called after a god and not after an ancestor. The Domnu from whom the Fer Domnann took their name does not appear in legend unless Indech Mac De Domnann was his son. Mac De Domnann is more likely to be a surname. The name Fomor in the Irian genealogy supplies an origin for Fomorach, as Eogan did for Eoganach in the same country. There may have been many Fomors in the clan. Stirn, son of Dubh, son of Fomor, can hardly be other than the brother of Sorge McDuff, killed by Irial Faidh at the same place.^ Sorge looks like an English form of Sithrige. Possibly the authority for the Cloiimacnoise entry called him only son of Dubh, and the annalist siipplies the name. Taking him for the Fomor of the Irian genealogy, the entries are a good illustration of expansion and dislocation oH legends in the formation of history of proper duration. From the death of Irial Faidh to the death of Argetmar was 701 years according to Keating, 932 years according to the Four Masters. Stirn or Sithrige is thus taken 800 or 1000 years before his proper time. The Fomorach, being Irian, are the same race as the Cruithne of Ulster and Connaught. The Cruithne helped the Domnonian Criinhthann Sciathbhel, the King of Leinster, to subdue the British tribe called Tiiath Fidga. They became powerful and were driven away by Eremon, except six families who were let stay in Breg, to whom are attributed necromancy spells and omens, as to the Tuatha De Danann.^ This attribution has been ground of attribu- tion to the Tuatha De Danann of a higher civilisation, or of greater skill in arts and higher knowledge than the Firbolgs and Milesians possessed. It may point equally to inferiority. The Badagas of tlie Nilgiris regard the Kurum- bars with great awe because they attribute to the Kurumbars extraordinary powers of necromancy. The Badagas are civilised Canarese people who came from Mysore and occupied a great part of the hills. The Kurumbars are a degraded jungle tribe, remnant, it is supposed, of the very early domi- nant race. The expelled Cruithne went to Scotland and founded the Pictish kingdom. The " Irish Xennius " describes the Cruithne who came to Leinster as " the race of Geleoin the son of Ercol.^ When driven out they were given as wives the widows of the sons of Miled, who had been drowned with Donn. The wife of Crimhthann Nia Nair was Narthuatlichaecli, daughter of Lotan, of the Pict-iaeople (do Chruithentuaith, " Silva Gadelica"), Narthuathchaech, out of the Sidhes or of the Pict-folk (a Sidaib no do Chruithentuaith).* The Tuatha De Danann are very closely associated with the Cruithne of Leinster. Eremon drives them out like the Cruithne, and the Eremonians intermarry with them. It is evidently the same legend and the same iieojjle. Among the Fomorian allies of Bres are Goll and Irgoll. Eos Guill and Ross lorguill adjoin in Donegal. The Cruithne of Leinster are called Sil nGeleoin and Clanna Geleoin and Fir Geleoin.^ The Tuath Gaileoin appear in the Attacotlic List in Leinster. i A CI., p. 31. 2 « jrish Nennius," pp. 12.3-125. 3 Ibid., pp. 121, 131. * U.S.A. I., 1893, p. 378. * "Irish Nennius," pp. 120, 130. APPENDICES. 331 They survived to latur days, and left tlu-ir name to Morgallion iu Meatli. Another branch has left its name to Gallen in Mayo. In each case Luighne accompany Gailenga, and we find Lune beside Morgallion and Leyny beside Gallen. The Luighne of Meath once occuj)ied the greater part of Meath and parts of Westmeath and Co. Dublin. The Luighne of Tara were subjects of Cairbre Kia Fer.^ Tigernach men- tions that they killed Cahir Mor. Cormac Mac Art is restored by Tadhg, son of Cian, ancestor of the Cianachta ; the sons of Uirgriu, of the Luighne of Tara, kill Finn Mac Cunial.- This seems to represent the rise of the power of the Cianachta, who are mentioned at close of the sixth century by Tigernach. According to the Attacottic List, a tribe called Crecraige wen- in the country of Corann, which then extended east to Moytura, and covered the baronies of Corran, Leyny, Gallen, Coolavin, and part of Costello. In St. Patrick's time they seem to have lost Tirerrill and a small part of Coi-ran, then held by Hy Ailella, a cognate trilje oi' clan. They appear in his life at the Strand of Ballysadare and at Killaraght near Lough Gara. Their name looks like a derivative of Ciric, son of Cruithne, the mythical ancestor of the Cruithne. South of them the Tuath Cruithnech occupied the county of Roscommon south of Lough Gara to Briole beyond Athleague, and the part of Mayo which lies east of the barony of Carra ; they covered the countries of the Ciarraige and of the Delbna of Sid Nenta. In the Dindsenchas of Carnfree the Cruithne of Croghan and the Tuatha Taiden and the Firdomnann accompany Conall of Croghan. According to D. MacFirbis, the Cruithne of Croghan and the Bolg- tuath of Badgna are descendants of Genann, that is, are Domnonians. The Irish historians identified the Cruithne of Ulster with the Irians of Ulster. As they allowed the Irians to be of the clan of Miled, the Cruithne are the Gael of Ireland, or have been adopted by the Gael. The tract on the Coicalaidhe mentions Seal Balbh as either a man of the Olnegmacht or a king of Cruithentuaith and Manann.'^ The wife of Tuathal Techtmar is a daughter of Seal Balbh, king of the Foraorach or of Finland. These alternatives suggest that the writers who worked out this history were not aware that the Fomorach were only a clan of the great Cruithne race. The old names and distinctions were not fully understood. It seems to mark the loss of the knowledge of who the ancient Fomorach were, and the begin- ning of identification with northern sea-pirates, based on a derivation of Fomorach from the word Muir. Seal Ball)h seems to have been a sort of title. If not, it is difficult to under- stand how the Book of Lecan makes Lugh a son of Cian or of Seal Balbh. 3. The Fir Domxaxx and the Fir Bolg. The term Firbolg covers three divisions, Firdomnann, Firgaileoin, and Firbolg. The former two are distinct tribes of great import;ince. Though the last has given its name to the whole body, it appears only as the Bolgtuath * " Battle of Kosnaree," Todd Lecture Series, vol. iv. - Jiciuc Celtiqne, vol. xvii. p]). 7, K!, 21. ^ Celtic i^ociety's MiKcelL, p. '2'>. 332 APPENDICES. of Badgna, and even there the meaning seems to be general, as it is said to descend from Domnonian chieftains. The Annals mention a Mofemis or Mofebis of the Firbolgs, and his sons Lngh Roth and Mogh Ruith. The names of Mofemis and his son are in the genealogy of the race of Eber. The Firgaileoin appear as Cruithne of Breg, and as such are of the same race as the Tuatha De Danann, and in the first battle of Moytura as allies of Eochy Mac Ere, King of Coniiaught and of Ireland, under Slainge's sons, and in later legend, in the battle of Rosuaree as the subjects of the King of Leinster : and still later as the Firbolg inhabitants of the territory in Con- naught called Gailenga and Luighne from its later traditional conquerors. The tradition of the foundation of the Fair of Carman by a Danonian Bres fiirther connects Leinster with Danonians and Firgaileoin. It is important to note that at the period supposed to be that of the arrival of the Firdomnann they have already under them a considerable body of the tribe from which the Tuatha De Danann sprang. The conquest of the Tuath Fidga of Leinster may explain the presence of the Firbolg among the Dom- nonian forces, if the Firbolg are of the British race called Belga3, as some have thought. Crimhthan Sciathbhel thus had under him the Belgic Tuath Fidga in the south and the Cruithnech Firgaileoin in the north of Leinster. This tribe appears in the Attacottic List as a division of the Gaileoin north of Gabar — that is, of Leinster excluding Ossory, called south of Gabar. I under- stand it to mean that the three tribes therein mentioned were tril)Utary to that branch of the Gaileoin. If the true meaning is that the Tuath Fidga and the others were sections of the Firgaileoin, it follows that the Firgaileoin are to be recognised as British. But this is certainly not the view of tribal relations taken by the ancient Irish historians. The Firbolg, in the restricted aijplication of the term to a section of the adherents of the Domnonian kings, may have been a Belgic race from Britain, or a body of refugees forming a body of soldiers like the Clan Donnell Gallo- glass in later times, from which the name has been transferred to the whole body. Except by such transfer the Gaelic clans could not have come to be called Belgic. Bolg may not be connected with Belga3, or the same name may have been used by a Gaelic clan. It certainly covers the whole body of Domnonians and Gailians in the oj^inion of the Irish historians. The tradition of the Firbolg invasion and the first battle of Moytura shows the Domnonian kings in supremacy at Tara, whence they are driven by the Danonians. Yet they had previously got the better of the Firgaileoin, of whom the Danonians were a bianch, as appears from the presence of the Firgaileoin in King Eochy's army. That the kings of the Firbolg were Dom- nonians is certain from the fact that the Domnonian kings of Connaught were recognised as descendants of the sons of Dela. Though the use of broad heavy spears is the characteristic of the Firbolg army, and the use of thin pointed spears is that of the Danonian army, another legend shows that such spears were introduced in the time of Rinnal, Eochy Mac Erc's grandfather. ^ Tacitus remarks that the army of Galgacus used slashing swords without points. That army must have been largely composed of Donmonians of the north and other Cruithne of Scotland. The remark suggests that the Britons of England used pointed swords which were 1 " Irische Texte," 3rd Series, Coir Anmann, p. 401. ATPENDICES. 333 not used by tlit- norllieni tribes. Likewise, at the battle of Muytuia, about a hundred years earlier according to my computation, pointed spears were not yet in general use in Ireland. Ptolemy places Dumnouii in Cornwall and Devonshire next to Belga3, and in Scotland north and south of the Forth. As the Irish Domnall was pro- nounced Duvnall in the twelfth century, Devon shows a similar change from the original of Doninonii, and it is ditticult to avoid the conclusion that the Firdomnann are the same race as the Dumnonii of Great Britain. If the Firdomnann came from Britain with a body of Belg;e after the establishment of Belgic tribes in South Britain, the term Firbolg might cover them in the view of the Irish. In the second l).iMle of Moytura, Indt-rh ^MacDnmnann or Mac De Dom- nann is one of the Fomorian kings who oppressed the Danonians. His name looks Domnonian, but an Ulster king's father may have been named Domnu, and some Domnoinans were on the Fomorian side. The Clan Umoir was said to l)e among them after the first battle. The names More, son of Dela, and Gann and Sengann, kings of the Fomorians, show that there was no wide difference between Fomorians anrl Domnonians, if indeed those were truly Fomorians and not Domnonians wrongly classed like Cical. The statement that Cical landed in Irrusdomnann tends to identify him with the Clan Umoir, who occupied the whole western coast of that kingdom. O'Flaherty includes Clan Umoir among the Domnonians. But the early annalists, or eai'ly compilers of systematic history, finding Cical mentioned in legends which according to their chronology related to events earlier than the arrival of the Firbolg, classified him and his people as Fomorach. As the Clan Umoir do not appear again in the legends until the time of Queen ]\Ieav, they were treated as absent among the Fomorach. The tradition that Queen Meav's Clan Umoir were evicted tenants of her brother-in-law has perhaps some foundation. The great extent of country held by tlie clan nuist have given it a high position. Some therefore are likely to have acquired land in Breg when the Domnonians were in supremacy there. Cairbre Nia Fer is said to have surrendered three cantreds to Conor Mac Nessa when he married Conor's daughter. This is like a peace after a war in which Conor won ; or as if, after the murder of Conaire I., Cairbre and Conor divided Breg. They would naturally turn out Clan Umoir lords. Tigernach seems to recognise some such result in his entry after the accession of Conor Mac Nessa. "Thereafter Ireland was parted into five, after the slaughter of Conaire the Great, son of Etarscel, in the Hostel of Da Derga, among Conchobar, son of Nessa, and Cairbre Nia Fer, and Tigernach Tet- bannach, and Dedad, son of Sen, and Ailill, son of Maga." The clan is attacked by a coalition of Conall Cernach and Cucliullin, Ulstermen, Curoi Mac Daire, a Munsterman, or, according to Professor Rhys, a Leinsterman,* cet Mac Magach, one of the Gamanry, when they are iu Connaught after their (piarrel with Cairbre. Can this be the turning of the race of Fiac out of Tara, those who left their name to the " Ferta Fer Feic," the legend of settlement on land given by Meav being the historians' way of accounting for their appearance afterwards in possession of great territories'? It is not unlikely tliat Curoi MacDaire is confused with Curaidh, father of 1 Ji.S.AJ., 18'.)1. p. G55. 334 APPENDICES. Tinni, King of Connauglit. Dare and Degad are also Olnegmacht names. Ferdiad was a grandson of Dare of the Clan Dega. The forms Mac De Domnann used indifferently with Mac Domnann, and Tuath Domnann used as equivalent to Fir Domnann in the Attacottic List, show that the Fir Domnann might be called Tuatha De Domnann. Though meaning literally " Tribes of Goddess Danu," I think that the term Tuatha De Danann meant only "Tribes of De Danu." De occurs as Deo in names of Pictish kings, Deo Ardivois, Deo Ord, Deo Cillimon.^ It seems to be used much as the Sanskrit Deva, a god, is used in combination with Hindu names as a title. Such a use is expressly stated in the Tain Bo Cuailgne.'' "'The full blessing of both dee and andee be upon thee !' he said. Now 'the people of power' at that time they rated as dee, 'gods,' and 'the people of ploughing' as andee, 'non-gods.'" This is practically the use in Orissa now, among the Urya lords. As far as so small an indication justifies any argument, the use of De with Domnann connects the name in form with the Cruithne of Scotland. Domnu appears often in Britain in men's names, Dumnoveros, Dumno- coveros, Cogidumnos, Togodumnos. These seem to be Latin equivalents of Domnubaru, Domnucubaru, Cugidomnu, Tugudomnu in Irish spelling. They occur" in connection with Belgic tribes, and the word Domnu is not inflected. "Dumnonii" seems to represent such a form as Tuath or Fir Domnonn. As the Irish writers included the certainly Cruithne race of Ir among the Clanna Breogain, no wei.tjht attaches to their refusal of the name of Gael to the Domnonians. More weight is due to the name of Firbolg, but the term covers also the Firgaileoin, who were Cruithne. The legends on the whole do not justify a distinction between tlie Domnonians and the other great tribes. They seem to have been all Gaelic. The position of the Domnonians in Leinster, Tara, and Connauglit, cutting the tribes of Ulster and Munster in two, overlying the Firgaileoin in Leinster and Breg, and their position in legend detached from the other tribes, mark some considerable difference, which is most likely due to their being the last great body of colonists in Ireland, who came from Britain after the first Gaelic settlers had been long established, and were an intrusive body, associated at least in later times with other foreign bodies who never became powerful, and consequently were absorbed and lost their identity. A body of Gaelic Domnonians leaving Britain under pressure of Belgic invasion would meet the conditions. So would a branch of the first colonists rein- forced from Britain. The legends indicate some such expansion. In spreading OA'er Leinster, Breg, and Connaught they subdue Fomorach clans with the help of foreign soldiers. Then the Irian clans get the upjier hand at times in Breg and north-central Ireland, perhaps owing to quieter times in Britain. A period of confused warfare follows, in which a large jjart is plaved by tribes under the name of Aithechtuatha, who left Britain in con- sequence of the Roman conquest. Tuathal Techtmar emerges as king of a great kingdom of Meath formed largely of the territory of Danonian clans. His descendants, if he and they are not the Domnonian kings of Connaught, get rid of or adopt those kings and conquer Ulster. 1 " Irish Nennius," p. 159. - " CuchuUin Saga," p. 168, APPENDICES. 335 4. Identification of Tuatha De Danann with Luighxe, Delbhna, and Cianacht. The table of Danoiiian kings is open to objection only as to length of some reigns, not as to relationship and succession. Three generations, eighty to one liundred years, comprises their period. But for identification of some with gods and all with fairies, they would probably have gained a certain recognition. Mr. Alfred Nutt has cleared the way for recognition of their reality by his exposition of early Celtic religious views in the "Voyage of Bran." He shows that the doctrine of relurth allowed the Irish to believe at the same time — (a) That certain persons were gods. (b) That they were men. The belief that certain Danonians were rebirths of gods accounts for growth of myth about the clan. The chief men and gods had two names, as Lugh or the Samildana, Eochaidh Ollathair or the Daghda, Oengus or Macind Oc, Orbsen or Manannan. When the Danonians wi-re no longer recognised as ancestors of existing families, it was an easy step to make them all gods and fairies. The Luighne of Connaught are also known as Clann Cein, tribal names applicable to the descendants of Cian, son of Diancecht, and of Lugh. Their alternative name Gaileuga associates them with the Firgaileoin, who included the Danonians. Gailenga in a narrower sense was applied to the family of O'Gara, kings of Sliabh Lugha, as Luighne was applied to the O'Hara branch of the Clann Cein. Tiie place-names of their territory are largely attributed to the Danonians, as Magh Corann, Loch Ce, Sliabh Lugha, M;igh Luirg of the Daghda, Magh Ai, &c., which, though not all in it, are in the territory the Danonians should have occupied during their supremacy in Connauglit. According to their recent tradition, the Luighne of Meath and Connaught acquired their territories under Cormac Mac Art in the middle of the third century. But they were in Meath as Cairbre Nia Fer's subjects some two hundred years before. According to Tigernach and Cahir Mor's will, they killed Cahir Mor and Finn MacCumal in the second and third centuries. O'Flaherty's account of Cormac Mac Art and his relations with the ancestors of the Luighne and Gailenga are confused. The important point is that Cormac Mac Art was fostered by Lugni Firtri at Keshcorran, and took refuge with him when driven from Tara by Fergus. Luglnii was there before Cormac's time.^ The Delbhna claimed descent from a Lughaid called Delbh Aodh, son of the Cas from whom came the Dalcais. As Cas's father, Conall Echluath, was King oi Munster a.d. 366, the occupation of Meath and Connaught by the Delbhna cannot have begun before the close of the fourth century. An intrusive Munster family could not have established itself so extensively in Meath and in Connaught at so late a 2)eriod without leaving marks in history. History does not support the tradition. The tale abstracted by O'Curry^ could not have arisen over a tribe established so chise to the liistoric period. It is evidently invented to tack existing families to one of the great royal 1 "Ogygia," p. a;i-i. - " Manners and Customs," ii. p. 3l'0. 336 APPENDICES. families. They could not annex themselves to the Eremonian families under wliom they lived. These two descents of Luighne and Delbhna from Cian and Delbli Aodh place them in the race of Ailill Olum in the same relative positions as the descendants of Lugh and a Delbaeth in the Danonian race. Territorially, Tuatha De Danann Luighne and Delbhna are closely con- nected. Luighne Gailenga Firgaileoin occujiy the same country in Meath and in Connaught. As Luighne and Delbhna are side by side in Meath, so in Connaught Luighne lie north and Delbhna soi;th of Magh Ai. Luighne and Cianacht, who claimed descent from the same Cian, son of Tadhg, occupied nearly all the county of ]\Ieath except Tara and the country of the Delbhna, and part of the county of Dublin ; they had Breg except Tara, that is, from the Liffey to Dromiskin, which, according to the Tripartite Life,^ was in the country of the Delbhna. Unless Delbhna and Cianacht are tribal names of the same race, it follows that one rejalaced the other. The Cianacht were there in historical times. According to their own tradition, the Delbhna could not have got there before the Cianacht. I see no reason to doubt the entry. It follows that Cianacht and Delbhna are the same, or that an older race of Delbhna occupied the country, which is not likely. As the Cianacht are over the Dellihna about Dromiskin, so the Delbhna are over the Luighne in Delbhna Mor and Beg, according to the position of the Luighne in the Attacottic List. Ancient and modern Luighne, Gailenga, Cianacht, Delbhna, and Firgaileoin are inextricably mixed. The ascertained possessions of the Delbhna show that they were once a very great race. Their position in the kingdom of Meath agrees with the tradition that the Milesians ousted them from supremacy at Tara, and is parallel with that of the Conmaicne and their relatives the Kerry and others in respect of the Hy Briuin of Ai. 5. The Gregraige and the Calraige. These tribes appeared between the period of Queen Meav and the fifth century. The Gregry of St. Patrick's time seem to occupy what they held according to the Attacottic List, that is, the historical kingdom of the Luighne and Tirerrill as far east as Moytura and Sliabh Da En, excepting Tirerrill and a small part of Corran. Hereafter the Annals mention kings of Gailenga and of Corcofirtri and of Luighne in that country, which at last is known as Luighne and Gailenga, and the Gregry are confined to the small tract called now the barony of Coolavin. As 1 understand these legends and history, Corcofirtri and Luighne are but sections of the Gaileoin who were under the supremacy of the Gregry at first, but who rose over them. I take the Gregry to have been the dominant clan in St. Patrick's time, because they are mentioned about Lough Gara and at the Strand of Ballysadare, and because the other tribes do not appear until later. In the Book of Eights they pay a tribute equal to that of the Kerry, about half that of the Luighne. This seems to mark a stage in their declension. They claimed descent from Oengus Fionn, son of Fergus Mac Roig, but ArPEN DICES. 337 tlie claim does not bear close investigation. They do not appear in the usual lists of his descendants, the Conmaicne and others not acknowledging the claim, I am inclined to think that their Oengus Fionn may be the king of C'onnaught of the Fircraibe race, who would suit in point of time fairly well, if they were of that race at all, which I doubt. They and the Calry are so far alike that the Attacottic List acknowledges an extinct free race of Calry. The nanu-s of the tribal ancestors Crec and Cal seem Cruithne in character, and the Calry almost surround the Gregry territory, except where the Kerry adjoin. These facts dispose me to look upon Gregry and Calry as of earlier origin than Kerry and Conmaicne, in accordance with the family legend of the Calry descent from Ith. The Calry must have Ijeen a very powerful race at one time, judging from the great extent of territory occupied by them. There were Calry called of Moy liEleog in the parish of Crossmolina. In St. Patrick's time Calry of Coolcaiiiey and of Innse Nisc occupied the eastern bank of the Moy in Tireragh.i The Calry of Murrisk had the rest of Tireragh eastwards. Under the names of Calry of Durtry, of Thi'ee Plains,^ and of Lough Gill, they held in St. Patrick's time all North Leitrim, and in Sligo the barony of Carbiiry excei>t the peninsula of Coolerra. The Calry held out in Moylurg against the Hy Briuin for many generations. Calry were in Corran, and I suspect that when St. Patrick worked near Kesh that country was in possession of Calry under lly Ailella, as tlie Calry all received him well except those of Tireragh. Important families of Calry remained till later times at Bri Leith, near Ardagh, in the Co. Longford, with a branch in the barony of Brawney in Westmeath. After making allowance for petty families having attached themselves to a tribe of greater reputation, it is evident that they once v.'ere a great ruling family. G. Queen Medb and the Ailills. Queen Cleave of the legends may be taken to stand to the real Queen Meave as Grace O'Malley of the nineteenth century legends and novels stands to the Grainne ni Maille of the sixteenth century. Grace has become the chieftainess of the mighty Clan Malley, wielding imperial sway over the western seaboard, and visiting Queen Elizabeth as a sister sovereign. Her history and character are given in an article in the Journal of the Gahvay Arch, and Hist. Society, vol. iv. p. 6'). Meave has bt-en given several husbands, of wh(jm the chief was Ailill Mor. It is not quite clear who he was, but he may l)e identified as a king of the Tuatlia Taiden kingdom. The Ailills were nifmerous, and have been much mixed. Ailill Mac Mata was brother of Cairbre Nia Fer and Finn File, sons of Rossa Ruadh, King of Leinster. Ailill Mac Magach, King of the Gamanry, was his uncle, Mata being a daughter of that Magu of Murrisk. These two Ailills are distinguished in the Tale of the Cherishing of Conall Cernach and in other tracts.^ But the Ailill Mac Magach killed by Conall Cernach is not the Ailill Find killed by b^ergus Mac Roii,di, a full brother of ( 'et Mac Magach. Jlagu may have had > .S.T.L., p. 2->}. ■ Il)id., 145, 3l'S. ^ ZcilKc/t rift fur Ciltisr/ic J'hil<>loyic, vol. i. p. lOtJ. Y 338 APPENDICES. more than one son called Ailill. There may have been several women named Magu. Names are much confused in these legends. According to O'Flaherty and Keating, Meave's first husband was Tinni, son of Conra or Curaidh. Conra or Conry or Curaidh I take to be the same name with the Cu inflected or uninflected. After his death she married Ailill Mor, and after his death lived with Ailill Find the Domnonian, and with Fergus. Tinni was King of the Tuatha Taiden, and became King of Connaught by killing Eocliy Allat, King of the Gamanry, Meave's Ailill is the person recognised as King of Connaught after Tinni, and their son Maine is set up as King of Connaught after Ailill by the Tuatha Taiden and their allies.^ MacFirbis gives the names Tinni and Ailill, sons of Conra Cais, son of Cuir- rech, King of the Firbolgs. MacFirbis is quoted as stating that Ailill Mac Conraidh was of Kilmore Diutreb, which is the Kilmore in the barony of Ballintubber North in the Co. Roscommon,^ and this Ailill is identified as a brother of Tinni, Meave's husband. The transactions are all intelligible if her husband was King of the Tuatha Taiden, but not if he was a brother of the King of Leinster imported to marry a Connaught king's widow. Such a King of Connaught is out of harmony with all Irish history. 1 O'Flaherty, " Ogygia," pp. 267, 269, 277. 2 E.S.A.I., vol. xii. p. 354. APPENDICES. 339 The tract on Oiirpre Ciiidcliait' and the Athach Tuatha describes Cairpre as " mac Dubtaig mic Tliothreachta mic Lughair niic Oilella mic Maghach mic Gaill." This makes Maj^ii to be a man. But it shows that the Attacots were the royal tribes of Connauglit, and that the early traditions and the early genealogists did not distinguisli much Itetween Milesians and Athachtuatha and mixed one Ailill readily with another. If this is correct, Cairbre Mac Main and Cairbre Cinnchait cannot be the same person. But Cairbres may be confused as well as Ailills. 7. The Olxegmacut. Keating and O'Flaherty agree in the division of Connauglit into three great kingdoms which did not extend east of the Shannon. I. From Limerick to the Palace of Fidach, or Fidach, under the Fir Craibe or Fir na Craibe. II. From the Palace of Fidach, or Fidach, eastwards towards Temair an Broga Nia in Leinster {i.e. Tara), under a clan of the Tuatha Taiden. III. From the River of Galway to Duff and Drowes, the kingdom of Irrus- domnann, under the Gamanraige. The Fir Craibe, Tuatha Taiden, ami Gamanraige are the Oliiegmacht. Cruachau was the possession of their chief king. The Fir Craibe are the chief clan of the Clann Umoir, who occupied nearly all their kingdom and a considerable part of Irrusdoinnann. The group of tribes comprised by the term Tuatha Taiden is not definitely stated, but O'Flaherty says that they were of the septs of Sliabh Furri, which is in the parish of Killeroran. From O'Flaherty's list of supporters of Maine I infer that their kingdom was almost exactly that of the Hy ]Maine in its greatest traditional extent up to Sliabh Badhghna. The Palace of Fidach, being a bound for them and for the Fir Craibe, should be somewhere near tlie border of the ancient Aidlme. The Gamanry were the reigning clan of Connaught when this Olnegmacht period opens. They built Rath Eochaidh, afterwards called Cruachan, which I sus]iect to have become a general name for a royal fort. It seems to have taken its name from Eochaidh Allat, King of the Gamanry of Irrus- domnann and King of Connauglit, Avho was killed by Meave's husband Tinni. It is not necessary to suppose that this was the first occupation of that neighbourhood, only that the great fort was attributed to him. The Releg seems to be much older. Their kingdom of Irrusdomnann comprised the Clan Umoir tribes north of Galway and all the counties of Mayo and Sligo and Xorth Leitrim, the countries of the Gregry and Calry. It may have included Roscommon nearly up to Cruaclian. Ailill Find was living in his fort in Crich Cairbre in the north of the district of the Kerry, when Fergus went to attack him.^ Fergus reached the Dun immediately after passing over Ath Feni. Ath Fen was in Kerry territory, and I incline to think that it was a ford of the river Lung, and that Ailech Mor of the Kerry, close to Castlemore Costello, is the place meant. It answers the description. The proper country of tlie Gamanry ' Rcmie Celtique, vol. xx. }>. IJJiu. = " Irischc Texte,"' 2nd Series, Part IL Tain Bo Flidais. 340 APPENDICES. themselves seems to have been much the same as that of the Hy Fiachrach, whom I take to be their descendants. But this is vague and uncertain. As the Journal of the Eoyal Society of Antiquaries 0/ Jre^a/irf contains articles in vols. XKX. and xxxi. giving in detail the reasons for the i;nusual views expressed in the text regarding the relations of the Conmaicne, Ciarraige, and Corcamoga, the Connachta, the Domnonians, and Eremonians, the connections of royal tribes with the great cemetei-ies of the Brugh, &c., the circumstances and period of the Ijattles of Moytura, they are not repeated here. The conclusions are : — 1. The legends of migration are vague, and in their present form incon- sistent with the general result of the legends, and cannot be relied on for the period or course of migration. 2. At the be,u;inning of the definite legendary period the Fomorach, Fer- domnann, and Tuatha De Danann were all long established in Ireland. The Ferdomnann were the last comers, if they did not all come together, as is most probable. They were all of the Gaelic tribes. 3. Small bodies came from time to time from Britain and the Continent in aid of the Domnonians. They were absorbed in the Gaelic population if not themselves Gael. 4. These tribes did not differ appreciably in manners or culture. 5. They are not clearly connected with the great galleried cairns. The evidence rather excludes a connection within this legendary j)eriod. 6. The period begins not long before the Christian era. Tuatha De Danann Genealogy according to Keating. I Ordan. Edarlam. Echtach. I Nuadat. I Tadhg. I Uillinn. Indae. I Esaro-. Diancecht. I Clan. I Lug. Niad. Elathan. 1 Delbaeth. I Dana. Delbaeth. I Ogma. Delbaeth. Daghda. I I Carmait. Elcmar. I I MacCuill, &c. Cairbre Cromm. Sidmall. Elathan. A Vaeiation. Niad. I I Esarc Delbaeth. I Daghda. I Cermait. Ogma. I Delbaeth. I Elcmar. The Foiiorach Net. I I Dot. Balor. Elathan. Bres. APPENDICES. 341 The Fikbolg Kings. Loch. I Dela. I I I I I Slainge. Rudraige. Gann. Genann. Sengann. I I I "" I Starn. Rinnal. Sreng. Oidbgin. I I Fiaca Cennfionnain. Eocaid Mac Erca. 11. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EARL OF ULSTER AND SIR JOHN FITZTHOMAS.i lG(h March 1299.— " Ricard de Bur-o, Earl of Ulster, and John, son of Thomas, formerly, al Atliboy in Meath, before the Chief Justiciar of Ireland, on Wednesday after the Feast of St. Luke last, acknowledged a writing between them (in French) : "It is agreed between the noble barons Monsr. Richard de Burk, Earl of Uluester, and Monsr. Johan le fiz Thomas, whereas Sir John had taken the Earl and held him in prison at Lege for thirteen weeks. For which taking Sir John came to Athbov, in Mytlie, to the Earl, on Wednesday after the Feast of St. Luke, a.r. XXVI. , and acknowledged his trespass, and put himself at the Karl's will, and rendered to the Earl his castle of Lege, where the Earl was imprisoned, together with all his lands in Connacht, Uluester, and Uryel, and he has granted him llu- marriage of his eldest son. And the Earl grants protection of life and limb, but that he go into Uluester to remain in his prison at the Earl's will. And the Earl grants also that he will restore the increase and the freehold of the castle of Lege, but he have only simple seisin of the castle without other land. Also that Sir John's lands in Connacht, Uluester, and Uryel be valued by six chosen by the Earl, and si.x by Sir John ; and if these twelve cannot agree, they shall choose one or two on eacli side to arrange their ditt'erence. And when these valuations shall be made, Sir John shall deliver to the Earl six score librates of land as amend for his trespass, to liold to the Earl and his heirs quit of Sir John and his heirs, who are to warrant tliem. And the Earl shall have all tlie remainder of Sir Jolin's lands in Connacht, Uluester, and Uryel to him and liis heirs ; so that the lands in Tyrconel remain in seisin of Sir John, and tlie Earl shall implead them, and if he recover tliem, he may hold them quit for all time. And if these lands remain to Sir John by judgment, then Sir John shall render to the ICarl these lands, and the Earl shall make exdumge in Leynester and Mounester, according to the valuation. And for all otlier ' " Cal. Justiciary Rolls Ireland, 12;i."-l;;0;!," p. L'l'.L 342 APPENDICES. . lands of Sir John in Connacht, Uluester, and Uryel be3-ond the said six score librates of land, and the land of Tyrconel, the Earl without delay shall make to Sir John exchange in Leynester and Mounester in a convenient place, according to the valuation. Sir John to retain the lands in Connacht, Uluester, and Uryel until the valuations be made, and likewise the letters to deliver seisin. The valuation to commence on the morrow of the new year, both parties to help their being made without delay. The Earl also grants that he shall marry one of his marriageable daughters to the son of Sir John, if it please him, before the new year, and if the marriage do not please the Earl, he shall give back his son unmarried at the day named. And Sir John, so soon as the Earl shall have released him from prison, shall do homage to the Earl, and shall bind himself and his heirs to serve the said Earl and his heirs for all time, saving the fealty to the King of England. And it is granted on both sides that as soon as the aforesaid things are accomplished, all the contests and ill will which were between them in the past and the recognizances made before Monsr. Williame Doddingeseles be released and annulled on both sides, but that Sir John de la Mare have the prison one year. In witness, the parties put their seals to this indented writing. "Afterwards, at complaint of the Earl that John put off procuring the valueis to be chosen by him, the Sheriff of Kildare was commanded to summon him, at his manor of Maynoth, to be here at this day, to show why the things in this writing should not be observed, and why the King, on his default, should not cause the tenements to be valued. " And the Earl and John now come, and John cannot deny that he is in fault in that the extents are not yet made. And by license he gives to the Earl six score librates of land in his manors of Loghmesk, Dunmouhgherne, Kylcogen, Slygagh, Bende, Creghcarby, and Fermanagh, in amend for his tresjjass, and he grants them to the Earl for ever. And he and liis heirs will warrant the Earl and his heirs. And besides, John gives to the Earl all the rest of his manors, and all his lands in Connacht, Ulster, and county of Louth, in exchange for the tenements which the Earl will give him, according to the purport of the first writing. " And the Earl will give to John his lands in his manors of Balydunegan, Typeraght, and Tristellaveragh. And if those are not sufficient, the Earl grants that what is deficient be extended and added to John in his manor of Lysrotheragh, and if that be not sufficient, then in the Earl's manor of Grellagh, to the value of said tenements of John, beside the said six score librates in said exchange. Each will warrant to the other the tenements given in exchange. Persons shall be assigned by the King's Court to take the extent by the valuers chosen by the parties. The valuers shall come to Kylcolgen in Connacht in the morrow of the close of Easter to begin the extent, and shall remain until it is finished. If either make default in bringing the valuers, then those assigned by the court shall cause other valuers to be chosen. And when the lands to be exchanged are valued, then those assigned by the King's Court shall deliver seisin of the tenements as well to John as the Earl, who shall each make letters of quit-claim to one another. John to have writs of assistance to distrain his valuers to come. These are named by the court to make the extents on the part of the Earl : Walter de la Haye, escheator of Ireland, and John de Ponte, justice ; and on APPENDICES. 343 the part of John : Simon de Ludgate, justice, and Will, de Barry. They are to certify the Chief Justiciar in the octave of Holy Triuily what they have done. " John acknowledged and granted that all covenants had between the Earl and Theobald le Botellier and his confederates on one part, and John on the other, before Will, de Oddyngeseles, late Chief Justiciar, except the covenants here contained, be of no effect." ■ III. ABSTRACT OF PARTS OF INQUISITIONS TAKEN AFTER THE DEATH OF WILLIAM, EARL OF ULSTER. These Inquisitions are in the Public Record Office in London, catalogued as Chancery Inquisitions Post Mortem, 7 Edw. III., No. 39. Those relating to Connaught have been the subject of an article in the Journal of the R.S.A.I., vols. 32, 33. Only the parts relating to Mayo are given here. Inquisition taken at Clare before John ]\Iorice, the King's Escheator ui Ireland, on 8th December, 7th Edward III., on oath of Hugh de Lecto, Adam Laules, Philip, son of Gilbert de Angtdo, John de Stanton, Ricliard, son of Henry de Burgo, Robert Dondewnyll, Simon de Barry, Richard, son of David de Burgo, Hubert, son of Gilljert de Bur^o, Moyler, son of Richard,' Richard de Burgo, William, sou of Richard Baf^t, and Philip de Rochford, jurors, who say, &c. CaNTRED of CuiGFEllTUll. 24s. Gd. from one theodum in Crigf which the heir of John Prendre- gast holds freely. 30s. from nine townlands, which the lieir of that John holds freely. 6s. 8d. from two townlands, but now nothing. Gs. 8d. from two townlands, which John Prendregast holds freely. 10s. from two townlands in Ailhyn Athmegorych, which William Pren- dregast holds freely. . 66.S. 8d. from one theodum in Tyniaghtyn, which the same William hokb: freely. 17.S. lOd. from Balykenaw,- but now nothing. Courts of Terneyn and Ternaghtyn, 40s., but now nothing, because the lordship of those Courts is granted to William Prendregast l)y the letter of the Lord William de Burgo, late Earl of Ulster, being under age. Total of old value of this cantred, parcel of the manor of Loghry, £10, 23. 4d. Total of value now, £0, IGs. 4d. 344 APPENDICES, Cantred of Ker. £13, 6s. 8(1. from the cantred of the Ker. 66s. 8d. from half a cantred in Fertyr and Clancowan, which the heir of Peter de Cogan holds freel3\ £6, 13s. 4d. from Adlayn for half the cantred of Lowyn, by John de Exeter. Total value now of these cantreds, jiarcel of the manor of Loghry, £23, 6s. 8d. Cantred of Owyl. Inquisition taken before John Morice, Escheator of Ireland, at Athenry, on the last day of December, in seventh year of King Edward III., by tlie oath of Bernard de Staunton, Knight, John de Stauntone, Knight, John de Exeter, Kobert Gaynard, Maurice Gaynard, Robert Clerk, Thomas Dolfyn, William Walshe, William Seman, Thomas Glyse, William de Atthy, and Richard Dolfyn, jurors, who say, &c., that there is — £10 from one cantred in Owyl Botiller, by John le Botiller. £10, 13s. 4d. from four townlands which John de Burgo held. £10, 13s. 4d. from four townlands which Onayl^ held. £16, 13s. 4d. from seven townlands which Robert Laweles holds. 53s. 4d. from one townland in Myntraghyn, which William de Burgo of Owyl holds. 40s. from Knappaugy. Total of value of this cantred of Owyl, parcel of the manor of Loghry, £52, 13s. 4d. Cantred of Bak and Glen. £13, 6s. 8d. from the cantred of Bak and Glen, which the heirs of William Baret hold freely. 13s. 8d. from one townlaiul in Irchloghton, now nothing. 22s. from one townland of Cabragh * and Raytrayny. lis. 8d. from one quarter in Corbeggan.^ 10s. 4d. from one quarter in Lissarewel.^ lis. 8d. from one quarter in Cathy rle'ilan. 2s. from Inchawyn, by Richard Baret. /^ 12s. from Roav, by Thoimis, son of Philip Baret. / 6d. from a piece of land, by Geoffrey Martyn. Tenants in Rathberk pay six crannocs of oats for suit of the lord's mill, in ordinary years worth 40s. Total of old value of these cantreds, parcel of the manor of Loghry, £19, 7s. 2d. Total of value now, £18, 13s. lOd.' Cantred of Tyraulyf, Orrus, Tyromoy, and Condummor. £13, 6s. 8d. from the cantred of Tyraunlyf.« 26s. 8d. from one townland in Casteldunghy,* now nothing. 110s. from one townland in Carne. APPENDICES. 345 Pleas and perquisites of the Court, 4s. £13, 6s. 8d. from one cantred of Orrus,^" which John de Exeter holds in fee. £'13, 6s. 8d. from the cantred of Tyrremoy,^' now nothing. 40s. from three towulands in Duncogliy,'^ now nothing. £13, 6s. 8d. from the cantred of Condommor,i=' now nothing. £4, 10s. from three townlands in Leyghuyl,^* now nothing. Total of old value of these cantieds, i^arcel of the manor of Loghry, £66, 17s. 4d. Total of value now, £32, 7s. 4d. Caxxred of Sylmolrux (Castlk of Toberbride). SleqfloivA^ — £20 from the cantred of Sleoflow, but now nothing. 66s. 8d. from (me theodum in Arkagh,'* now nothing. 66s. 8d. from one theodum in Kerymoyng,'" and Ki-ryloghnayrii, but now nothing. 66s. 8d. from Caryoghlragli, Imt now nothing. Total of old value of thi.s cantred, i)areel of the manor of Loghry, £30, now nothing. There is another church at Owyl,'"- taxed at 6 marks, whose advowson and presentation belonged to the Earl and will belong to his heirs. There are other lands in Connaught, Ulster, and other parts of Ireland which are among the Irisli, and none can go to them to value them or take any profit, because the Irish among whom th^y lie will not allow any minister of the king or any other Englishman to manage them. Notes. The difference between the old value when the Earl was alive and the present value marks the disorder which arose when murder removed his strong hand. ' The entry should be Moyler, son of Kichard de Burgo, making twelve jurors as in other inquisitions. ^ Ballykinave. •' Mistake for Omayl, O'Malley. ■* Cabragh near Inishcoe. * Corraveggaun in Ballynahaglish. * Lis- farrell was name of a "town" which included Rathbaun in Ballynahaglish in seventeenth century. ' The items suggest disappearance of an intermediate tenure. ** Tirawley here seems to be only the Barrett estate in Ballysakeery, Kilmoremoy, and Killala. '-• Castlenageeha This and ne.xt two items seem to represent part of the great Cusack estate. *" Erris. " The Bermingham manor of Arduarea. ^* Donicoy in Tireragh. '^ Dun Maic Conchobhair, now Castleconor. An indis- tinct mark of contraction is over tiie " Con " here and above. '■• Lisladhguill, obsolete, in Dromard parish. This and Uuncoghy seem to represent the Cusack manor of Coolcnaw. '* Sliabh Lugha. '" Artagh. '" Kerry of Moynee. '^ Church of Burrisool. 346 APPENDICES. IV. DIVISIONS OF CONNAUGHT, 1570, 1574. Division of Connaught into Counties and Baronies, with Notes OF Chief Countries and Special Castles.^ Moyne . Bellalaghen . Bellahaunes . Crosbohiu Kilvane \ Burresker >• . Rosse ' Morysky Burriswyle . Envennore . Ballynonagh . Shroglier Burrishwyle . Ballelaghan . Moyne . ""T^stlenecally Mayo — MacWilliam Eighter, chief, i^^^^^^-^^fj Baronies, MacVadin's lands. f?>t?v-'Vi.^C Mac Jordan's lands, alias Baron Dexeter. MacCostello. Mac Morris's lands. . MacWilliam Enter and other Lower Bourkes. . O'Maly's country. . MacPhilpin and others. . The Barretts' lands. The Principal Castles of Mayo are : — . Moroghny do O'Flahertye's. . The Queen's, lately won by me in June. . Richard Ineryn Burk's. . MacJordan's. . Earl of Clanri card's. /^-iH-^Lyx^U^ . MacTibbot Burke's. (This was drawn up by Sir E. Fitton.) The following particulars are taken from the Division of Connaught and Tliomond of 1574. The spelling is modernised when there is no doubt of what is meant. The modern names of places, when different, are given in the last column. The Barony of Crossboyne, ivhich containeth MacMoris's country, 9 miles long and 8 miles broad. MacMoris chief in the same. Gentlemen. MacMoris of Walter Oge MacMoris Moyler MacMoris . Richard MacMorris . Edmund MacRorie ^ Walter Oge MacRory Castles. Castle Macgarrett. Nebry Kenekely. Barrillagh. Castle Barnan. Doonmacreena. Castle Reagh. Modern Name. . Brees Castle. Barreel. 1 S.P.I. E., vol. XXX., No. 81. 1570. 2 These are MacErudderys ; FitzSimon their English surname. APPENDICES. 347 Gentlemen. MacMoris of James Reosli Mac]\Iori: Castles. Modern Name. Ahena. Castlekeel. Ballykinava. Castles, 10. The Barony of Kilmaine, containiwj Conmaicne Cuile and loehtar Tir, 10 miles long and 8 broad. William Burke FitzJohn, Edmund Burke MacThomas Vagher^j, and the Clan Jonyns, chief in the same. Gentlemen. Castles. KiliuaiiiL'. ]\[oyiiL'. Kinlougli. Keyliieina[e. Not identilied. Cast lei 1 ill. Castlegore. Rappa. The Barony of Burriscarra, containing Clancuan, Carra, and Moyater Creghan. MaclVilliam Burke (i.nd MarJ'hillipin chief in the sa)ne. Gentlemen. Walter Ma.Phillipii Kdmund Burke of . Richard Burke . Walter Burke . Thomas Burke. William iveigh Burk. Walter MacEiivile . Castles. Modern Name. Belial. urke. Newcastle, 1>y Castle- Not identilied. barry. Castlebarry. Tiirlough. Moyhenna. Lvsencromalc . . Liscromwell. IJallvcarra. Mauulla. 350 APPENDICES. Gentlemen. Richard an larainn . Richard MacDavy Mac- Parson. Tybot Mac William . Mylle MacEnvile . LlacEnvile Thomas Burke . Donnell MacDonnell Thomas Keigh Burke Marcus Mac en Abbe Ricard MacUlick Athera . Walter Mac en Abbe Ulick MacUlick Athera . Lord Bremingham . William Burke FitzJohn . Miles MacEnvile Castles. Gweeshadan. Donamona. Burnafaunia. Kilvonell . Castlecarra. Luffertaun. Clooneen. Beallanelub Moelle Lehinch. Lissatava, Coolcon. Ballyheragh. Raghrei Kinturk. Kilvonyde . Castles. 24. Modern Name. Castleburke. Newbrook House. Hollymount House. Not identified. Not identified. The Barony of Balhjlahan, containing Gallenga, 10 miles long and 6 broad. Mac Jordan, alias Baron Dexeter, chief in the same. Gentlemen. MacJordan Jonyn MacThomas . Sleight Henry . MacJordan's son Sleight Henry . Sleight Henry . Walter FitzStephen . Edmund FitzStephen's son MacJordan ne Kelle Walter FitzStephen . Castles. Toomour. Beallahagh Keancondroe Short Castle Bohola. New Castle. Bella vary. Curraun. Clanvara . Dengaumore. Castles, 12. Modern Name. Old Castle. Ballinamore ? Not identified. Not identified. The Barony of Ballijhaunis, containing Clancostello, 12 miles long and 5 broad. MacCostello, alias Baron Nangle, chief in the same. Gentlemen. MacCostello of . MacCostello of Castles. Ballyhaunis Bellagharee. Castlemore. Turlaghane Annagh. Castles, 5. Modern Name. Cashlaunna Drancaddha. Tulrohaun. APPENDICES. 351 V. HISTORIA ET GENEALOfilA FAMILI/E DE BURGO. The following is an extract from a small volume of parchment leaves in an old binding, which was in the possession of the Bishop of Clogher in the seventeenth centnry, and is now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, marked F4.13.A. It is entitled "Historia et Genealogia P'amiliaj de Burgo." A translation by Hennessy is in the same library. It begins with this extract, which is followed by a historical pedigree of Sir John Bourke, in which appears the date " 1578 which now is." The earliest ancestors seem to be imaginary. Baldwin de Burgo, of the family of the Counts of Flanders, King of Jerusalem, comes in as a concpieror in the East, King of the Saracens, and is made father of William who came to Ireland, from whom the descent is carried down correctly to Sir John, with notes regarding each ancestor. Considerable space is given to Sir "William de Burgo's actions in the de Clare and Bruce wars, closing this part of the book. Many blank leaves follow. Then come four coloured pictures of the Judgment and Crucifixion, and coloured pictures of Richard, son of William Conquer, and his descendants, ancestors of Sir John, excepting his father Oliverus. A page is given to each figure. A short note of tlu' name, witli a few particulars sometimes, tells who is represented. The figures are all elabo- rately coloured, some in civil and some in military dress, the latter wearing a conical helmet without a crest. Sir John alone is on a horse, weaiing conical helmet and long shirt of mail, carrying a long spear. He has no sword, and his shield is on one side. All the others carry sMord and shield. The page where Oliverus should be is headed "Arms of Clann William.'"' Below is the shield, gold with a red cross, a black lion in the right and a white or natural hand in the left uppei' quarter. A heraldic helmet bears the hand as a crest. The hand shows a very short cuff in all cases. The shield has a mantling of foliage in red, green, and white, and is supported by two bird-beaked griffins of green with red and green wings. All the shields are alike in charges and colour. The next page is blank but for a small note at head — "Place of Oliverus Burc." After the figure of Sir John comes a very long i)oem in honour of Sir John and of all his ancestors, a metrical and highly imaginative version of the previous prose history. This is followed by many blank leaves, after which come copies of three documents of December 1584 and January 1585, recording agreements between Walter Kittagh Bourke and some Barretts. Taking the shield of arms and the date of compilation, it may be inferred that the book was prepared with regard to the projiosal that Sir John and his son should be made peers. The arrangement of contents and blank leaves suggests that space was left for additional matter as it niiglit be found or prepared, such as the I'aw^tt agreement. The statements of MacWilliam's dues are drawn up in a confused form. 352 APPENDICES. not the result of a detailed survey, by embodiment of ancient writings with abstracts of existing rights, so well known that detail was unnecessary. So far as they relate to this county they may be taken as generally accurate, being supported at several points l;)y independent evidence, and not contradicted. MacWilliam's mensal lands in the barony of Kilmaine, in the three divisions of Conniaicne-Chuile, Muinter Creachain, and Oireacht Thomais, seem to be taken from some old record, as those lists of toAvnlands serve no apparent purpose, and are not even exhaustive of the territory as regards the MacAVillianiship. My extracts are taken partly from an independent translation and partly from W. M. Hennessy's translation, but I have not followed his rendering of names of places, which is neither quite English nor quite Gaelic. The modern form is given when there is no doubt of the place meant, and when there is an estal^lished English spelling, the Irish spelling in doulitful cases. The names show places, not extents. Excepting O'Dowda's rent, the money rents seem to be old rents due by freeholders of early times to superior lords whose titles had been acquired by Sir William Liath and the MacWilliams. Military service or risings out are due by those chieftains who, though not within the county, acted usually with MacWilliam Eighter in the Connaught wars, O'Conor Eoe and MacDermot and O'Kelly. They seem to be the result of alliance rather than of suliordinate tenure, and these relations and services seem to have lapsed by the middle of the sixteenth century. MacThomas Joy and Ross do not appear, because O'Flaherty held that country, from ■\lacWilliam as it was considered, but free of rent and service. The MacMorrises maintained a position of independence of MacWilliam Eighter, claiming in 1585 to hold of the Earls of Clanricard. HisTORiA ET Genealogia Famili.^ de Burgo. MacWilliam's property ; and it is too little. MacWilliam's country here, viz. : from Furbough in the west of Con- naught, in Muinter-Flaherty's country, to Ballymacscanlan near Dundalk, and from Lowhid ^ in Thomond-O'Brien to Ballyshannon near the Erne ; and from the city of Limerick to Waterford. And he had himself four other counties as his inheritance, which are called shires in England, and the county of Kilkenny and the county of Tipperary, and from Barna on the south side of the west of Connaught to Inishark on the north side of Ubhall- O'Maille, and there is some of this Lordship in Inishboffin , and the province of Ulster, and the province of Connaught in length and breadth from sea to sea. And MacWilliam is Earl of the province of Ulster, and Lord of the province of Connaught. Richard the second MacWilliam of Clann Ricainl — he is not of the family of the heirdom, for he is the second son of Richard Mor ; and for that reason Clanu Ricaird belongs to MacWilliam lochtar, because it is he that is of the family of the rightful heir, as Richard the first, and these are his residences, viz. : Bally Loughrea when it is pleasing to God, and Bally Loughmask and Kinlough and Ballinrobe. And it was his ancestor that constructed APPENDICES. 353 Ballyinote, and New Castle of Ini.showen, and tlie seven towers in Banada of Leyny, where tlie Gael made a monastery of those towers, and MoycuUa^ in the west of Connaught to the west of Galway. And it was his ancestors that had the province of Galway, and it belongs to himself when it pleases God and the Prince, as likewise the two Ca[ ] Bracons, the least tliat are bad in Galway, and five hundred herrings from the Great Bac. And to prove this the fish cannot be divided even to-day in the place until a part of the fish is given to the Earl [ ] as alms for his own soul. It is not to this writing which we have left behind us outside on the other side of this leaf that we yield or give credence, as it is on our con- science, but to Alini<;hty God, and to the truth as we have seen it written, and that there were not (left unfinished in original). And certainly as we have seen written the country of Mac William, and of his Ancestors before him, is from Furbough to Bally macscanlan near Dundalk, and from Lowhid in Thoniond unto Ballyshannon near the Erne, and from the city of Limerick to Waterford, whicli the Red Earl had together with four other counties he had as inheritance [which in English are called Shires], and the county of Kilkenny and the county of Tipperary. Over here are his niensal lands, and their own baronies afterwards. Here are the mensal lands of ilacWilliam Burk, viz. : Conmaicne- Chuile, and Muinter Crechain, and Oireacht Thom;'(is. Let us speak at first of the pobble of ^Yalter Burk's family, viz. : the two bailies of Ath Cuirc,* and the two bailies of the Turlach, and the half- bally of the Creevagh,-* and the half-bally of Carn Calain, and the bally of Coollisduff,^ and tlie Ballytrasna,* and the bally of Raliard,^ and the bally of the Tuath Riabhach, and the half-bally of Knockglass,' and Baile na Creiga, and the bally of Lisnamairgech, and tlie bally of Ellistron,* and the bally of Moneycrower,* and the bally of Dunmuirne, and the bally of Ardmoran,® and the half-bally of Knockroe,^ and the half-bally of Cluain Conghail, and the Ballytrasna, and the half-bally of Lisnaheighnighe,"* and the quarter of Cloonkerry.' The pobble of the sept of Thomas Burk, viz. : Ballycurrin,* and the two Ballymacgibbons,* and Ballyshinnagan, and the bally of Cluainanansin, and the bally of Lisuaimbelaigh, and Ballybackagh,* and the bally of Moycarha,!^ and the bally of Munfhaelanduis, and the baily of Maghcalgaigh," and Baile Dealgach,^* and Ballycusheen,* and the bally of Lisnarod,''' and Ballynulty,* and the bally of Coolnagashell," and the bally of Kilbrenan,'* and the three quarters of Kilbrenan, and the half-bally of Gortbrack. This is the })obble of Muinter Crechain, viz. : the bally of Coolcon,^*^ and Baile Cartharuch,'* and Baile na nUltanach," and the bally of Brittas,'* and the bally of Coolishel,^* and the bally of Kilkeeran,i" and the bally of Lehinch,^'* and the bally of Rahardj^" and the Baile Blaedhacli,-' and the bally of Kilglassan,'' and Baile MicKiba,and tlie bally of Dairecomhla," and the half-bally of O'Mungan," and the half-bally of Rathgranagher,' and these three are one bally, and the bally of Skealoghan," and the bally of ^luinoch- traigh, and Ballymartin,* and Ballynakeeragh, and the half-l>ally of Cuille- satuirn,-' and the hall-bally of Hallaghboy, and the bally t.f Cloonshane.** Here are other mmsal lands of MacWilliam, viz. : 16 bailies of Clann Cu and 8 bdllies of Tuathtruini, 24 bailies altogether. Z 354 APPENDICES. Here is the Boardland of MacWilliam Burk in Ubhall, viz. : 10 bailies and the contents of 14 bailies in them, viz. two bailies of the country of the sept of Ricard Burk in Tir an Air,^^ and Baile O'Gobhaind, and the half-bally of Ederdaowen, and the half -bally of Muine. This is the extent of the lordshii^ of MacWilliam over the sept of Ulick Burk, viz. : the bally of Ardagli, and Ballyknock. That is his share of country in Ubhall. Here is MacWilliam's lordship over the sept of Thomas Roe Burk, viz. : Bally 0 bliFiachain 26 and Bailebotha, and the bally of Castleaffy, and Ballinlough. There is a beef out of each bally of them, and a rising out and the food and billeting of five in every bally of those 25 bailies. There are eight mercenaries in every bally also, under MacWilliam, along with his Gallow glasses. There is a beef out of every bally of the free land of Mac- William, viz. : in Bally Loughmask, and in Kinlough ; and a barrel of ale and a pot of honey out of every quarter of them, as we have heard and received from the stewards ; and a basin of wheaten flour at Christmas, and a lialf-basin at Easter, and provision for the rising out, and six bundles of oats, and twelve white candles, in every quarter of them. And there are two marks in the country of MacPhilbin, and the mark of Drumrany. And every MacWilliam has a penny and thirteen ounces in the country of Mac- Tibbot's sept in Cushlough. And every MacWilliam has five marks in the country of O'Dowda (and he himself submissive of his will the time this is written). I am O'Dowda, i.e. Catlial Dubh. I am the Cosnaidhe Og, son of the Brehon, who was 2)resent at that, i.e. MacMorris's Brehon. MacWilliam has food and provisions in Ballykine, according to the testi- mony of the Stewards and Charters. This is the barony of Tirawley, the locum comitis of tlie country itself, i.e. the Earl's place. And this MacWilliam found in it eighteen score of rising out, including three score armed horsemen, and six score kerne, and nine score gillies and horses bearing their own provisions, and three score marks of rent and obligation. Here are the lands on which that is. At first, in the Eastern Bac ^7 six bailies of reward, and in the Western Bac -* five Ijallies of reward, five bailies and a quarter in Glen Nephin, and these are their names : The bally of the Corran,-^ and the bally of the Creevy,^" and the half Ballymoyock,^! and the half Ballyvicmaha,^" and the half-bally of Caorthannan,^! and the quarter of Dervin,^^ and the quarter of Ball_ymacredmond,^i and the quarter of Bally- nalynagh,=^*' and the quarter of Ballybrinoge.^" and the half-bally of Moylaw,3o and the Carrowcloghagh,^" and the half-bally of Trintach, and the half-bally of Rathrooeen,*^ and Ballysakeery, and Carrowreagh,^- and the Ceathramha Chuigeadach,32 ^nd the half-bally of l^athojna,^^ and the quarter of the C.irbad,^' and the qnarter of Killaghy,^* and the Carrowmore,^^ and the quarter of Baile Hostin, and five half-quarters in Ross^^ from Sailin inwards, and the half-bally of the Lagbuaile.^' Two ounces wanting of five marks in Iniscoe as rent and obligation, twelve marks of rent and obligation in the two Ijallies of Crossmolina, APPENDICK.S. 355 twenty .shillings and eightpence in the Ijally of the C'orhally/* twenty- shillings and eightpence in Baile Meadhonach, twenty shillings and eight- pence in the bally of Lough Brone,^^ twenty shillings and eightpence in the bally of Cill Aodhain,*" twenty shillings and eightpence in the bally of the Cobhiuidhe, an ounce of gold and a groat in the quarter of the Cam, three ounces and twopence in Carrowniore, three ounces and twopence in the (juarter of Ballynaleck,^^ three ounces and twojx'nce in the (Jarrowsteelagh,*' twenty shillings and eight i)ence in Baile an Oireacht, twenty shillings and eightpence in Rathlacken, an ounce of gold in the country of Clann Philip,*- nine ounces and eightpence in the bally of Kilbride, twenty shillings and eightpence in Ballycastle, fourteen ounces in the bally of Aghaleague,^* an ounce of gold and a groat in Ballinglen,*^ three ounces in the bally of Carna, an ounce of gold and a groat in the half Ballintubber,** fourteen ounces in Baile Faraidh,** five ounces and a groat in the half Balloughdalla,^^ three ounces and twopence in the quarter of Caisel,*® an ounce and a shilling in Ballyduffy,'! nine groats in the quarter of Breaghwy,*'' two marks in Baile 0 gConiain, three ounces and twopence in the quarter of Derrcen,^^ three ounces and twopence in the quarter of C'ooneal,^- an ounce in Ballymac- keehola.** The stewards are here giving testimony according as they have received from their ancestors who came before them, that every land whose own inheritor could not pay should be proclaimed as IMacWilliam's ; and more- over, if ]\rac"\Villiam's rent in any land was less than the rent of the other lords, that it would not l)e competent for those lords to obtain their own rent until MacWilliam sliould first obtain his rent. And ^lacWilliani's rent is on the soil, and it is not reported that his claim was ever challenged. This is MacWilliam's rising out on O'Maille, viz. : si.v score hands to lie maintained by himself, but tliey have maintenance of the first night from MacWilliam ; and their own provision is on themselves from that out, as Ave have found it written before us. This is the rising out of MacWilliam on Tir-Maine, viz. : six score mail, and six score horsemen, and six score kerne, on their own maintenance. And he has six score mail from O'Conor Roe, and MacDermott, and six score horsemen, and six score mercenaries. And O'Conor Eoe is surety for this to MacWilliam. This is ^lacWilliani's rising out upon Carra, viz. : eight score mercenaries on their own maintenance. This is MacWilliam Burk's rising out on the Clann-Costello and their country, viz. : three score mail, and three score mercenaries, and the cavalry standard of MacCostello, and 14 marks of rent. On Gallen in like manner, on their own maintenance (because it was MacWilliam's ancestor that granted Ballylahan, on condition that they themselves would jiay the duties), viz. : three score mail, and three score horsemen, and three score kerne ; and not all the demesne lands, baronies, or (iallowgla.'^sesthat you pos.sess can pay all that to MacWilliam on account of the extent of his claims on you, and your great unwillingness to grant them to him, and his neglect to exact them from you altogether. And moreover, you lying, false, disobedient, inconsistent (left unfinished). On that account MacWilliam Burk, i.e. John, son of Oliver, went to 356 APPENDICES. prefer liis complaint to the house of the Court against you, to Captain Malbie. And the Captain and Council, viz. the Archbishop of Tuam, and Master Bacon, and Justice Dillon, and Edward White, made an order for him here, i.e. two beeves for every armed man, and two beeves for every horseman, and a beef for every kerne. And that is the same as two beeves in every quarter throughout his lordship, unless it is more than that. And they had reason for that, for they allowed not power of superiority or chief-command to any man whatever about that time. And they did this for his board and maintenance, i.e. of MacWilliam. And MacWilliam has this order, written in English, from the hand of the Council. This is the portion of the country people, and of the readers of the Gaelic tongue, of the book and of the lordship of MacWilliam Burk. And the clironicle of MacWilliam in Latin is written before us down here. Notes. ^ In Co. Clare. Close to Tobbereendoney in Beagh parish, Co. Galway. - Moycullen is meant probably. ^ Castletown in Cong. * In Cong par. ^ In Kilmolara and Kilmainebeg. •> Adjoining them in Kilmainebeg. '' In Ballin- robe. 8 In Kilmainemore. ^ In Kilmainebeg. ^^ Ballisnabyny in Kilmainebeg, detached. *i Probably about Carrowreagh in Kilmainemore. '* Mocorha and Dalgan in Sbrule. ^^ Between Turin Castle and Milford. i* In Moorgagagh. ^5 In Kilconimon. ^* Carras in same. ^"^ Oultauns in same, i* Included Lissa- tava. 1-' Included Garreens. ^'^ North of Koundfort. ^^ In Kilcommon, but not identified. ^^ Included Ballymangan in Kilcommon. -* Probably adjoined Coollisduff. '-'* Near Lehinch. "^ Tiranaur, west of Burrisool. "^^ Newport. 2^ Ballynahaglish and Kilmoremoy. ^s Kilbelfad, and Ardagh. ^^ Killacorran in Crossmolina. ^^ In Crossmolina. '^ In Addergoole. ^'^ In Ballysakeery. ^* In Templemurry. ^* Cam in Lackan. ^^ In Lackan. ^ti in Killala. ^^ Rusheens in Ballysakeery. ^^ In ancient Bredagh, probably in Moygawnagh. ^^ Cloonagh Lake in Ardagh. *" The sameas Kilfian. *i In Kilcummin. *^ About Portnahally. ^* In Doonfeeny. " In Kilfian. *'' Mullafarry, or near it, in Ballysakeery. *'' Probably near Kilroe in Killala. *' Breaghwy in Kilfian (.'). THE INDENTURE OF COMPOSITION OF 1585. ^ This is taken from a volume in the Public Record Office of Dublin, entitled " Indentures of Composition, Elizabeth, i.e. 5d. 226," containing copies of the indentures made respecting many territories at this time, and of inquisi- tions, offices, and orders connected therewith. The originals were sent to England for issue of the queen's grants of the hereditary estates secured to the lords and gentlemen. Some of the names are incorrectly copied, and the numbers of the quarters are certainly incori-ect, as items and totals differ materially in several cases. I give the names of places in modern form and spelling if there is no doubt of what is meant, as Bally carra for Ballynecarrae, Brees for Berys. The Abbey of Strade had been made a Crown manor, and all tenures granted by the queen were to be held " as of her manor of Strade," such a tenure being less onerous than a tenure in capite of the sovereign. The APPENDICES. 357 grants were of two kinds, witli goods of felons, &c., to tliose of chieftain rank, and without those rights to men of less position. All lield by knight's service, the former by the twentieth and the latter by the fortieth part of a knight's fee, except the bishops and the Earl of Ormond. As the grants are in forms which vary only verbally, I give the normal gi-ants in abstract after the first of each kind, unless there is a variation of substance. Co. Mayo. "This Indenture made EetwixL the Right Honourable Sir John Perrot Knight Lord Deputy General of Ireland, for and in the behalf of the Queen's most excellent Majesty of the one part, And the Reverend Father in God "William Archbishop of Tuam, Owen Elect Bishop of Killala, Sir Eichard Bourke of the Newton Knight, otherwise called MacWilliam Eyghter, Walter Kittagh Bourke of Belleek Gent., William Bourke of Ardnarea Gent., Edmund Bourke MacOliver of Rappa Gent, Richard Barrett of Ross, otherwise ciilled !MacPaddin chief of his name. Pierce Barrett of Ballysakeery Gent., Myly MacEvily of Kinturk, otherwise called MacEvily chief of his name, Edmond Bourke of Castlebar, Tanist to the said MacWilliam Eyghter, William Bourke of Ballycarra otherwise called the Blind Al)bot, Moyler Bourke of Castellm^'kcrra ^ Gent., Tybott Reogh Bourke of Boherfayne Gent., Edmond Evagher MacJordan of Bellalahen, otherwise called MacJordan, Moyler MacJordan of the Newcastle Gent., Walter Leaghe MacStevane of Coi-rau MacStephen Gent., Jordan MacThomas of Bellahaghe^ Gent., Richard MacMorris of the Brees otherwise called MacMorris chief of his name, Davye MacMorris of Castlemacgarrett Gent., Walter ^lacErydry of Castlereagh Gent., William Bourke of Shrule Gent., Edmond Bourke of Cong Gent., Ricard Oge Bourke of Cloonagashell Gent., ;Molaghlyn O'^lalley of Belclare otherwise called O'Malley chief of his name, Teige Roe O'Malley of Cahernemart Gent., Owen O'Malley of the same Gent., Dermott MacArte of Clare Gent., GilladufT MacGibbon of Ballynekillye Gent, Ricard Oge MacGibbon of Glankeen Gent, Sherronc'' MacGibbon of Lackan Gent., Nicholas FitzSymons of Dunmacknynye^ Gent., Walter Mac Phillipyne of Brehe* otherwi.se called MacPhillipyne chief of his name, Ferraghe Mac Tirlagh Roe of Carrickuiadye-' Gent., Edmond Oge MacGibbon of Derrymacgornan, William P)0urke of Tiraun Gent., Ricard Og Mac Tomyne of Ballicroy (Jent., Edmond Barrett of Dowlagh * Gent., John Browne of the Neale Gent, Richard Barrett of Kyrenan Gent., and Jolm Caree of Downmacknyny Gent., of the other part, " Witne.sseth that where the whole country or territory of Mayo is divided into nine principal Baronies, that is to wit, the Barony of Crossl)Ovne alms Clanmorris, the Barony of Kilmaine, the Barony of Murri.sk, the Barony of Burri.shoole, the Barony of Inverniore ah'a!< Erris, the Barony of Moync alids Tirawley, the Barony of Burriscarra aliuA Carra, tlie Barony of Bellalahen alias Gallen, and the Barony of Clancostello which (omitting out of this l)ook the said Barony of Clancostello) contain in lliemselves, as well by ancient division as by late imjuisition presentments hereunto annexed, tlie number of a thousand four hundred forty-eight (piarters and a half of land esteeming " Si-athn'iii, Irish fnnii for Geofl'icv. 358 APPENDICES. every quarter with his meado-sv pasture wood and bog 120 acres as by a more particular laying down of the same in manner and form following it may appear. " First in the Barony of Crossboyne cdias Clanmorris thei'e is a quantity of land called the Bree consisting of 7 quarters, Also Derowel con- sisting of 14 quarters, Also the Murneen consisting of 12 quarters, Also Ballyhowley and Castlegar consisting of 9 quarters, Also Caslane Enlecare ' consisting of 13 quarters. Also Ballykinave consisting of 12 quarters, Also Castlekeel consisting of 3 quarters, Also Castlemacgarrett consisting of 4 quarters, Also Downmacnynye and Castlereagh consisting of 22 quarters, Also Carrowbeg consisting of 4 quarters, Also Keankylly consisting of 14 quarters, Also Ahena consisting of 6 quarters, Also Clogher consisting of 2 quarters, Also Barreel consisting of 4 quarters, Also Knockaunakill con- sisting of 1 quarter, Also Ballynastangford consisting of 3 quarters, Also Ballymacadam consisting of 4 quarters. Also the Sept oi Richard Fynii consisting of 8 quarters, Also the Sept of Moyntercullenan consisting of 4 quarters, Also Glonbane consisting of 4 quarters, Also Bally MacRickard consisting of 2 quarters. Also Kilvenhene consisting of 2 quarters, Also the Roosky .consisting of 2 quarters, Also Cowlera consisting of 2 quarters. Also Cloondinnaire consisting of 1 quarter. Also Carrolaghemore consisting of one cjuarter. Also Ballycranan ^ 4 quarters and Termon consisting of 24 quarters belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam, also the Abbey of Ballinsmala consisting of one quarter belonging to Her Majesty, Also Killvondane consisting of 2 c[uarters belonging to the Queen's Majesty in right of the Abbey of Mayo, Also Crossboyne consisting of one quarter, Also Kilcowle * consisting of 4 quarters belonging to Her IVIajesty as in right of the Abbey of Mayo aforesaid, Also Cappagh and Derradae con- sisting of 2 quarters, Also Knockadorraghy and Ballinaster consisting of one quarter belonging to Her Majesty as in right of the said Abbey of Mayo, Also Glaneghelrine ^^ and Skrykene consisting of one quarter. Also Lehanagh and Portagh consisting of one quarter, Ballyhumillane and Shinganagh consisting of one quarter. Also Ballymullavil and Ballymagorane consisting of one quarter. Also Ballyclanristarde consisting of one quarter, which in the whole within that Barony cometh to the 200 quarters. " In the Barony of Kilmaine there is a quantity of land called Conmyckne- cowlye consisting of 128 quarters, whereof belongeth to William Bourke MacShane and his freeholders 80 quarters, and to Edmond Bourke Mac- Thomas Evaghery and his freeholders 48 quarters, Also Moyntercreaghane consisting of 32 quarters. Also Eyghterhyre consisting of 80 quarters, Also Lough Mask consisting of 12 quarters. Also Ballinrobe consisting of 4 quarters. Also Ballynclonty ^^ consisting of 4 quarters.^^lso Kenlaglie consisting of 10 quarters, Also belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam within the said Barony 26 qunrters. Also 16 (piarters belonging to the Queen's Majesty as in the right of the Abbey of Cong, Also one quarter belonging to Her Majesty as in right of the Abbey of Ballinrobe, Also Moyne consisting of 2 quarters, Also Lackafinna consisting of 2 quarters. Also 2 quarters belonging to Her Majesty in right of the Nunnery of Inishmaine and Ballinchalla, Also Dowryshe consisting of 2 quarters, which in tlie whole within that Barony cometh to the 321 quarters. APPENDICES. 359 "In the Barony of Murrisk tlicre is a quantity of land called Lorge Owle O'Mayle consisting of 3G quarters, Also Ilanenemogliere consisting of 36 quarters, Also there is a quantity of land belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam consisting of 7 quarters, Also one quarter belonging to Her Majesty as in right of the Abbey of Murrisk, which in the whole within that Barony coineth to 80 quarters. "In the Barony of Burrishoole there is a ([Uantity of land called the Sept of Clanphillypins consisting of 24 quarters, Also the Sept of MacTybbult consisting of 16 quarters, Also Termon Aghagower consisting of 24 quarters belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam, Also 8 quarters belonging to the Queen's Majesty in right of the Abbey of Ballintubber, Also these parcels of land following belonging as is said to the I'larl of Ormonde, viz. : Achill consisting of 4 quarters, Tiranair and Burrisliowle consisting of 12 quarters, Also Bully vaghan^'- consisting of 6 quarters whereof belongeth to the Arch- bishopric of Tuam 2 quarters, Also Baleagowre " consisting of 3 quarters, Also Kennarde consisting of 4 quarters, Also Lecarroboher consisting of 4 quarters, Also Clogher consisting of 4 quarters. Also Ballyhellynan con- sisting of 4 quarters, Also Roska and Rosnebrare consisting of 2 quarters belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam, Also Money consisting of 2 quarters, Also Ferrentyre consisting of 2 quarters, Also Kilmaclasser consisting of 2 quarters belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam, Also Cagall consisting of 2 quarters, which in the whole within the Barony conieth to 119 quarters. " In the Barony of InvermoreaZiVisErris thereisaquantity of land called Carne consisting of 4 quarters. Also lar Erris consisting of 4 quarters, Also Leame consisting of 4 quarters, Also Toskerte consisting of 2 quarters. Also Ymle- vegger^* consisting of 2 quarters. Also Ballycroy consi.-ting of 4 quarters belonging as is said to the Earl of Ormonde, Also Glankoalehinsky consisting of 4 (juarters, Also Dookeeghan consisting of 4 quarters, AlsoCarrowkenowghyne consisting of 2 quarters, Also Ballymunnelly consisting of one quarter. Also Glenmoy and Dooncarton consisting of one quarter, Also Innvre and Great luishkea consisting of 2 quarters. Also Leteraghe consisting of one quarter, Also Kilteyny consisting of one quarter belonging to Her Majesty in right of the Abbey of Ballintubber, Also the Cross consisting of 3 quarters belonging to Her Majesty in right of the Abbey of Cross, Also Termon Kilmore consisting of 2 quarters whereof belongeth to the Bishopric of Killala one <]uarter, Also Termon Carragh consisting of 2 quarters belonging to the said Bishopric of Killala, Also Kilcommon consisting of half a quarter belonging to the said Bishopric, Also Ballycroy consisting of 1 quarter belonging to the said Bishopric, which in the whole within that Barony couieth to 43 quarters. y , " In the Barony of Mo^^ie aliaA Tirawley there is a ([uantity of land called the Cowrine of Ballynew nliaa the Newtown consisting of 40 quarters, Also Cowrine ne Rappa consisting of 33 quarters, Also Cowrine Belleek consisting of 48 quarters, Also Barrett's cowrine consisting of 18 quarters, Also Toae Castle- reagh consisting of 16 quarters, Also the Laggan and the Clandonnells consist- ing of 36 quarters, Also Toae Keherrenan con.>^isting of 18 quarters, Also Toae Boawynyne '" and Glaniiosty^^ consisting of 2fi quarters, Also Ardnarea consisting of 4 quarters whereof two (piarters belongeth to the Bishopric of Killala, in the said P.arony belonging to the r.isluijjric of Killala 39 quarters, 360 APPENDICES. Also the Grange of the Newtown consisting of 4 quarters belonging to Her Majesty as in right of the Abbey of Knockmoy, Also belonging as is said to the Dean and Chanter of Killala 2 quarters, Also belonging to the Queen's Majesty as in right of the Abbey of Eathfran 2 quarters, which in the whole within that Barony cometh to 287 quarters. " In the Barony of Burriscarra alias CavTa there is a quantity of land called Cowryne Donaniona consisting of 21 quarters, Also Cowryne Ballycarra consisting of 22 quarters, Also Cowryne Manulla consisting of 21 quarters. Also Cowryne Kinturk consisting of 25 quarters, Also Cowryne Partry and Castlekeeran consisting of 22 c|uarters, Also the half Cowryne of Clooneen consisting of 10 quarters, Also the half Cowrine of Luffertaun consisting of 10 quarters. Also Sleight Ulick Bourl^e and Sleight Davy Duff Bourke consisting of 21 quarters, Also the Cowrine of Turlough consisting of 21 quarters, Also Cowryne Castle Barry consisting of 21 quarters. Also Slewoney 1^ consisting of 24 quarters, Also Drum and Ballyvorny consisting of 8 quarters, Also Ballintubber consisting of 8 quarters belonging to the Queen's Majesty in right of the Abbey of Ballintubber, Also Levallynetavese ^^ consisting of 8 quarters. Also Cloondowane "° consisting of 2 quarters. Also Kearoweruvy ^i consisting of 4 quarters. Also Ballyovey consisting of 4 quarters belonging to the Archbishopric of Tuam, which in the whole within that Barony cometh to 253 quarters. " In the Barony of Ballylahan alias Gallen there is a quantity of land called Clan Stephen 22 consisting of 16 quarters. Also Clanmanny consisting of 16 quarters, Also Toa Boycolloe consisting of 16 quarters, Also Toa New- castle consisting of 16 quarters. Also Coolcatney and Toa Bellahaghe consisting of 44 quarters, Also Kinaff and Killedan consisting of 6 quarters belonging to the Bishopric of Achonry, Also Bellalahan consisting of 16 quarters, Also belonging to the Queen's Majesty as in right of the Abbey of Strade 4 quarters, which in the whole within that Barony cometh to 160 quarters. "All which being drawn into one total cometh to the aforesaid number of 1448|^ quarters, whereof belongeth to the Queen's Majesty 58 quarters, to the Lords Spiritual 151 quarters, and to the Eatl of Ormonde 40 quarters. " The said Lords, Chieftains, Gentlemen, Freeholders, and Farmers, ac- knowledging the manifold benefits and easements which they find in possessing of their lands and uoods since the peaceable government of the said Lord Deputy and the just dealing of Sir Richard Bingham Knight tlieir chief officer, as well against common malefactors and spoilers as also against the immeasurable cesses and oppressions of all sorts of men of war heretofore laid upon them. Have in consideration thereof and for that the said right honourable the Lord Deputy doth promise warrant and grant to and with the said lords, chieftains, gentlemen, freeholders and inhabitants of the said County of Mayo for and in behalf of tlie Queen's most excellent Majesty that /thfy and any of them their heirs and successors and assigns within the said Co. of Mayo shall from and after the date hereof be freely and wholly discharged acquitted and exonerated for ever of and from all manner of cesses, taxes, charges, exactions, cuttings, imiDositions, purveying, cattinge, finding or bearing of soldiers, kearntyes and all other burdens whatever other than the rents reservations and charges hereafter in this Indenture APPENDICES. 3G1 specified and to be enacted by Parliament, willingly and thankfully, for them, their heirs, successors and assigns, given and granted like as hereby they do give and grant to the said Right Honourable the Lord Deputy and his heirs to the use and behoof of the Queen's most excellent Majesty her heirs and successors for ever, one yearly rent charge of 10 shillings of good lawful money of England going out of every quarter of 1200 quarters of the afore- said number of 1448 quarters of land, which in the whole amounteth yearly to tlie sum of £600 sterling payable at the feasts of St. IVIichael the Archangel and Easter by two portions, the first ])ayment to l)egin at the feast of St. Michael the Archangel next ensuing the date hereof, and so yearly for ever at the several feasts aforesaid, at Her Highness's exchequer within the same realm of Ireland or to the hands of the vice treasurer or general receiver of the same realm for the time being, and for lack of money to be jiaid in the exchequer as aforesaid, the same treasurer or general receiver to receive kyne to the value of the said rent or so much thereof as shall remain unpaid at the rate of 13s. 4d. sterling for every good and lawful beef. " And if it fortune the said rent of £600 sterling to be behind and unpaid in part or in all as in manner and form aforesaid, that then it-shall be lawful unto the said Right Honourable the Lord Deputy or other Governor or Governors of this realm for the time being,.0f'to the treasurer or general receiver for the time being, to enter and distrain in all and singular the lands tenements and hereditament.s of [the said] 1200 quarters, And the distress taken to detain and keep' until the said yearly rent as afore be fully and wholly satisfied and paiossesseth in right of his said Archbishopric in the towns of Mayo, Cong, and Aghagower with 12 quarters of land in the Barony of Kilmaine and Clanmurris as a demesne U) the said places freely exonerateil and ilischarged 364 APPENDICES. of and from this composition together with all the goods and chattels of persons attainted of felony that shall hap or chance to dwell and inhabit within the aforesaid 12 quarters of land and all other casualties and amerce- ments that shall grow from time to time within the same. "And that also Thomas Earl of Ormonde and Orrerye who is said to be seized of 40 quarters of land as his inheritance in and belonging to the Manor of Burrishoole shall have hold possess and enjoy to him and his heirs the aforesaid manor and 40 quarters with their rents and services due to the same quarters of land freely exonerated and discharged of and from this Composition according to tlie purport and meaning of a concordatum passed for the freeing of all the said Earl's lands within this realm. " And that the said Earl and his heirs shall hold the same of Her Majesty's heirs and successors by knight's service, viz. : by the 20th part of a knight's fee as of her said house or manor of Strade. " And that also Ulick Earl of Clanrickard who is said to be seized of the castle and town of Moyne in the Barony of Kilmaine shall have hold possess and enjoy the same to him and his heirs with six quarters of land whereof two lieth in Ballymartin freely exonerated and discharged of and from this Composition, the same to be holden of Her Majesty her heirs and successors as of her said house or Manor of Strade by like tenure and service as is aforesaid. "And that Owen elect Bishop of Killala shall have hold possess and enjoy to him and his successors the town of Killala aforesaid in the Barony of Moyne and 6 quarters of land with their appurtenances as a demesne to the same freely exonerated and discharged of and from this Composition together with all tlie goods and cliattels of persons attainted of felony that shall hap or chance to dwell within the aforesaid 6 quarters of land and all other casualties and amercements that shall grow from time to time within the same. "It is likewise condescended granted and agreed that Edmond Bourke of Castlebar shall have receive and take by Letters Patent from the Queen's Majesty to him his heirs and assigns the town and castle of Castlebar aforesaid in the Baronj^ of Burriscarra and 10 quarters of land with their appurtenances next adjoining to the same as a demesne to his said castle freely exonerated and discharged of and from this Composition, and shall also have hold possess and enjoy to him and his heirs other 22 quarters of land subject to this Composition, whereof he and his kinsmen are now said to be seized as of their inheritance in the Barony aforesaid, and that he and they and every of them and their heirs according to his and their portion of land shall hold the same of the Queen's Majesty her heirs and successors by knight's service, viz. : the 40th part of a knight's fee as of Her Majesty's said house of Strade in the County of Mayo." William Bourke of Shrule shall have the town and castle of Cloghan in the Barony of Kilmaine and 8 quarters free, and other 18 quarters in that Barony subject to Composition, William Bourke the Blind Abbot shall have the castle of Ballycarra and 8 quarters free, if he have so much of his own inheritance. Edmond Bourke of Rappa shall have that castle and town and 4 quarters free, and the rest of his lands subject to Composition. APPENDICES. 365 David Bourke of Castlereagli .shall have the Castle of Cairickanass and 6 quarters free, and half of Castlereagli and G quarters in Castlereagh, Corane and Carrowgarrafe subject to Composition. Walter Kittngh Bourke shall have the castles of Belleek and Crossmolina and 8 quarters free, and otlier 12 quarters belonging to those castles and ( 'astlereagh subject to Composition. William Bourke of Arduarea shall have the castle and town of Ardnarea and 4 quarters, and Castlelacken and 4 quarters, free, and other 6 quarters ill Ballycashell and Balloughdalla subject to Composition. Edmond Bourke of Cong, said to he seized of 20 quarters in Barony of Kilmaine as his inheritance, shall have 6 quarters adjoining his castles of A([uirk^^ and Ballycurrin free, the rest subject to Composition. Richard Og Bourke of Cloonagashell, now seized of 20 quarters in Barony of Kihnaine shall have 8 quarters thereof attached to that castle free. "And where the Barony of Crossboyne consisteth of 200 quarters of land whereof belongeth to the Queen's ^lajesty 5 quarters, to the Archbishopric of Tuau) as is said 24 quarters and to Nicholas FitzSymons 8 quarters, and so remaineth 163 quarters, " It is likewise covenanted etc. . . . that for the better maintenance of the said MacMorris his living, otherwise surnamed FitzGerald or Prendergast, chief lord of the said Barony of Crossboyne, he shall have etc. . , . the Castle or ^lanor of the Bree and 4 quarters of land with their aj^purtenances adjoining or belonging thereunto, and also other 4 quarters of land in the Termon, whereof he is said to be now seized as in right of the name and lordship of MaclMorris freely etc. . . . and also the Castle or Manor of the Murneen and 5 quarters of land with their appurtenances belonging thereunto subject to this Composition in the Barony aforesaid, whereof he is said to be now seized as of his own and his kinsmen's inheritance, together with all the goods and chattels etc by the 20th part of a knight's fee as of her said house or Manor of Strade in the County of Mayo. "And that he shall have etc. . . . one yearly rent charge of 5s. sterling going out of every ([uarter of the residue of the said ([uarters being 143 quarters, amounting by tlie year to £35, 15s. in full recompense of all such rents, duties and customary exactions and spendings by him claimed upon the freeholders or inheritors of the same (not charging the portion of the waste land upon the inhabited). Together with all the goods and chattels etc , and that they and every of them their heirs and assigns, according to his or their portion of land shall hold the same of the said Rickard MacMorris his heirs and assigns by knightly service, viz. : by the 40th part of a knight's fee, as of his said castle or manor of the Murneen, and shall do suit and service to the Court Baron and Court Leet of the same. "And where the Barony of Bellalahen otherwise Gallen consisteth of IGO (juarters of land, whereof belongeth to the Queen's Majesty 4 quarters and to the said Lords Spiritual 12 quarters, and so remaineth 144 quarters, " It is likewise covenanted etc. . . . that the above named Edmond Vaghery otherwise called Jordain Dexeter Chief Lord of the said Barony shall for the better maintenance of his living have etc. . . . the castle or manor of Bella- lahen and 8 quarters of hind with their appurtenances of the same remain of 144 quarters of land whereof he is now seized as in right of the name of 366 APPENDICES. MacJordan, freely etc. ... as a demesne to his said castle or manor of Bellalalien, together with other 10 quarters of land which lieth in Tohe Bellahaghe and Coolcarney subject to this Composition, whereof he is said to be now seized as in right of his inheritance, together with all the goods and chattels etc. ... by knight's service, viz. — the 20th part of a knight's fee etc, " And also it is covenanted and agreed as aforesaid that the said MacJ ordain Dexeter, his heirs and assigns shall have one yeaVly rent charge of 5s. sterling going out of every quarter of the residue of the said quarters being 118 quarters, amounting by the year to £29, 10s. sterling in full recompense of all rents, duties, exactions and spendings by him claimed of the freeholders or inheritors of the same (not charging the portion of the waste land upon the inhal)ited) with all the goods and chattels etc. . . . " And that they and every of them their heirs and assigns shall for his and their portion of land hold the same of the said MacJordan Dexeter his heirs and assigns by knight's service and the rent aforesaid, viz. by the 40th ])art of a knight's fee as of his said castle or manor of Bellalahen and shall do suit and service to the Court Baron and Court Leet of the said manor." John Browne of the Neale, said to be seized of quarters in sundry Baronies, shall have that castle and 12 quarters thereof free. Nicholas -FitzSymons of Downmacnynye, said to be seized of 22 quarters, shall have 8 quarters thereof attached to his castles of Downmacnynye and Castlereagli, whereof 2 quarteis are in Ballycullane, free. _Pieis Barrett of Ballysakeery shall have out of his lands the castle of Ballysakeery and 4 quarters free. Moyler and Tibbot Reoghe Bourke, sous to Walter Fada Bourke, shall have 10 quarteis out of their lands, if they have so much, free, viz. 5 quarters to each attached to such of their castles as they may choose. Shane MacHubert of Donamona, otherwise called the Parson of Dona- mona, in respect that the town and lands is greatly encumbered in holding of the Sessions there, shall have the castle and 4 quarters free. Farragh MacDonnell of the Clooneen, in respect of his good service done on Her Majesty's side at the meeting of Slirule, shall have that castle and 4 quarters of his lands free. Richard Barrett of Kyherrenan, in consideration of his service done at the said meeting of Shrule, shall have 2 quarters in the said Toae of Kyherrenan free. Thomas Nolan of the Creevagh, in respect of his sufficiency to serve as a clerk in the said country, shall have the said castle and 3 quarters free. Moyler Bourke FitzThomas of Clowneduffe in the Barony of Carra shall have 2 quarters adjoining his town of Clowneduffe free. .Jordan FitzThomas of Bellahagh in the Barony of Bellalahen shall have the said castle and 4 quarters free. "And forasmuch as divers of the mean freeholders of the said County of Mayo and the tenants dwelling upon their lands are and shall be greatly burdened by this Composition, if the petty Lords and Captains next above them be allowed to take such rents and customary duties as they pretend to belong to their said petty captainships, which had their beginning but by compulsory means agreeable to the disorder of the time, for remedy whereof it is condescended, concluded, and agreed that the above named MacEvilie, APPKXDICES. 367 MacPaddyne, ^lacPliillipiiU', and O'^Ially, and all others of that sort and calling and ever}' of them, shall have, hold, jiossess, and enjoy to them their lieirs and assigns, not only such castles and lands as belongeth to the name and calling of MacEvilie, MacPaddyne, MaoPhillipine, and O'Malley, but also such castles and lands as they or any of them be now justly seized of as their inheritance, the same to descend from each of them to their heirs by course and order of the laws of England. "And in respect of confirming unto them the said castles and lands in manner and form as is aforesaid, that after the decease of every of the said petty Lords or Captains now living the aforesaid rents and services shall thenceforth be utterly determined and extinguished for ever to the advantage and easement of the said freeholders and their heirs. " Provided always that this Composition nor anything contained therein shall not be deemed constryd or adjudged to extend to bar or prejudice any man's right or title to any of the lands or rents mentioned in the same, but that the title and cause of action of them and every of them shall to him and them be saved according to the due course and order of Her Majesty's laws. " Provided also that where there appeareth certain emulation or envy betwixt the above named ]\lacWilliam Eyghter and his kinsmen, whereof there are some competitors that by reason of their birth, being descended of MacWilliams of greater fame and reputation than the said Sir Richard Bourke, think themselves more worthy of the English succession now devised by this Composition, and others standing upon their expectancy of succeeding his place wisheth the continuance of that customary name, that it shall rest in the consideration of the said Right Honourable Lord Deputy or other Governor or Governors of this realm for the time being how and in what sort the above named castles, manors, lands, rents, and seignories belonging to the name of MacWilliam shall be disposed, confirmed, or limited in possession or remainder to the said MacWilliam and his said kinsmen, anything in this Indenture contained to the contrary notwith- standing. "And it is further covenanted, granted, and agreed that 'jail the persons assigned by these Indentures to hold their lands of the Queen's Majesty her heirs and successors, by kniglit's service as of her house or manor of Strade, shall do suit and service to the Court Baron and Court Leet of the said manor from time to time. "And the said Lords Spiritual, Chieftains, Gentlemen, freeholders, farmers, and inhabitants for them and either of them, their heirs, successors, and assigns, have and by these presents do give full power, consent, and assent that this present deed indented, and every woi-d, clause, sentence, condition, and article therein contained shall be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery there to remain of record for ever. " In witness whereof the said lords, chieftains, gentlemen, freeholders and inhabitiints have to this part of this Indenture, remaining in the custody of the said Right Honourable the Lord Deputy for and in the behalf of the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, put their seals and subscribed their names the 13 of September a.d. L'j85, and in the 27 year of the reign of our sovereign lady Elizabeth, by the Grace of God Queen of England France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith. 368 APPENDICES. " Provided always that all such lands as John Browne aforesaid hath of his proper inheritance witliin the Barony of Gallen and Clanmorris, being 30 quarters and 3 cartron.s, shall be fully acquitted and discharged of and from all rents services and demands of MacMorris or MacJordain other than a yearly rent charge of 12d. sterling going out of every of the said quarters yearl}' to them and their heirs, unything in this Indenture to the contrary notwithstanding. " William Tweame. Owin Electe Killala. Eichard Bourke. Walter Kittaghe. William Bourke. M'^Eville. Edmond Bourke M''01iverus. Mk . Peeter Barrett. ]\PPaddine. William Bourke alias the Blind Abbot. M'^Jordan's Mark. Water Leaghe M<^Stephen. Richard Oge Bourke. Water M'Eriddery. M'^Morryshe. Davie M'^Murryshe. William Bourke of Srowle. Jordane M<=Thomas. Edmond Barrett. One O'Mayle. O'Mayle. Nicholas FitzSymons. Rickard M'-Gibbon. Teig Roe O'Mayle. Rickard Oge ^PTomyne. Shane M'^Gibbone. Richard Barrett. William Garvey of the Leyhing. Egorum Edmondi delone.i John Browne." Marginal Notes. Marginal, notes on third page : — Forasmuch as there is a remain of 21 quarters of land to be bestowed by way of freedom upon such Gentlemen of the County of Mayo as were not remembered in the Indenture of the late Composition, taken betwixt Her Majesty and the Lords, Gentlemen, and freeholders of the said County, It is condescended, concluded, and agreed that Maurice M'Enabb of the Togher in the Barony of Kilmaine shall have, hold, possess, and enjoy ** quarters of the aforesaid remain as a demesne to his said town of the Togher, freely exonerated and discharged of and from this Composition, willing and commanding on the Sheriff of the County of Mayo, and all other Her Majesty's receivers of her Composition rent for the time being, to allow the same unto him accordingly. — Given at Bellalaghen the 15 September 1585. Richard Bingham. N. White. Thomas Dillon. Robert Fowle. Charles Cal- thorpe. Gerrot Commerford. Francis Barkley. Forasmuch ... (as above) . . . that Thomas Keoghe of Bellanclowy in the Barony of Kilmaine shall have ... (as above) ... 3 quarters of the aforesaid remain as a demesne to his said town of Bellanclowy-'' freely . . . (as above) . . . the 15 September 1585. Richard Bingham. N. White. Thomas Dillon. Charles Calthorpe. John Mervine. Marginal notes on fourth page : — By the Chief Commissioner and Council of Connaught and Thomond. Forasmuch as we have granted unto Robert Oge Barrett of Ballemeanagh within the Barony of Tirawley in the County of Mayo, Gentleman, the number of three quarters of land next adjoining to his said town of Bally- meanagh free and exonerated from the last Composition, These are therefore to will and require you to permit him to enjoy the same 1 Egorum Edmondi delone. The first and third of these words have been mis- taken "by the copyist. The " um " and " delone " are but guesses. APPENDICES. 369 accordingly witliouL any molest <>r interni])f ion, I'oi- tlic doing of wliich this shall be your waiiani. Given at Rosconnnon the :}() Ai)iil 1587. intending that the said Kobai-t Oge and his h^irs shall enjoy the benefit of this freedom. l^ichard Einghani. Slieiillof the County of .Mayo and on [hv ( '(illcclors of that County require you to allow and perform tlie effect of this warrant for the freedom of three quarters of the freedom above named. Given at Galway 25 October loHT. To the Collectors or Receivers of Her .Majesty's Composition ri:nts of tlie I'arony of Tirawley for the time being and to allow Tier .Majesty's officers ministers and loving sulijects within the said P.arony whom this is. ^[arginal note on fifth page : — Forasmuch as there is a remain of quarters . . . (as in first note) . . . agreed that Millye Mac Evyllie of the Kinturk in the Ikrony of Carra shall have ... (as before) . . . three quarters . . . (as before) . . . accordingly. Given at Donamona the 19th April 1586. Richard Ijingham. John Ijrowne. Exd. per Richard Lenhani. Notes. ' Moyler and Tibbot Keagh being sons oC Walter Fada, this castle should be near Ballycarra and Boherfayno, now Burnafaunia, and is likely to be a name for Gweesbadan Castle. - Now called Old Castle. ^ Now Doonmacreena. * Pro- lial>ly near Carrowcally, see p. ;}4.S. " Carrickaneady in Burrisool is meant. '' Doolough in Erris, but the castle has disappeared. '' Castlanenlagbcarowe in Inquisition. '* Ballyoranan seems to liave been within the parisli of Balla. ' Otherwise Kilcolla, now Browneliall. ^" C'laugliychin in Inquisition. " Town of the Cloons, conqjrising Cloonlill'en, Cloonenagh, Cloonabilla h\ Cuslough demesne. '- Newport. " Baile O'Gobhaind in Hist, efc Gen. ? '* Emlybeg near Binghamstown. ^^ Glenco, east of Bangor. '" Bofeenaun. '" Now cor- rupted to Glenbest. ^* Mountain oountr\' north of Castlebar. '^ Lavally in Tavase in Inquisitions = Baile an tSabhais, see p. 287. Probably not far from Castlelucas and Ballynafad. Castlelucas may bo Sauvages Castle. -" A little north of Drum. '^ Kerowe Eimy in Inquisition, probably the correct form, meaning Annagh quarter. •' Seep, oil for these subdivisions. "■^ MacDaibheog Buidhe. *"' Rabins near Castlebar or thereabouts. '■" At Castletown in Cong near Ballycurrin. -'^ Illegible figures. " a mistake for Bollanaloob, then owned by Thomas Keogbe Bourkc. TIIK IXDENTUUK OK C( ).M POSITION FOK lAK CONNAUdJLT. The Indenture bears date the 2nd September 1585. The barony of Ross is included as being within tlie lordship of 0' Flaherty. Of the parties thereto only Sir Morogh ne Doe 0'l'"lahertv and .MacThonias are concerned with tliis 2 A 370 ' APPENDICES. part of Mayo. Only a suminavy of tlie parts relating to Ross is given, as it is in the same form as that for Maj'o. In the barony of Eoss there are nine towns consisting of 62 quarters of land, that is to say, in Ballyross, 4 qrs. ; in Ballynoiiagh, 18 qrs., gotten by the O'Flahertys from some of the Bourkes, as is said, for an Eric ; in Bally- kilbride, 4 qrs. ; in Ballyglantrague, 4 qrs. ; in Ballynacloghbrack, 4 qrs. ; in Ballydoolough, 4 qrs. ; in Dooghta, 2 qrs., which is said to be the Joyce lands, bearing Seignory as well to O'Flaherty as to MacThomas ; in Toms- nawe, 2 qrs. ; in Dooros, 1 qr. ; in Tcernakill, 1 cj^r. ; in the Carrick, 1 qr. ; in Tumneenaun, 1 qr. ; in Breenaun, 1 qr. ; in Mounterowen and Cnlliagh, 1 qr. ; in Glenglosh, 4 qrs.; in Carrae, 1 cp. ; in Fowaghe, 1 qr. ; in Slieve Partry, 4 c[rs. ; in Ballybwyan, 4 qr.s. — which in the whole within that barony Cometh to the aforesaid number of 62 qrs. Sir M. O'Flaherty, besides his other castles elsewhere, got the castle of Ballynonagh and 4 quarters free, with goods of felons, to be held of the manor of Arkin by the service of the 20th part of a knight's fee. MacThomas was given 1 quarter of land in Dooroy, free of the composition and of all demands of Sir Morogh, to be held of the manner of Arkin by the 40th part of a knight's fee. All rents, duties, and customs claimed as due by the title of MacThomas were to be extinguished after his death. The remaining 57 quarters of land were charged with 5s. a quarter, payable to Sir M. in discharge of all his claims on the freeholders, to be held of him by the 40th jjart of a knight's fee as of liis manor of Ballynonagh, with suit to his Court Baron and Leet there. And he was given goods of felons therein. All the denominations of lands survive in some form except Tomsnawe, Carrae, and Ballybwyan. Fowaghe seems to survive in Knocknafaughy and the Fooey River. VIII. BARRETT INQUISITIONS. Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1-16 James I., p. 118, No. XLVIII. An Inquisition taken at Mayo on the 29th July 1607 found that Pierce Barrett of Ballysakeery was seized in fee of the following estate within the Co. of ]\Iayo. The town and castle of Ballysakeery with 6 qrs. of land thereto belonging, viz. : Dromonmore, 1 qr. ; Clonemicstirricke and Dronnnore, 1 qr. ; Boyl- kilcoman and Cartronagh, 1 qr. ; Currowy, I c|r. ; Knockmorroe and Lee Carrowkehile, 1 qr. ; and Rasheens and Mulloghnageppaghe, 1 qr. ; 4 (^rs. in Kilroe called Knockminemoyne, Cashel, Meane, and Meelick ; the half town of Rathroeen i containing 2 qrs. ; Derreens,i 1 qr. ; Quygeaghe,^ ^ qr. ; APPENDICES. 371 Crosspatrick, 1 qr. ; Slightsliaiie, 1 qr. ; Killeen, 1 qr. ; !'. tllaiiafona, ^ qr. : Killybrone,- i qr., whereof 1 cartroii is mortgaged with ulliers; Strafarne, 1 qr. ; Fyaghe, h qr., also mortgaged ; the ca.stle and bawn uf Farragh,^ with Shiaii qr., and Lisglaman 1 qr. ; thu half town of LounliWalla,^ containing 2 qrs. ; two triues of the half town of 'Rathoma,' whicli are mortgaged; Bartry,- 1 qr. ; Cam, 1 qr., mortgaged ; Attyliarte, 1 qr., mortgaged ; Ranary, 1 qr. — his ancestors were .seized of the lands, etc., following, now in the po.ssession of others, but l>y what right the j'ury know not, viz. : Killeny, }, qr. ; (ilanaghy, h qr. ; tlie castle and town of Treanagh,^ of the 6th part wlu-reof he was seized ; Kildavaroge,* i qr. ; t]?e half town, castle, and bawn of Inishcoi', which were possessed by the sons of John M'Oliverus Bourke, within 1 he jury's memory ; Kyllyrhan, 2 qrs. ; also possessed by the said Bourkes — said Peirse is now seized in fee of the ca.stle and town of Ballycashel, con- taining 4 qrs. called Cashel, Carrownisky, Carrowhibbock, and Drummagara ; Annaghbeg, I qr. ; Ballybeg,'^ 1 qr. ; Atticloghy,'' 1 qr. ; Killnecabry, 1 qr. ; Rooghan,* 1 qr. ; Kincon,'"' ^ qr. — his ancestors were seized of Kyllencroaghe 1 cartron, now possessed by others ; tln^ castle and oartron of Portnahally, of which half is in his possession, and half in Oliver Bourke FitzEdmond's — his ancestors were .seized of the quarter of Carrowcor ' and the quarter of Moyny,"^ lioth now mortgaged ; the quarter of Carrowneden ' and the quarter of Namaull '"—said Peirse ought to have the half of the castle of Invor (or Inveran), and the bawn with the haven, and a quarter of land, now posses.sed liy Edmond Oge Barrett — and by hereditary right do belong to him, now posses.sed by the said Edmond, Termoncarragh and Corroghery, H qr. ; Immellevegger,^ 1 qr, ; and Nakill,^ h qv. — his ancestors were seized of Inishkea h qr., ai^d have the haven tliereof, now possessed by Richard, Earl .of Clanricard — 'BeneJ:., Barrett his father, and his ancestors, who were called IMaiPadins, had divers chief rents out of divers land.s, viz. : (jut of liallynekeyll, 4 (j^rs. ; Fai'a, Ballyknockmoro, Ballelesnagavan, liallyhanrick,'" Balliphilip, Ballikillekeran, Ballenecorbally, Ballenemoynaghe, Kylcon, and Brechoy, Ballenemaney, Aghaleague," town of Crossmolina Abbey and town of Cassly, out of each of these a cow, IG pecks of wheat, 16 measures of meal called barrens, with a proportion of butter, all valued at 21s. each — out of Glanevin,'' Ballykrevy,* and out of the half town of Moylaw,* £'1, lis. ; out of Crowaghbeg, Kyllenee (jr., Beltra," Ballynaleck,'i Treynagh, Carbad," Steelagh,>3 and Dyrre, .5s. 3d. each — out of 5 half quarters in Ross 13s. — out of Balloughdalla,! Rathoma,' and Treanagh,^* 3 half towns, 10s. 6d. each — 12 measures or barrens, with herljs commonly called sowle, which they formerly willed according to the rate of 2.s. 6d. out of every quarter of land, viz. : out of East Bac, Balleuecrery, West Bac, liallymacredmond,** Cur- ranaghe, Clogaghe, Reaghc, (^)uigeaghe, and Cowlevyle, 2s. 6d. each — out of the half towns of Adaghe [Ardagh ?], Rathreagh, Kerreynani^ and Mac Moyocke,''' 5s. each — out of Crossmolina, 2 towns, £*1 — out of Killaghy i* and Rendowgaii, 2s. each — out of Ballysakery, one town and a half, 15s. — out of the quarters of Carrowcar,'' Carrowneden,^ and Morgenny, 3s. 6d. each — out of Ballo quarter, 7s. — out of Carrownaghe-Trene, 3 qrs., 10s. 6d. — out of till' half towns of Mahowne and Ballyloughbronc,iv lOs. Cd. each — out of Kildavaroge, i qr., Is. 3(1.— and the ancestors of the said Perce Rirrett used to have within tht- said territory diver.-i other dues, viz. cess, -pending, 372 APPENDICES. J cutting, and rising out, etc. Also Courts leet and Ixiron ; and in right of ^-^N their caiatainship, had and levied all waifs, strays, felons' and attainted persons' goods and chattels, fines for blood and all other casualties and amerciaments. Calendar of Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery, Ireland, Morrin, Vol. II. p. 217. Edmond Barrett and his son Edmond having petitioned to lie allowed to surrender their lands in Erris and Tirawley and to take them back by grant, the following inquisition, taken at Cloonagashel on the 9th March 1594, found- That the lands following are the lawful inheritance of Edmond Barrett senior descended to him from his ancestors or purchased Idv him : namely, Inyer, Tiraun, Leam, Corraghrie, Toescart, Inishkea, Ballencarn, Ballen- glancoe, Dookeeghaun, Ballycroy, Ballymunnelly, Dowkreglian, Doohooma ; the half quarter of the Carowleccan, Kilbride, Rathlackan, in the barony of Tirawley, late in the possession of Slight Shad. The inhabitants of the barony of Erris acknowledge the absolute and sole interest of all Erris to be his lawful inheritance, except Redmond Barrett of Tiraun, who claims the castle of Tiraun and a quarter of land thereto belonging, a cartron of Shanaghy, and the interest which John Browne of the Neale had to some parcels in Erris ; of the nature or validity of those interests the jurors were uninformed, but they found, by ancient testimony and witnesses of great credit, that the whole barony of Erris was, and is, the lawful inheritance of Edmond Barrett, which was sufficiently witnessed, with great credit, a long time liefore the coming of Browne into Mayo. Ulick Bourke M'Moyler and, Shane liourke, of Erris, usurped upon part of Erris and, being traitors, were^ slain in open reV)ellion by her Majesty's forces. These documents show the greatest claims of MacWattin, and that the principal estate was about Ballysakeery and Killala. The chiefry was scattered all over Tirawley, whether held by members of his family or by freeholders, but did not include Glen Nephin and Glenhest. The denomination Boylkilcoman explains the description "William Fionn of Kilcommon." MacWattin had not chieftain rights in Erris, but hereditary right in an estate therein. Notes. 1 lu Ballysakeery. - In Killala. ^ In SE. part of Kilfian. * In Crbssmolina. ' In Rathreagh. '^ In Kilfian. " In Kilbride. * Emlagh in Kilmore Erris. s Nakil or Surgeview near Fallmore. i" In Kilbelfad. ^^ In Lackan. ^^ In Templemurry. ^^ In Kilcummin. i* In Addergoole. i^ Castlehill and Bally- moyock in Addergoole. ^^ Carn townland in Lackan. i" Near Cloonagh Lake in Ardasrh. ^* In Doonfeenv. V i 5—0 rt '5 S X E.-2 U X o ^ c -E-2Z 2B Table II. -List of Domxoxiax Kings of Coxnaught WITH Pedigrees. Fir Ckaibe. Fiach. I Fidach (K.). Gamanry. I Fraech.i I Donnell I Oengus Finn (K.). Oengus Fert (K.). Conall Cruachna (K.), I AiliU Dubh. I Flidas. Cairbre Firdaloch. EochaidhAllat (K.). Ailill = Magu. _J I Get. Ailil Sanb (K.). Garad. I Morna. I I I Eochaidh. Feradach (K.). Cetgen (K.). Nemand. i Garad. Goll (Aedh). Aidh (K.). Forgna(K.). Aid Glunduff (K.). 1 I-am not sure whether Fraech or his brother was father of Donnell. TUATHA TAIDEN. Cuirrech. I Curaidh, or Conrach Cas. Ailill Mor (K.). Tinni(K.). Elim. Maine Aithremail (K.). Cairbre [Cenncait] (K.). Eochaidh. O'Flaherty makes Cairbre contemporary with Cet's son Sanb. Latinizes Conrach 5 ' ' Conrius " : " Tinneus filius Conrii " (' ' Ogygia," p. 269). Ailill=]Magu of Murrisk. I I Get. Ailill Find. I I I I I Mogcorb. Toca. Scandal. Anfind. Fergal. Table III. — Successiox of Kings of Coxxaught, chiefly from O'Flaherty's " Ogygia " axd Keatixg's History, but supple.mexted froim other Sources. 1. Eochv Allat (G.). 2. Tinnr(T.). 3. AiliU Mor (T.). 4. Maine Aithremail (T.). 5. Cairbre. 6. Sanb (G.). 7. Eochv (T.). 8. Oengus Finn (F.). 9. Oengus Fert (F.). 10. Conall Cruachna (F.). 11. Feradach (F.). 12. Forgna (F.). 13. Cetgen (F.). 14. Aid, son of Eochy (F.). 15. Nia Mor, of Corco Firlri (M.). 16. Lugad, of Corco Firtri (M.). 17. Aid, son of Garad (G.). 18. Condeus (M.). 19. Muredach Tirech (M.). 20. Eochv Moyvane (M.). F=of Fir Craibe, G=of Gamanry, M = Milesian, T=of Tuatha Taiden. Conrach Cas, father of Tinni and Ailill Mor, is mentioned as King of Connaught contemporary with Conghal Clairinghneach ; Ailill, son of Fiach, is called "son of King of Connaught " (Ir. Texts Society, vol. v., "Martial Exploits of Conghal Clairinghneach," pp. 2, 27). 374 Table IV. THE IRISH GENEALOGICAL SYSTEM. Noah. I Japhet. I Magog. I Fathachta. Baath. The Gael or Scots. 1 Starn. 1 larbanel, the Prophet. 1 Fergus Lethderg. "irbolg Danonians. The Britons of Great Britain. Loch. Niad. 1 Dela. 1 Delbaeth. 1 &c. Brec gan. 1. &c. 1 Bile. 1 It Galam, or Miled of Spain. 1 1 Eremon. Ir. 1 1 Eber. Arec. Calf) Cereal 1 and aidhe Ugaine Mor. Irians. Eberians. Cobhthach Caelbreg. Eremonians of Connaught, Meath, &c. I Laegaire Lore. Eremonians of Leinster, &e. 375 -H s So o2o o .;i 1- ■- '^5 1-5 b/j i_i c - p g a =3 0) ,n -c c o c! ^ .b -c D -C — U — t: 5 ^ c cj ^b - M — a 00/ 111 I lisp -§ 5l2Pb 376 "Sd a: rt 12 u g i rt U.5 a! tJO c <^ . . r^ rt c; . rt M c . ,5? E §i c c rt J= > M — -5 — ^=« S £ ^ -J .-J M rt"C -••o — ^— = — 5? C < < ^5 Ku ■I— (^-.r- •rt 5_-' Q S U H boSobb 380 ub B ^ I— I o Kb K bb ub 3 — bb r 1 *=; ;r xO 2p Jib '5 '5 '5 h fc; - iobbb 381 Table IX. THE HY BRIUIN AI. Muredach Mai. \ . Fergus. Catal. 1 .1 . Eocaid Tirmcarna (K., deposed 492). Fogartac. Aed(K. 576). Maelcotaig (K. 584). Aid (591). I I Uada (K. 602). Curnan. I I Ragallac (K. 646). Silmaelruain, O' Fly nil. I ! Fergus. ■ Cellach (704). Muredac Mulletan (K, 701). Domnall (K. 727). Fergus (K. 755). I I I Inrectac (722). Cathal (K. 734). Flathrui (K. 778). I Artgal (K. 782). From Catal the Clann Cathail. I I I I Murgil. Muredac (731). Conmac. Aed Balb (K. 741). I. ' i Tomaltac (769). Clann Conmaig and Murcada. I I '^ T' '" I Murgis (K. 814). Finsnechta (833). Diarmaid (832). I.I I Tadg. Catal (K. 836). Diarmaid. I Conor (K. 879). Ill I Catal (K. 923). Aed (K. 887). Tadg (K. 895). Domnall (K. 924). Tadg "of Three Towers " (K. 954). I I Conor (K. 971). Clann Taidhg O'Mulloy. I Cathal (K. 1010). I Tadg " of the White Horse " (K. 1030). I I Aed (1067). Maelruanaid (1077). I Clann Maelruanaid. Ruaidhri (K. 1092, d. 1118). I I I I Toirdelbac Mor (K., K.I. 1156). Tadg (K. 1097). Domnall (K., dep. 1106, d. 1118). 382 Table X. THE SILMURRAY CLANS. Muredhach MuUethan (701). I I 2. Inrechtach (722). Cathal, from him Clann Cathail and Clann Conor. 1 3. Murgil. Conmach, from him Clann Conmhaigh and Clann Murchadha. 4. Tomaltach. I i I 5. Murgis (814). Diarmaid Finn (832), from him Clann Uadach and Ui Diarmada. I I 6. Tadhg. Diarmaid, from him Clann Tomaltaigh and Muinter Roduibh. I I 7. Conor. I 8. Cathal. 9. Tadhg " of Three Towers " (954). L 10. Conor (971). A son, from him Clann Taidhg. L_ 11. Cathal (1010). I 12. Tadhg ' ' of the White Horse " (1030). I I " "" i 13. Aedh (1067). Maelruanaidh (1077). from him Clann Maelruanaidh. I I 14. Ruaidhri "of the Yellow Hound " (lllSi. 15. Torlogh Mor (1156). Cl.\ns and Chiefs' N.vmes. Clann Cathail— O'Flannagain. Clann Tomaltaigh— MacMurchadha. Conchubhair — O'Maolbrenainn. Muinter Roduibh — 0'R(;daibh, after- Conmhaigh— O'Finachta. wards called Mag Oirechtaigh. Murchadha— O'Finachta. Clann Taidhg— O'Maolmhuaidh. Uadach— O'Fallamhain. ,, Maolruanaidh— MacDiarmata. Ui Diarmada — O'Concennain. The following clans were of the Silmurray, but I do not know their descent, and in some cases only chiefs name and not the tribe name : — Clann Faghartaigh— O'Cathalain. Murthuile— O'Maonaigh. (name unknown) — O'Murrav. O'Cathai'l. O'Taidhg. O'Flanagain had as sub-chiefs O'Maolmordha, O'Cartaigh, O'Mughroin. From MacDermot came MacDermot Gall and MacDermot Roe in Artech and Tir Tuathail, and the two MacDonoghs of Corran and Tirerrill. 383 CO'"' o "* CO sjo £-2 cS. 00 c r o . — c QS trci ^ ^ < g c o :l^^ — -o-euiioj -Q — '(ZeST •>!) qSnojjnjv '8 qSouoQ 'I — -(2821 •») — •(98SI •2') J0UO3 '2 _ •fef'ST) qpav -f — -uqpiBn^i -g — •J0U03 -z _ -qoaqjiBn qSouoQ "x ■5^ 5^ * o tiK ^ t; I (1i^ ^' 384 W I S^- ."5 2 rt .-^ o ^ 11 2- 385 ^? CO (M — 5 ^ < G I M T-H s Q ! ^ Q -5 tf: s c^ 0 •s o J. J ^, — J- ;S T o h! &i M S c^ a rt U •c rt * S s Q MS IM ^UO o --^ "^ G S O iii = 11 M d-d - o T-H — U Q u.^^ L> ■r t/:£2- 0 ^ ^;:v5 386 Table XII.— SUCCESSION OF KINGS OF CONNAUGHT OF RACE OF EOCHAIDH MUIGHMHEADHOIN. Those are entered for whom there is good authority in annals, though all annals do not name all. The last date is that of close of reign, by death usually. The annalists counted the year to him who reigned on New Year's Uay. Date of beginning of reign is omitted only when quite uncertain. F. [jreti.xed denotes of Hy Fiachrach North, A. of Hy Fiachrach Aidhne. O'R. and OF. denote an O'Rourk or an O'Flaherty. Those not so marked are of Hy Briuin Ai, from Brian Orbsen downwards. The dates generally follow the Annals of Ulster, especially after (i02. F. F. F. A. (?) Muredach Tirech Eochy Moyvane Brian Orbsen Fiachra Dathi . Duach Galach -Amalgaid Ailill -Molt . I^oghan .Sriabh (?) Eochy Tirmcharna Duach Tengumha Eoghan Bel . .•\ilill Inbanna Feradach Aedh . Maelcothaigh Aedh . Uada . (!olman Kagallach Laiilhgnen . (juaire .Aidhne Cennfaelaidh Dunchadh Muirsce Fergal .Aidhne Muredach -MuUethan Cellach Indrechtach . Indreclitach . Domhn.dl Cathal . Aedh Balbh . Fergus . Ailill Medhraighe . Dubhinnreclit Donncalhaigh Flaihrui O'R. Artgal . Tipraite Muirgis Dermot Finsnechta . Cathal . Murchadh . Fergus . Conor . Aedh . Tadhg . Cathal . Tadhg . F.-rgal . Conor . Catlial . Aedh . Tadhg . Aedh . Aedh . Ruaidhri Flahcrtv 'I'adhg . Donilinall Domhnall Torlogh Mor Ruaidhri Conor .\Ioenmoy Cathal Carrach Cathal Crovderg Aedh . Aedh . Felini . 330-357 3.57-365 306-388 388-400 401-407 408-427 428-449 450-463 464-487 488-492 493-499 500-537 538-544 545-556 557-576 577-583 584-590 -602 603-622 623-646 647-652 653-662 663-681 (681)-682 683-695 695-701 702-704 705-706 707-722 722-727 728-734 735-741 742-755 756-763 764-767 768-772 773-778 779-782 783-785 786-814 815-832 833- -836 837-839 840-842 843-879 880-887 888-895 896-923 924-954 9.55-966 967-973 974-1008 1009-1015 1016-1030 1031-1067 101)8-1087 1088-1092 1092-1092 1093-1097 1098-1102 1 103-1 10(; 1107-1156 1157-1186 1186-1189 1189-1201 1201-1224 1224-1228 1228-1233 123.3-1265 387 Their connection with Connaught is very vague. These dates are quite uncertain. Became K.I. Became K.I. Deposed. Ere, son of Ailill Molt, probably came in about this time. Called of Aidhne by MacFirbis, but I think he was of Hy B. Resigned. Son of No. 29. Son of Tadhg, whom I cannot identify. O'Conor calls him son of Muirgis. Died an anchorite in 844. Son of Aedh. Not identified. Son of Fothagh. Not identified. Table XIII. THE UI BRIUIN OF UMALL According to MacFirbis's Great Book of Genealogies. (6) Seachnusach was son of (5) Eochaidh Sine, son of (4) Tuathal, son of (3) Air- medach, son of (2) Conall Oirisen, son of Brian Orbsen, from whom are the Ui Briuin of Connaught. Seachnusach. I I 1. Aongus. Cumusgrach. Flannabhra (K., k. 773). I 2. Daimin. I /\ O'Mughron. 1 3. Domnall. A O'Tolarb. L Cosgrach(K.,k. 812). I 2. Flathgal(K., k. 7S 1. ConaU. I I 1. Maille. 2 I i 1. Seachnusach. O'Gormghaile. I Flannabhra. I Dubhdara. I Muiredhach. I Dubhdara. I Muiredhach. I Dubhdara. Muiredhach. I 2. Coiman. O'Colman. 1 1. Domnall Finn. I Muiredhach. I Domnall. i Brian. I 2. Niall. 1. Domnall Ruadh (K.,k. 1337). 26. 1. Cormac (k. 1337). I Tadhg. 3. Fergus. I /\ C Fergus and Muinter Rooney. 2. Diarmait. I III 27. 1. Maelseachlainn. 2. Maghnus. 3. Eoghan. 4. Muiredhach 4. Eoghan (K.). I Note.— 10 (2). Flathgal is added from Annals. 388 ' — 3 u 2 \H .2 3 Z -J :2 =S la e::: 389 2 C o H S o o o <1 M ^ H Q ^ o m < O lJ hJ <1 O o P 12; o g -c c « S *^ I ill! U O J3 . rt ^ c ,,'7; S'^ o rt s ^ r" o ^ o bio^ rt< ^2 c a> c O „ rt !"S 2 a. 5 J= <-. ■_ rt M „ j^.Si o ^^ 9 rt iS H-= 3 ; t£3 C ^ ^' OJ r- 3 I'? J 'I llll^l C C O O rt o O - rt o cj o ^ = ^ c S rt c c jj 5 rt oj " S ^ 5 _g s. < .= -^ . - .<'- x: ^ I5T-:.^ .1 i ~ X 'S E^ =" ^ 5S. g rt u ^ g ?f= a be X o - _5 _o v5 o ■£ 5 - 2 i-H ttj - >£ 5 c o 5 ri S c ^ S ?, '5 -^ o ~ <- in * i? " ^ '^ 5 rt w. S K - ._- o Si ~ ^^ '^ s-^-iis^^- >■ § -TJ — 5- ■c -5< 2 rt -J Ci< i |o •4 1 :ii — X, rt o -J oCQ < o i^ ■c O o _ o 5 - _ ^« -Jo j= 5 :^E rt Cj3 ^ 390 X -§ ~S ' "12" ffi -J c :^ a J2 i* 391 392 s-S O o 393 X. Table I. THE SUCCESSION OF THE MACWTLLIAMS. MacWii. Edmond I. Thomas I. Walter . Edmond II. Thomas II. Richard I. Richard II. Theobald I. Edmond III John I. . Meiler . Edmond IV. John II. . Ulick . Theobald II The succession David . Richard III John III. Richard IV, Richard V. f\M ElGHTER. MacWii.i.iam Ough 1340- 1375- 1401- 1440- 1458- 14(;0- 1469- 1479- 1503- 1513- 1514- 1520- 1527- 1558 1570 ]5S() 1583 1375 1401 -1440 14.58 -14(!0 14t)9 -1479 -1503 1513 1514 -1520 -1527 -1534 -1537 here. -155S 1570 1.580 ■1583 -1.585 Ulick I. . Richard I. Ulick II. Uhck III. UUck IV. Richard II. I'lick V. Richard III I ohn Richard IV Richard V. Ulick VI. Ulick VII. d. 1353 1353 1387 i:W7-1424 1424- 148.-. 1485-1.509 1,509-1.519 1519 1.520 1520-1.530 1.530- 153(1 1536 15315-1538 1538-1543 1 543-1 5G7 " of Annaghkeen. "Og." " .An Fhiona." " Ruadh." " Finn." -Og." " of Dunkellin." " Bacach." "Og." " na gCeann." -Ulick I. was not called MacWilliam. Ulick VII. had no power in the country after Earl Richard Saxonagh came of age. Table IF. RELATIONSHIPS OF THE LOWER MAC WILLIAMS. Sir Edmond I. (1375). I Sir Thomas I. (1401). I I I I I Walter (1440). Edmond II. (1458). Thomas II. (1460). Richard I. (14731. Theobald I. Richard II. (1479), (1503). I Ulick I. I I I I I I Meiler (1520). Edmond III. John I. (1514*. Edmond IV. Theobald II. I (1513). ■ I (1527). (1537). lohn II. Ulick II. (1534). Oliverus. David (1558). ! I \ I I II' Richard 111. Edmond. Tanist lohn III. Richard W Richard IV. (1570). (1586t. '(15801. (1585). (1583). 395 ■ 1^ — . ■ = 'o m "S§' O Oh O cc I— I 'Jl o I— I H t ^ £ .00 3 S >^ -■ ■HS >^ rt >rt ^ t- ■-sl- —■^% 5 a Dd. . j "I 5 :? ^' 397 £ o < o cq Q F=H W I— I H ^ u ji " ^ o c Si = = -5s h rt "J -< O -§-°|| 398 1^. 5^:1 'SI 399 ^ ^ < ~i ^ D '^ Q ^ ^ -^ ~s < ^ P5 P5 _i u . S -11 —J .^' tf 0) lO — <1 M oq ° 41 > .o D -^ ih C D;= ._o ^" -IS- 402 - > "^ '-'' " :— -a III H 1 7r. Is 403 o < o I— H o o 7a m M H ■.Is \ -5§ 12; 404 •a c-i e _E 405 2D w g 1 < 5 w ^ 1— 1 O td Cn o ^ k^ HH o g W s o W w 05 C/J o iz; iz W -d 2 ^ ;^ o o ><^ 406 ^ 1 _o rt 1) u c« -o £? ^ 1) ■^5 5 ■ E ^- rt u c S rt 1 407 408 409 X -^ "s ^ 410 X % F .y l|5 411 o o P5 o o o ':2 6 ■>.<^t c -pi) u — C — u, . : -= = £ ^ O _ ■ c .S o .J? J ^o- l^J- 413 I-! 00 ■— . l-< C X rt — ^ — E - •" P I I J S 414 o o ■i H ^ - E ^ r: > Ci t 1 c — c Q ^ E H -i< ^ 3 a b .= c s ^ 1— -, >~ •~> O 5 a o ■ V — a so;? • E — >.— E £ I S 41o ; S 5 o S o ^ • $ K x; "■ o £ 2 i o 5 ^^ c5 ^.9 E ^ l-( 416 .E_i 2 S - _y —7:; -r:~ ii -g =5 ■^ ^S o 2 c 1 " Q rt ^ M 0 < rt > ^ ^ c 0 s r^ rt s 0 ■j; 0 [^ c 2 >> i: K c -* 1 c 3 rt t« g ? ri "n a. S 1 1 « 60 £ « 1 t; ■y. rt ~ 0 u s ? p 0 1-^ «i 'Z. 1 3 I rt ■3 M i rt 1 E > 1 a= r-> Tl C; 417 C5 i 3 O ^ S w o i2 ^ o ^- 411 -D.C c y ^ c ~ •— rt c -: Ji; 41! zn ■5 M -Co :^oC o .2 " o ~ O " — 3 o r^ ^ 0 H <1 a a K H J ^: p x -r <; Z r-K y. < ^; w ^ s < O c o ? ^ X t£ • S 0^ A 'i^.- -U 0 r ^ C CO ;r o 420 !-<;o — ni — e — < •5 -6 2 E = til t- x' rv o ^ N E =5 rt O 41' 1 T-i C " 1- — ri — ■-■ — rt- - ^ ^ ^ ^' 422 NOTES ADDED I\ THE PRESS. TiiK coat-of-arms on covei- and title-page is that described on p. 351, used thus as the general coat of the Bourkes of Mayo, to whose power the county owes its form. See JI. of the Galu-ay Arch, and Hist. Soc, III. p. 58. The frontispiece shows the war-dress of a cliieftain in the West of Ireland in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries or earlier. The quilted garment showing below the mail and on the arms is a gambesson, a wadded tunic protecting from the weight of a blow as the mail protected from cutting. It represents a William Burke of the family of MacDavid. See U.S. A. I., XXXV II. p. 807, and Jt. of the Galway Arch, and Hist. Soc, II. p. 103. P. 28. I am indebted to Archbishop Healy's " Life and Writings of St. Patrick " for St. Patrick's route from Kilmullen to Kilmaine, and for the identification of Stringill's Well, erroneously given in my " Notes on the iJioceses of Tuam, &c." P. 156. The Festival of the Holy Cross in autumn is 14th Sept. P. 191. The parts of Malbie's letter marked by inverted commas are not all full transcripts, but condensed in parts. P. 338. I should place this map in p. 327. P. 358. Eyghterhyre, loclitar Tliire, is probably the part north of the river Robe. INDEX. The letter h following b, c, d, f, g, m, p, t in Irish words marks the change called aspiration, and is sometimes omitted. Thus Eochaidh Muighmedhoin is the same as Eocaid Muigmedoin. Surnames and tribal names in Ua and Ui are indexed as O and Hy, except a few occurring in only one form. Established English forms of Irish names are generally used, asDermot for Diarmaid, Murtough for Muircheartach. But Aedh is substituted for Hugh, which is an English name. When English families have adapted Irish surnames, those surnames are entered under tlie original name. De Burgo is used for the early members of that family. The form Bourke, used by them in the sixteenth century, is used for the Mayo families only, and Burke for the others. The O'Conors are treated in clans under " O'Couor." Pedigree, if known, is given sufficiently for reference to the genealogical tables. The following are not indexed : — App. IV. Lists of lands in App. V. Subdivisions of baronies in App. VI. and App. VII. Lists of lands in App. VIII. ABBREVIATIONS. = Barony. = Church. = Castle. = Parish. Abbatial jurisdiction disappears, 48 Abbeygormican P., 53 Abolition of petty lordships, 366, 367 Achadh Fabhair. See Aghagower Achill, 190, 300 Achonry, 115; Cathedral, 92; See lands, 360 AclareCa., 139, 164, 212 Adam Duff, Staunton (?), 80 Adamuan's shrine, house of, or Skreen C 42 Addergoole, Tirawley, C, 04 ; Ca., 297 P., 290 Coolcarnev, 1.51 Adlayn, Athletiian, 344. See Ballylahan Aedh, s. Eochy Tirmcharna, 33 • — — Fortamail, 33 Aedh Dubh becomes Aedh Find, 327 Aedh MacMorna, 11-13 Aedhgal, K. Umall, 34 Aenach, royal fort of Carra, 286 Drithlind. 24 Aensrabha, K. Iruaithe, 4 Agabard, P., 116 Aghagower, 28, 44, 70, 81, 113, 114, 250, 251 Abbey, .35 Episcopal Manor, 93, 104, 300, 301 Aghalahard Ca., 267. 285 Aghamore P., 19, 313 AghleCa.,301 Aglish P. , 286 Ahena Ca. , 322 Aicideacht, Clann Cuain, 47, 83 Co. = County, dau. = Daughter of. s. =Son of. Aicill and Umall, 12, 18, 303 Aid, s. Garad, K.C., 11, 14 Aidhiie, 6, 15, 21, 64, 76, 122 Ailecli Esraclitae, 26 Ailech Mor Ciarraige, 8, 27, 104, 314 identified as Castlemore, captured by Fergus MacRoigh, 339 Ailill, s. Cairbre Fir da Loch, 8 Finn, K. Gamanry, 7, 8 Inbaudha, 31, 33 K. Leinster, 8 Meadraige, K.C., 34 Molt, K. I., 17, 24, 28, 29 — ^'Mor, K.C.,8, 338 Ailills of Q. Meave's time distinguished, 337-9 Aille Ca., 301 Aillemore, 306 Airtech, 19, 27, 79, 101, 134, 139, 242, 318, 345 Aithyn Athmegorych, 343 Alba, 10 Alexander, a Gallowglass, 177 Alia Gero, cave, 42 Alle, 292 Amalgaid, s. Dathi, 25 s. Fiachra Elgach, 33, 289 s. Fiachra Foltsnatbach, 25-28, 289 his sons at Feis of Tara, 28 Anachdubhan, Annagh in L. Con, 152 Angevyneston, 314 Anslo-Norman baronial and other castles, 103, 140 earthworks, 103 invasion , 59 Lords, first effects of settlement, 69 INDEX. 425 de Angulo, JLicCostello, MacGoisdelbb, connection with Dillons, 318 Baldraithe, 315 David, s. Gilbert Mor, 315 Gilbert, 53, 63 Gilbert, 313, 314 Gilbert, 314, 315 Gilbert, s. Gilbert Mor, 314, 315 Hugo, 315 Jocelyn, 313 John, 314 Miles, 102, 11(1 Philip, 53, 63, 75, 313, 314 Philip, 315 Philip, s. Gilbert, 343 I\Iatilda, wife of Jordan, 314 Micliael, 315 Thos., s. Gilbert Mor, 315 Wni., 313, 314 MacCostello, MacCostellos, MacGois- delbb, 80, 87, 114, 134, 149, 163, 166, 167, 172, 185, 190, 199, 242, 257, 263, 264, 313 ISIacCostello, list of obits of, 317 ■ MacCostello, gives Castleniore to Theob. Dillon, 318, 319 MacCostello, his rising out to Mac- Willian.,355 MacCostello, Edm., 212 MacCostello, Edm. an Machaire, 315, 317 MacCostello, Gilbert, 115, 127, 130, 132 MacCostello, Gilladufl", s. Philip, or MacPhilip, 316 MacCostello, John Finn, 155 MacCostello, John, surrenders lord- ship for regrant, 318, 319 MacCostello, Jordan Boy, s. John, s. Walter, 316, 317 MacCostello, Maiduke, 134 ■ MacCostello, Miles, 102, 116, 313, 314, 315 MacCostello, Philip, 75 • MacCostello, s. Richard Boy, s. Jolin, 8. Moyler, 269 MacCostello, Shane Boy, 269 MacCostello, Walter, 130 MacCostello, Walter, 276 MacCostello, s. Walter Fooff (Fodli- bhtha), s. Moyler, 269 MacCostello Roe, 156 MacCostello, MacBhaldrin, 315 MacCostello, MacJordan Duff, 311'. 315, 316, 317 MacPhilip of Letter, 315 Clan Cosiello, 169 Clan Jordan, 269 Clan Philip, 316 Annacare Ca, ^ce Carras Annagh, Friary, P., 19, 156 Ca. in L. Carra, 205, 206 Ballyhaunis, 319 in L. Con, royal fort, 290 Annaghdown Diocese, 92 Aiinaghinore Ca., 139 .\nnaly, 175 Annals of Miiltifarnham, 308 Aodhan of Cloonoghil, Saint, 31 A(iuirk C«.. 365 Ara, Irish of, 164 Aran Isles, 229, 233, 245 Archbisho)) of Connaught, 48 Arciibisliop of Tuani, origin of jjosition, 49 Archdeacon of Stafford, John de Gray. 52, 53 Architectiire, 41 Ardagh P. , 290 Ardcarne, 84 Ardcree Fort, 117 Ardee, battle, 47 Arden, Hugo, 77 Arduaglass Ca., 212 Ardnarea, 32, 69, 117, 148, 152, 153, 158, 164, 165, 176 battles, 160, 212, 213 Ca., 138, 143, 162, 167, 195, 212, 213. 365 Manor, 102, 295 I'., 295 Ardrahan, Ardrathain, 140; battle. 76 Arkagh, Airtech, 345 Arkin Manor, 370 Armagh, Archbishop of, 64, 231, 237 Assembly of Tribe of Amalgaid, 29 Assylin, Eas INIaic iiEirc, 27 Athanchip, 126; battle, 118; Ca., 314 Ath Angaile Ca. , 119 Athard Ca. , 180 Athassel Abbey, Golden Abbey, (IS, 128, 137 Ath boy, 122, 341 Ath Caradh Conaill, 118 Ath Cind Locha Tecliet, 130 Ath Cliath in Chorainn, Ballyniote, 124 Ath Disert Xnadan, Kastersnow, 131 Athecai'tha, Carras, 281 Athenry, 21, 136, 164, 170, 174, 188, 344 destroyed by O'IDonnell, 267 Athenry, Baron of. 6'ceBerniinghani, Lord Atheurv and MacFheorais battles, .56, 115, 125, 126 battles, array of Irish tribes in 1316, 127 Dominican Friary, 128 Athleague, 134, 140; C'a., 161, :'.08, 309 on Shannon, 62 Athleathan. Sec Hallylahan Ablsey. Sec Strade Abbey Ath Lighen, battle, 155 Athlone, 52, 53, 55, 64, 72, 78, 84. 116, 124, 170, 171. 182, 188, 191, 195, 253. 263 Ba. , 72, 140 ]5ridge and castle, .55 Ca., 186. 197 Ca., rent of its lands, 260 Athniethau, 308, 309 Athmogha, Ballymoe, 11 Ath na Croisi, battle, 41 Ath tighe in Mesaigh. See Attynias Attacots, Aitechtuatha, 3, 9, 10, 11 from Britain, 334 and Milesians, 327. 328, 339 Revolution of, 9, 10 de Atthy, J., 344 Attymas, 73; P., 312 Aughnanure Ca. , 225 Aughrini, 125, 136; Butler Estate and Ca., 140 Aughroa, Eachros, battle, 34 42(3 INDEX. Augustinian Canons and old Irish Ordei 49, 94 ; Hermits or Austin Friars, 95 Avancini, G., and Italians, 221 B. Bac, the Bacs, 73, 115, 290, 293 herrings due from the Great, 353 Bac and Glen, Cantred of, 102. 292, 293, 344 Bac and Glen Nephin, 290. 291 de Badelesmere, M., 282 Baile Odhbha, Ballyovey, 18 Tobair Patraic. See Ballintubber Balhegh(BelIahy?), 212 Balla, 87. 115, 116; Abbey, 111; P., 19, 322 Ballagh, meaning of. 111 Ballnghaderreen, 27 Ballakiuoshine Ca., 180 Ballenekinie Ca. , 180 Ballenemask Ca., Ballyloughmask, 180 Balliallon, alias Slieve OLoee, 319 Balliara Ca. , 139 Ballinamore Ca., 311 Brtllinasloe Ca. , 36 Balliuchalla, 281 " Ballindeonagh Ca., Ballynonagh, 135 ]5allinderrv Ca. , 272 Balliudingen, 319 Ballindoo, 319 Ballinduff, 153 Ballinglen, 297 Ballinrobe, An Rodhba, 108. 116, 149, 208, 223, 266, 282 ■ Abbey. 95,1.35; Abbeyland. 358-300 Ca., 180, 207, 282, 284, 352, 3 ;2 Manor, 104 St. John's House at, 95 Ballinsmalla Abbey and lands, 95, 358 Ballintubber, 81, 114, 189, 208 Abbey, 90, 164 • Abbev, cause of foundation, 71 P.. 286 Ballintubber, Roscommon, 124, 157 Ca., 101, 140, 150 Ballisnahiney Ca. , 105, 100 Ballvbanan, 287 Ballybeg Abbey, 295 Ballycarra, Ballynacarra Ca., 364 Ballvcashell. 365 Ballycastle, 158, 295, 297 Ballycong Lake, 73 Ballycroy, 26, 102, 293, 300 Ca., Doona, 221 Manor, 104, 298 Ballycurrin Ca., 365 Ballyhavinis Ba. See Costello Ba. Abbev, 95, 316 Ballyheane C, 28 ; P., 18, 286 Ballyhowly Ca.,322 Ballvkenaw, Ballykinava, 343 Ballykine, and Ca., 105, 285, 354 Ballykinlettragh, 297 Ballyknock Ca. , 189, 301 Ballylahan, Bellalahen. Bel atha leathain, 108, 113, 125, 302, 312 battle, 149 Ca., 103, 104, 307, 365, 366 Ballvlahan Ca., gate carried off, 149 Ballyloughdalla, 317, 365 Ballymacscanlan. 352, 353 Ballymartin, 281^ 283 Bally tnonagh, 108 Ballymoe Ba., 19, 55, 137. 140 Ballyniote, Ath Cli:ith in Chorrain, 124, 1.52, 157, 229, 2-57, 263, 273 Ca. . 125. 139, 353 Ca., sold to O'Donnell, 272 Ca., lands of, 260 Ballyn'.icarra Ca., Ballycarra, 288 Bally nacarrach. Dun na nGall, 36, 47 Ballynahaglish P. , 290 Ballynahinch Ba., 19 Ballynakill (Glinsk) C. , 68 Ballynastangford, 322 Ballynegloonty Ca., Cuslough, 284 Ballynonagh Ca., IJallindeonagh, 209, 250, 324, 370 Ballyovey P., 18. 324 Ballysadare, Easdara, 79, 85,117. 257, 268 Strand of. 5, 121, 149 Ballysakeery Ca. , P., 244. 293, 366, 370, 289, 290 Ballyshannon, 257, 271, 314, 352, 353 Ballyteige, 121, 295 Bally veghan Ca., Newport, 301 Balydunegau Manor, 342 Banada Abbey, 212 Ca., 102, 117, 122, 139 Ca. made an abbey, 103, 353 Bende. Manor, 122, 342 ISaptisrn of sons of Amalgaid, 29 Biirkley, F., Provost Marshal of Con- naught, 201, 207, 212, 215, 216, 237, 368 Barna, 352 Barnagee, 243 Baronnvston Manor, 309 BarreefCa., 322 Barrett, Barretts, 117. 1.58, 160, 166, 167. 185, 290. 291, 296, 297. 298, 299 and Branaghs, 293 the Failghech, 294 Bishop. 167, 296 Batin or Wattin, 121, 291, 292, 293 Edmond, 299 Edm., s. Edm.. 299 — - Edm. of Dowlagh Ca., 357, 368 Edm. Og of Erris, s. Benet, 371 Henry, 155 Maigeog Gallda, 151 Sir Maigiu, 293 • Peter, Peice, Piers, 239, 357, 368, ."71 Peter, grant of lands and freedoms, 366 Philip or Philpin, 293 Redmond of Tiraun, 372 Rich., 155 Rich., 292, 293 ■ Rich., 344 Rich. , s. Edm. , 299 Rich., s. the Bishop, 152 Rich, of Kyrenan, 176, 357, 368; grant of lands and freedoms, 366 Rich, of Ross, 357 Ricin Og. s. Ricin, 293 Robert, brother of Wm. Mor, 292, 293 Robert, 152 INDEX. 427 IJairett, Robert, oi Diuidonnell, 150 Robert, s. Batin, 293 — — Robert Og, of Ballemeanagh, grant c'f lands and freedoms, 3G8, 369 Thos.,292, 293,21)4 Thos. , 15t> Thos., s. Philip, 344 Wm., of Bac and Glen, 102, 121, 291, 292, 293 Wni., his son Wm., 292 Wm., his son Wni.'s lieir, 344 Win., 8. Richard, 292, 343 Wm. Breathnach, Finn, 291 Clans, 293 MacAndrew, 185, 293 IMacBhaitin. .SVe IVIacWattin .MacToimiii of Erris, 185, 293, 299 MacToimin, Ricard Og, 357, 368 MacWattin, MacPaddyne, 155, 185, 292. 293, 298 MacWattin, grant of lands of chiefry , 3()7 MacWattin, claims as lord in Tir- awley and Erris, 371, 372 MacWattin, Benet, 371 .MacWattin, Robert, 155 Barretts Ba., Co. Cork, 291 de Barrv, 102, 125, 288, 295, 29G John, 292 Sitnon, 343 Wm., 342 nephew of Lord, 276 Bartrach, 29 Bassenet, Capt., 177 Battwrin, Reaid, 216 Baxter, 274 Bealagary, or Belauagar, 319 Bekan, 319; P., 19 Belaclare or Aclare Ca. , 139 Belahaunes, Ballyhauiiis, Ba. See Costello Ba., 313 Belanagar, 319 Belanaloob Ca., Xewbrook, 180, 208, 243, 245, 282, 283, 368 Belantondaigh, 149 Bel Atha na nGarbhan, battle, 163 Belclare, in Murrisk Ba., 305; Ca., 306 Belclare P., 19 Bel in Clair. See Aclare Bell, J., Bishop of Mayo, 92 Bellal)ourke, 28 ; Ca. , 288, 301 Belladrehid, 32 Bellaghlvsconan Manor, 309 Bellahagh Ca., Old Castle, 255, 312, 366 Bellanclowy, Belanaloob!?), 368. 369 BellavariCa.,311 liellaveel, 319 Belleek Ca., 2.55, 293, 3(i5 Benedictines, 95 BenfaddaCa.,242, 319 Beo Aedh, St., 24 de Bermin<;hani. See also Lord Athenry and MacFheorais Bermi'.vgham, .55, 125, 143, 144, 147 Lord Athenry, 144, 151, 152, 154, 155, 168, 171, 172, 188, 189, 193. 201, 208,235,241,248 Andrew and his dau. , 296 Basilia. 308 Edward, 226, 235, 241 IJerniinghani, James, 172 John, Earl of Louth, 287 Peter, 102, 295 Peter, s. Jas.. 296 Peter, s. Meiler, 295, 296 Richard, made liaron of Athenry, 127 Wm., Archbp. Tuam, 92, 107 Wm., s. Richard and his wife Elena, 107 Clann Fheorais, 143, 161 MacFheorais, 317 ; his coat of mail, 167 ; his country, 295 Berna in Mil, battle, 131 Bernasof Tir Oilella, 11 Bhailldrin, 216. See de Anguh. Bingham, Lieut. F., 226, 227, 228 Sir George, 210, 213, 217, 228, 260 Capt. George, murdered, 256 Cai)t. John, 209. 244. 246-248. 253. 25->, 258, 2(i0 Sir Richard. 175, 199. 20,5-217, 220- 225. 229-282. 236-239, 241, 244-263, 2()8, 269 tirst trial. 207, 216 leaves Government and returns, 217, 220 wedding present, 239 second trial, 237, 241 third set of charges and trial, 2.59- 262 his administration, 261, 262 letter on social conditions, 250, 251 l>lot against him, and flight to Eng- land, 261 removed from office, 267 Bishop and Archbp. of Connaught, 48 Bishoprics of Connaught formed, 48, 49 Jii-^hops' petition for redress, 91 Bisset, Margery, 285 I'.irth of Cormac legend, 43 Blackcaddell or Blake, Capt. A., 277 Blake, Val., 249 Blind .Ibbot. See Bourke, Wm., s. David 1. Bodkin, Chr., Archbp. Tuam. 92. 98. 99. 163 Visitatif.n. 99 Bogadoon, 297 Bohola. Ca., P., Tuath, 297, 311 Bolg Tuath of Badhghna, 3, 331. 332 Bonaught of the Claiidonnells, 184, 285 Book of Bourkes' Complaints, 232, 263 of Rights, 18, 20, 21 Borris, 221 Bothar na Faine, liurnafania, 156 Bouley fad rick, 29 Bowen, W., 219, 225. 226, 235. 2;38, 287 Boyd's Island near Castlebar, 47 Boyle, 84, 210, 263, 2()6, 274 Abbey and rent of lands, 314, 260 Abbey fortified, 66 Brabazon, ('apt A., 191, 192, 194, 195, 259, 260, 263, 266 Bianaghs, or Bai retts, 293 Walshes, 287 Breaghwy P., 286, 288 Breastagli Ogliani, 31 Breathnach, Brana-h. Wm., 291 Bredagh, 121, 290-292; C. 291 ; Theodum, 291 4:21 INDEX. Brees Ca., 103, 149, 263, 265, 268, 272, 321, 322, 365 Brefne, 21, 41, 45. 124, 317 O'Reilly, 175 Brehon Law, 197 ; weakness, 203 ; conflict with Euiilish Law, 301, 302 Brendan of Clonfert, St. , 32 Bres, s. Elathan, s. Delbaeth, 329 s. Elathan, s. Neid, 329 Bretasches, 103 Bretnach, BretnatL, Brauagh, Adam, 121, 292 Bri. See Brees Ca. Brian Boro, 40, 44 ; nature of his supre- macy, 203 Orbsen, K.C., 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 303 Brittas, Lord, 135 Broadhaven, 4, 221, 278 Brogail, Briole, 11 Browne, Doni., 235 John, 198, 201, 205, 208-210, 218, 219, 222, 224, 226, 285, 357, 369, 372 commission and death, 224 remarks on Co. Mayo, 198 took Mac William prisoner, 219 acquisition of lands, 219 grant of freedoms, 366, 368 ■ — — John, nephew of Jcdin, 219, 241 Bruce, Edward, 124, 125 le Brun, Froment, 287 Bryaneston Manor, 309 Bunduflf, 271 Bunfinne Ca. , 160 Bun Gaillmhe. See Galway Bunninadden, 318 Buuratty Ca., 124 Bunree River, 290 Burgh, Ld., 260, 271 Burgheis Cinn Trachta, Burrishoole, 114, 300 de Burgo, Bourke, Burke clans of 14th century, 138 Glinsk effigy, 68 David, 56 Sir Edmund, s. Earl Richard, 57, 130, 131, 133-135 ; his murder, 134, 135, 142 Sir Edmund, his wife Slany, 135 Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, 132 Gyle, dau. Sir Wm. Liath, 132 Hubert, Bishop of Limerick, 137 Hubert, s. Gilbert, 343 Joan, dau. Earl Rich., 123 Sir John, s. Earl Rich., 130 John, s. Wm. Og, 282 ■ John, 344 Moyler, s. Rich. , 343 Philip, s. Wm. Og, 282 Richard, s. David, 343 Richard, s. Edm.,s. Earl Rich., 144, 147 — — Rich., s. Henry, 343 Richard, s. William Conquer, 53-55, 60, 68, 78-84, 87, 102, 113, 291, 314; Justiciary, 78 ; grant of 25 cantreds, 79; airests Felim O'Conor, 79, 83 ; tries to keep Irish as vassals, 80 Richard, s. Rich., s. Wm. Conquer, 113 dau. Rich. ,s. Wm. Conquer, wife of Gerald Prendergast, 321 de Burgo, Earl Richard, 56, 107, 116, 119, 120, 123-125, 291, 341 ; imprisoned, 116, 122 ; character and power, 128 Rich., s. John, 107 Richard na Coille, or Finn, 119 • Earl Walter, 113, 115-119. 291 ; becomes earl, 117 ; his wife Evelina, 119 ; his sister, 291 William Conquer, 51, 52, 64-68, 291 ; his grants of Connaught, 68, 291 ; marriage, sons and their descendants, 137 ; his Irish pedigree, 351 Earl William, 123, 130, 131, 132, 142, 343 Wm., Sheriff, s. Wm. Conquer, 80, 114 AVm. Og, s. Rich., s. Wm. Conquer, 118, 119 ■ Sir Wm. Liath, s. Wm. Og, 107, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 282, 287, 296; his position and power, 128; his sons, 57 ; Finola his wife, 123 Wm. of Owyll, Umall, 344 Bourkes of Cloonagashel, 284 of Turlough, 225,297 Book of Complaints, 232 petition for redress, 232, 238 Bourkes' submission (1589), 233 Bourke, Ambrose, s. David Ban, 195 Antony, s. John, s. Mevler of Erris, 255 Cate, 157 David I., 171, 173 ; his wife Finola, 169 David Ban, 297 ; his sons, 317 David, s. Moyler, s. Walter Fada, 269 David an Fhraoch, s. Oliver, 255, 264, 268 ; grant of land and freedoms, 365 David, s. Rich., s. Rich, an Deman an Chorrain, 269 David, s. Rich., 272 David, s. Ulick an Timchill, 272, 276 David, s. Ulick of Erris, 246 David of Belanaloob, 282 David, 255 Sir Edmond Albanagh, 131, 133, 134, 136, 142, 144, 146-148, 296, 297, 322 Edm., s. David I., 242-244 Edm., s. David, s. Rich. III., 247 Edm., s. John III., 252, 271 Edm. of Rappa, s. Oliver I., 357, 368 ; grant of land and freedoms, 364 Edm., s. Rich. IL, 160 Edm., s. Rich, in., 216 Edm., s. Rich. IV., 215, 249, 251, 252. 254, 257 Edm. IL, Na Fesoige, s. Thos. I., 154, 160 155, 156, 283, 288 ; his sons, 159, Edm. of Cong, 177, 178, 187, 216, 228, 233, 242, 264, 284, 357, 358 ; grant of land and freedoms, 365 Edm., s. Thos. Duff, 215 Edm. of Castlebar, s. Ulick II., 170, 178, 186, 206, 207, 210, 215, 288, 357 ; grant of land and freedoms, 364 ; his sons, 210 ; in Low Countries, 243 INDEX. 429 Bourke, Edni., s. 'Wiii., 15() Ediii. III., I(i3-l(i5 • Edin. IV'., I(i5, !()() Ediii. Allta, s. K'icii. v., 195 Edin. Boy, s. Tiios. B^icagh, 171 Ediii. Ciocai-ach, s. David Ban, 200, 213 Edni., 8. Rich. Boy, .s. John, 172 Edm., s. Ricli. IV., 210 Edm.Ciocarach,s. Walter, s. Rich. II., 105 Edm. of Tiiawley, 253 John, s. iMeyler, s. Walter Fada, 253 John, s. Meyler of Erris, 255 John Og, s. .-ibove, 255 ■ Jolin, s. Rich. I., 1(;4 John I., s. Ricli. II., 10.5, 2!)7; liis sous, 107 Jolin, s. Rich. III., 223, 204, 272 John, s. Rich. IV., 224 Jolin II. of the Teiinou. 107 John III., 171, 170, 17!)-181, 183- 187, 181), I'Jl ; made Seneschal of iMayo, 184 ; to be an earl, 187 ; liis soils, 371 John, s. Thos. I., 288 John of Muiiiter Crechaiii, 1.5',) John ,111 tSIeibhe, 2n7 John of Erris, 372 John, 215 sons of John, 149 John, 180 Meyler I. , KJo Meyler, s. Rich. Boy, s. John, 172 Meyler, s. Tlieob. na Long, 209 Meyler, s. Theob. , s. AVaiter Fada, 257 Meyler, s. Tiios. of Clowneduffe, grant of lauds and freedoms. 300 Mevler, s. Thos. Rue, 215, 210 iMeyler, s. Ulick of Erris, 24() Meyler, s. Walter, s. John II., 177, 185, 187, 197, 357 ; grant of land and freedoms, 30(J -Meyler, s. Walter Fada, 200, 215 Meyler Og, s. AValter Fada, 248 Meyler of Moiiyci ower, 210 Oliverus I., 102, 108, 171. 177 Oliverus, s. David Ban, 215 01iveru.s, s. Edm., s. Oliverus I., 208 Oliverus, s. John III., 204, 208, 271 Oliverus, s. Edm., 371 Oliverus, s. John, s. David Ban, 195 Oliverus, grandson of David Ban, 20(; Oliverus, s. Rich. IV., 272 Oliverus, s. Rich. V., 208 Oliverus, Captain, 274 Redmond of Iniscoe, 290 Reyniond, s. Sir William, 131, 135, 130 lUch. I., s. Thos. I., 154, 158, 283 Ricli. II., 158, 1.59; his sons, 159, 10(), l(i7 Rich. Og, 8. Rich. II., 101 Rich. III., s. John II.. 171-17.% 170- 178 Rich. Og or Roe. s. Rich. III., 177, 180. 191, 200. 21.5, 357. 308 ; grant of land and freedoms, 3(i5 Ricli., .s. Jolin III.. 252 Rich. Mac an Deniain an Chorain, g. Rich., s. Edm. IV., 2U0, 208-210, 215, 222, 223, 228, 229, 232, 245. 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 208, 209. 271, 301 ; set up as M:icV\illiaiii and killed, 278 Bourke, Rich. IV. an laraiun, s. David I., 109-171. 180-190 • Rich., .s. Thos. (II. ?), 159 Rich., s. Ulick, 2.55 Ricli., s. Ulick. s. David Ban, 2.52 Rich., s. Walter Kiitagh, 2:31 Rich., s. Edm. Albanagh. 149 Rich. , s. Edm. II. , 288 Rich., s. Edm. of Castlebar, 194, 195 Rich., s. John, s. Mevler, 208 Rich. Boy, s. John, 172. 173 Rich, v., s. Oliverus I., 189, 191-197. 200, 201. 205. 357, 302. 363, 308; grant of rem charges, 302, 363 Rich., 8. Wni., s. David I., 224, 240 Ricaid, s. Wm.. s. David I., 224 Rich., s. AVm., s. Rich. V., 209 Ricard, killed in :\luuster, 270 Rich., 235 Rich., 255 Rich. Vn Yeren, 215 Seonin, 147 Shane MacOliverus. .S'ce .John III. Theobald of the Kerne. 303 Theob., Tibbot Mael, 297 Theob. I., 145,159-161 Theob. II. . 167 Theob. Reagh, s. Walter Fada. 20(!. 215, 357 ; grant of laud and freedoms, 300 Theoh. Reagh, s. Walter, s. Rich. II.. 105 Theob.. s. Walter Kittagh, s. John III. . 252. 253. 255, 258, 203-279, 281 ; l)osition after inauguration, 265 ; his demands in 1590, 260, 207 ; jaoposes to seize O'Donnell, 277. 278 ; goes to Spain, 279 Theob., Tibot na Long, s. Rich. IV., 1st Viscount Bourke, 104, 190, 224, 2.50-255, 264, 267-209. 271-279, 311 ; his rise to power. 252 ; orders on his demands, 270 ; his galley, 274 ; hangs Deniiut O'Conor, 277 Theob., killed in Muiister. 270 Theob. (Thebault Boy), 255 Theob. (Thebault). s. Thos. Duflf, 255 Sir Thomas I., 148-153; succeeds by Irish custom. 148; acknowledges seniority of MacWni. of Clanricard. 151 ; partition of his estates. 282, 283 Thos. II., 157, 283 Thos., s. David Ban, 200 Thos. Roe, s. Rich. III., 172. 177, 188, 205, 215 ; his island. 205 Thos., s. Rich, lioy, s. Jolm. 172 Thos. Keaghe, 1,S5. 197. 308. 309 Thos., s. Walter Kittagh. 271 Thos., s. Win., s. David I., 246 ■ Thos. Ballagh. 2.55 Tiios. of Island Caca, 225 Thos.. 147 sons of Thos. Baciigh. 170 sons of Tho.s., 167 Tibot. iVc Theobald Ulick I.. 2S,S Ulick 11., 107 430 INDEX. Bourke, Ulick of Eiris, -228-230, 251, 255 Ulick of Eriis, Sept of, 188 Ulick, s. John, s. Meyler of Erris, 255 • Ulick, s. Meyler of Erris, 372 Ulick Roe, s. John III., 190 Ulick, s. Ricli. I., 1(50 Ulick, s. Win., s. David I., 208 Ulick of the Neale, 228 Sir Walter, 128, 130, 131, 142 Walter I., 154-156, 283 Walter Eau, s. David Ban, 206 Walter, s. Edm. of Castlebar, 205 Walter, s. John II., 177 Walter, s. John, 172, 173, 283 Walter Kittagh, s. John III., 195, 106, 207, 213, 228, 233, 239, 242, 243, 245, 247, 293, 357, 368; agreement with ♦-Barretts, 351 ; grant of lands and fieeilonis, 365 Walter Fada, 109 ; his sons, 191, 195 AValter, s. Rich. II., 100 Walter ne Mully, na mBuillidh, s. Rich. III., 219, 223, 224, 233, 228-230. 238, 242, 245. 247 Walter, s. Rich. IV., 224, 232, 254 — — Walter, s. Theob., s. Edm., 156 Walter, S. Tiieob., s. Walter Fada, 253, 254 Walter, grandson of Thos. II., 163 Walter, s. Ulick, 255 Walter, s. Wm., 305 Win., the Blind Abbot, s. David I.. 209, 210, 215, 222, 225, 226, 228-232. 236, 239, 240, 241, 281. 357, 358; his sons, 242 ; grant of land and freedoms, 364 ; made Mac William, 240 ; loses his foot, 243 Wm. Saxonagh, s. Edm. Albanagh, 148, 295 Wm. of Shrule, s. John II., 177, 216, 225, 231, 241, 264, 271, 284, 357, 358, 368 ; grant of lands and freedoms, 364 Wm., s. John III., 187, 196, 207, 221, 247, 357, 308 ; grant of lands and freedoms, 365 Wm., s. Moyler, s. Walter Fada, 269 Wm. . s. Moyler Og, s. AValter Fadfi, 208 AVm., s. Rich. I., 1.57 Wm.,s. Rich. II.. 160 Wm., s. Rich. V. , 207 Wm.,s. Rich., 271 Win. , of Tiraun, 357 AVm., s. Ulitk, s. Theob. Reagh, s. Rich. II., 206 Wm., gt. gr. s. Sir Edm., or of Sir Redmond, 152 - Wm., 196 Clangibl.on, 188, 190, 208, 209, 224, 225, 301. See also MacGibbou Clan Jonyn, Claim Seonin, 282. See also Mar.Jonvn Clan Meyler, 172, 283. Also Mac- Meyler Clan Philpin, 208. Also Mac- Philpin Clan William, various meanings, 133, 137, 138 Bourke, Clan William, arms of, 3.51 MacCavoke, or MacD.iibheog Buidhe, 300, 301 • MacGibbon, 173, 250, 273, 301, 305, 306 MacGil)bon, Edm. Og, s. Richard a chegga, 21(> MacGibbon. Edm. Og, 357 MacGibbou. Kdm., s. Movler, 215 MacGibbon, GilladiifF, 210, 357 MacGibbon, John, 215, 368 MacGibbon, John, s. Meyler Og, 246 MacGibbon, Meyler Og, 216 MacGibbon, Ricard a choga, 215 MacGibbon, Ricard Og, 215, 357,358 MacGibbon, Sheione, Geoffrey, 357 aiacGibbon, Tibot, 250 MacGibbon, Tibot Reaghe, s. Tibot, 133 Jen- ;Mac Jonyn, MacSeouin, iiings, 107, 173, 268, 284 ilacJonyn, David, 216 MacJonyn, Edm., 216 MacJonyn, Hubert, 216 MacJonyn, John, 210, 272 MacJonyn, Meyler, 107 MacJonyn, Richard Og, 209, 242, 275 MacJonyn^ Rich. , s. Tibot, 187 jMac.Jonyn, s. Seonin Mor, 105 MacJonyn, Walter, 216 MacMeyler. of the Neale, 173, 282. 284, 285 MacMevler, John, s. Rich., 172 MaclMeyler. of Umall, 300, 301 MacPhilpin, 185, 225, 244, 288, 300, 301, 354, 359 ; grant of lands of chiefry, 307 ■ MacPhilpin, Henrv, 147, 149 JMacPhilpin, Walter, 357 MacPhilpin, Wm. Crom, 216 iSIacSeonin. See MacJonyn MacTibbot, of the Ciich, 205, 216, 219, 248, 284, 3-54 ; his sons, 276 MacTibbot, Edm., 233, 2.50 MacTibbot, John, 239 MacTibbot, Movler Og, 215 MacTibbot, Walter, 233 MacTibbot, of Umall, 300, 201, 359 MacTvbbott Reauhe, Tnos., 21() MacWalter Boy,^of Umall, 300, 301 jMacWilliam (Bourke or Burke). Mac- William, origin of title anuike, MacWilliam Uachtar, Ougliter, the Upiier, 1-13, 148-151, 154, 158, U2, 1(14. lG(i. With otlier MacM'ni. helps Eail of Oimoiid, 154, and O'Neill, KW; Sliocht (or Sept of) David J>uff, 3(i0 Slioclit -Mevler. .SVe Clan .Mevler SlJ.H-ht IJicainl, '288, :i97 Sliocht Kicaird, in Uniall, 354 Sliocht Thomas, in Kilmaine, 353 Sliocht Thomas Roe, in Umall, 354 Sliocht Walter, in Kilmaine, 247, 282-284, 353 Sliocht AValter Boy, in Umall, 300, 301 Sliocht Ulick, 1!»6, 223, 231, 246, 248, 254, 269, 278, 279, 288, 300, 301, 30O Sliocht Ulick, of Eiris, 224 Sliocht Ulick, in Umall, 354 Sliocht Mhic Tehoid na Criche, 282, 284 ; Sleight vie Tihhot. See also Mac- Tibbot Burke, Edni., s. 1st Earl of Clanricard, 172 John, s. 2nd Earl, 180, 185-187 Redmond of Benmore, 224 • Redmond na Scuab, 275 ; his sous, 26C) Richard I. 0-, s. Ulick of Anna-h- keen, 133, 144, 147151 Richard IV. Bacagh, 1G8 Richard V. Og, 108 Richard, of Derry Maclaghney, 193 Richard Saxonagli, 2nd Earl, 99, 143, 146, 162, 1G3, 170-173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 201, 208, 210, 212 ; his sons, 180, 185-187,191,194, 196 Richard, 4ih Earl, 371; claims to 3Iovne and Eraglit Thomas, 283 Ulick I. of Annaghkeen, 143, 144 Ulick II., 160; rebels, 144; King's De)iuty in Connanghr, 144 Ulick III., 1.54, I5.=5-1.58 Ulick IV., 163, 164 Ulick, s. Rich. v.. 168 Ulick VI., na gCeann, 1st Earl, 168, 173 Ulick, s. 2n(l Earl, ISO, 185-187. 194, 196, also sons of Richard Saxonagh Ulick VII., or .Sir Wm., 162, 170 Ulick, s. Redmond na Scuab, 256, 271 Ulick, 3rd Earl, 235, 239, 242-244, 248, 249, 2.57, 266, 267, 275, 3.52, 36-'; grant of freedoms, 364 Clann Ricaird, Clanricard, original and later meanings, 133, 137, 138 Clann l{icaird, tribe or country, IIC, 140, 144, 146 148, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 108, 174, 265, 267, 268, 275 MacDavid, 137, 143, 146, 152, 155, 191, 193, 241 MacDavid, Sir Hubert, 208, 233, 235 MacDavid, Hubert, son of, 257 MacDavid, Wm. Garbh, 155 MacWalter, of Tuath JIacWalter, 137, 159 Theobal.l, MacWilliam of Mun.ster, 1(18 Burial of Eoghan liel, 32 Burning of churches, probable meaning, 112 Burren of Corcomroe, battle, 39 Burris, Burgheis, Burgage, 108 lUirriscarra, 108; Abbey, 95; C, 91 Burrishoole, 108, 189, 190, 244, 249, 250, 300, 301 Abbey, 95, 158, 189 Ba., 156, 288; Ca., 103; country and harbour, 189; manor, 364 Butler, Henry, 102, 114, 115, 120, 3U() Henry, .s. John, 298, 300 John, 114, 115, 119 John, 298, 300, 344 Peter, 292 Theobald, 116 Theobald, 342 Castle of Henrv, 114 Cabragh, 344, 345 Cad welly, D., 107 Caeluisce Ca., 314 Caerthanan Ca., Castlehill, 151, 166. See also Kyrenan Cahers, Cashels, 36 Caher, Erris, 298 Caher na mart Ca., 2.")0, 251, 305 Caille Conaill, 290. 295 Cairbre (;,"eniiderg, 8 Cinnchait, 10 Liffeachair, 14 s. Maine, 10 MacMain and Cairbre Cinnchait, 339 Ba. of Granard, 327 Cairid, 280 Cairns, 1, 2, 5, 281, 340 Cairn of Eochy, 5 Cairthi liag fada, 130 Caislen na Cailli-he. Sec C.istlehag na Circe. Sec Castlekirke Caladh, 54 Calraige, Calrv, 17, 20, 21, 25. 29, 34, 325, 326, 328; base of Hy Fiachrach power, 17 ; subdivisions, 17 of Coolcarney, 307 of Moyheleog, 117, 289 Calthorpe, C, 201, 368 Campbell, or MacEllin, Angus, 246 Gillasi.ick, 211 Cantok, T., 122 Cantreds of the King, 55 Carbury of Dromcliff, 11, 17, 32. 59, 60, 102. 117. 122, 143. 153, 159. 213 Carew, Sir G., 276 John, Sub-slieritf, 205 John, 294, 357 Maurice. 292 Richard, 102, 191 Carmelites, 94, 95 Cam. Tirawley, 344 ; Ca., 295, 297 Carnamalgada, Cariuiwley, or Mullagh- carn, 33, 289 (inauguration jdace of ODowda) Carnbuide, battle, 11 Cam free, 124, 289 Carnglas, 149 432 INDEX. Caru Inghine Bliriain, inauguration place of O'Dowtla, 289 Carpri Droma Cliabh. See Carbury Caira, Ceara, Cera, 10, 11, 17, IS, 24, 25, 34, 40, 59, 78, 88, 89, 102, 114, 115, 150, 154, 156, 182, 219, 257, 282, 283, 288, 294, 310, 324 Manor, 104, 286, 287 Subinfeudation, 287 Rents of Earl of Ulster and MacWni. , 288 Alac William's rising out, 355 Carrantawy, 322 Carras, Athecartha, 281 battle, 226, 227 Ca., Carlia, Annacare, 173, 180, 225, 226 Carrickanass Ca., 365 Carrickfergus or Knockfergus, 131, 132 Carrickmadye, Carrickaneady, 357, 369 Carrickenedy Ca., 222, 301, 357, 369 Carrig Manor, 309 Caryoghtrach, Ciarraige Uaclitaiach, 345 Casliel, Tipperary, 63 Cashels, Cahers, 36 Cashel of Moyne, 65 Cashelcai-ragh" Ca. , 139 Cashlauu na Drancaddha, 319 Casteldunghy, Castle na Geeha, 344 Castelgeych, Castelgoch, 292 Castleaffy, 301 Castlebar, 103, 150, 154, 186, 243, 246, 248, 249, 251, 253, 255, 258, 263, 268, 272, 288, 296, 364 estate of Kdm. Bonrke, 246 Castlebourke, Kilvonell Ca. , 164, 287 Ca— Bracons, 353 Castlecarra, 103, 225, 244, 287 Castlecounell, 52, 125 Lord, 135, 277 Castleconor, 106, 138, 143, 148 • Manor, 295, 296 Castle of the Crich, 241 Castledermot, 116 Castleliag in L. Carra, Annagh Ca. , Custle Island, 83, 205, 272 in L. Mask, 37, 64, 206 Castlekeel, 169, 322 Castlekirke, Oilen na Circe, L. Carra, 83 Oilen na Circe, L. Corrib, 75 Tirawley, 104, 108, 292 Castlelacken, 365 Castlelucas, 106, 287 Castlemacgarrett, 169, 221, 322 Castlem'kerra, 357, 369 Castlemore, 27, 103, 108, 119, 134, 166, 212, 257, 313, 314, 315, 318, 319 Manor, 104, 314, 315 P., 19 Castle ne (ive, 245 Castlereagh', Ciiinmorris, 322, 366 Tirawley, 268, 365 Roscommon, 79, 161 Ba., Roscommon, 19 Castle of Tibbot Boy, 227 Castletown in Carbury, 138 Castle Wilkin, 52 Cathair na Mart, Cabernamart, 197 Cathal, s. Ailill, 39 Cathedrals in ruins, 92 Cathry, 3, 21 ; become Hy Manv, 328 Cathy rleilan, 344 Cavalry of MacLochlin, 45 of O'Rourk, 45 Cave of Alia in Carra, 42 Cearball, s. Dunlaing, 39 Cecil, SirR., 278 Ceis Corann, 81 Cellach, s. Eoghan Bel, 32 Celtic Immigration, 1, 2 Cemeteries of the Brugh, &c., 340 Cenel Conaill, 41 Cennfaelaidh, K. C, 34 Certificates of causes of rebellion, 214-216 Cess, 176 Chaloner, T. , 241 Chapters of cathedrals, 49, 92, 93 Chiefs made seneschals, 185 Church building, 91 Churches used as storehouses and pillaged, 65 Church Island in L. Carra, 31 Cian, s. Ailill Glum, 14 s. Garad, 14 Cianachta, 2, 4 ; as Firgailet>in, 331 Ciarraige. See also Kerrv, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27, 89, 280, 313 their subdivisions, 19 lochtarach, Kerry Eighter, of Loch na iiAirneadh, 313 Uachtarach, Kerry Oughter, 313 Theodum, 345 Ciaran, St., 32 Cical Grigencosach, 4, 329, 333 Cill Calmain Ca. , Kilcolman, 119 Medhoin. See Kilmaine Seiscnen, Kilsheshnan, 116 Cinel Aedha, 23 Coirpri, 34 Enna, 19 Eoghain, 46, 136 ■ Dobhthii, 20 Dubhain. See Conmaicne Cistercians, 49, 94 Claenloch, Castlebar, 63 Clan Conwav, 62, 137, 143 Clan David Burke, 152 Clandermots, 229 Clan Donnell Gallowglass, 148, 163, 177, 183, 187-189, 191, 209, 239, 285. See also MacDonnell Dounell, their bonaught, 184 ■ Donnell, of Costello, 231 ; of Gal- len, 231 ; of licinster, 176 ; of Scotland, 177 Dowell, 176 Clanevallies, 223, 294. Sec also Clann an Fhailghigh Clanmany Tuath, 311 Clanmorris, Ba., 19, 28, 169, 191, 198,219, 222, 225, 248„265 Clanna Breogain, 5 Clann an Fhailghigh, 294 Cein, 14 Cuain. 59, 63, 83, 102, 150, 154, 283, 286-88 Domnaill O'Dubhda of L. Con, 46 Fheorais. See Bermingliatn • Fiachrach, Hy Fiachrach, .33 Maille, 18. See O'Malley INDEX. 433 Clann Maurice, 133, 144, 14(;, 147, 14!), 154, 155, l(i!). See uho Clanmorris and Prendergast Mebhric, 134. See Merrick Moriia, 7, 14 Tomaltaigh, 73 Uadach, 117 Ulcin, Staunton, 135 Umoir, 4-(l, .S, <), 15, 18, 21, 3(i, 303 ; legend of return from exile, !) Clanrannell, MacDonnell, 222 Clanricanl, tribe or country. See Burke, Clanricard Clan Sweeny, IfiS, 17G, 177 Clanvara Ca. , 311 Clar, meaning, 111 Atha dha Charadh, Clare Co., 11!) Clare Ba., 20, 01. 142, 205, 225, 226 Ca., 11!) Co., 175, 180, 181, 198, 273 de Clare, Juliana, wife of Tlios., 123 ; lier heirs, 2<82 Rich., 124 Thos., 123, 282 Claregalway, 113, 156, 158, 343; Ca., ir.8, 180 Clare Island, 80, 221; Abbey, 94; Ca., 3(10 Clarke, Capt., 255 Clerk, R., 344 Clew Bay, 43-09 Cliara. See Clare Island Clifford, Sir C, 201, 207-274 Clochan na n.lall, 297 Cloghan Ca., Kilniaine Ba., 180, 304 Cloghanower, 1.5!) Cloghanyerla Ca. , 180 ClogherCa., Cloghan, 227 Clogher MacAdam Ca., 322 Clonbern P., 19 Cloiifert, 07 Clonfert, Bishop of, 201 Clongowla, 223 _ Clonmacnoise, 27. 03 Bishop of, 144,_310 Clonmacnowen Ba., 55, 140 Clontarf, battle, 41 Cloonaga.shel Ca. . 180, 210, 240, 247, 248, 251, 2.55, 263, 284, 365; Sessions, 248 Cloonawillin, 294 Clooncarlia, 317 Cloonconor, 322 Clooncrim, 317 Cloonee, battle, 171 Cloonen Ca., 188, 200, 288, 3()0 Cloonenagh, 284 Clooiienass, 2!)7 Cloongee Ca., 312 Cloonkeen, 322 Cloonliflfen, 284 Cloonoan Ca., 200 Cloonpatrick, 28, 305 Clowiieiluffe, 30() Cluain Fuiche, 11 Cnucha, battle, 11 Coatch, Capt., 274 Coilhnach, river of Drumcliff, 11 de Cogan. 288. 2!I0, 344 John. 84, 116, 321 John, 2!)2 de Cogari, Milo's raid in Coiinaught, 62 - Miles, 125 "Walter, 2i)5 Coin Berrain, battle, 2<)4 Coillte Conmaicne, 118 Luighne, 5, 159 CoUa Uais, 15 College of Oalwav, !)0 Colloouev,39; Ca., 30, 40, 211,258,203, 270, 272, 274 Collier, CoUyer. W., 177, 179, 228 Colman of Lindisfarne. 35 Columban monks' settlements, 35 Coniarb of Patrick, (Jl lands, 4!) Comerford, G. , Attorney of Connaught, 201, 208, 222, 225-228, 248, 208 Commission for the Cimiposition, 200, 201 Commissioners for Peace in 1589, 228 ; their report, 230; second set, 231 for second trial of Sir R. Bingham, Compensation for iniiirisonment of Earl of Ulster, 342 Composition for Cess, 179, 201, 202, 203, 205 remarks on Malbie's, 217 Couaire, K. Munster, 11, 12 Conall, s. of Amalgaid, 289 Cernach, 329 Cruachna, K. C, 11, 12 Echluath. 15, 10 s. Enda, 2!) Gulban, 10 Conditions of peace, 1589, 234 Condummor, Castleconor (?) cantred, 344, 345 Conello baronies, 44 Cong, 35, 45, 00, 07, 81 , 231 , 243. 245, 207 ; abbey, 49, 03, !)0, 111; its lands, 358; manor, 104 Congnaig, Codhnach, 11 Conmac, s. of Fergus IMacRoigh, 327 Conmaicne, 35, 38, 42, 280. 281, 324, 320, 327 divisions of, 19 — — Cinel Dubhain, or of Dunmore, 44, 281 Cinel Enna, 281 Cuile Toladh, 84, 88, 101, 122, 155, 281, 283 Mara, 64, 84. 115 of Moyrein. 42, 54, 114, 314 of Longford or Annaly, 34, 54 table of tribes, 280 Connachta, original meaning, 19 Connaught, 38-42, 44, 45, 5!). 122, 123, 148, 1(;2, 103, 108, 250, 257, 2(i5, 275, 270, 341, 342 early boundaries and divisions, (! dioceses formed, 48 main support of Conn and other K. I., 13 quivliljcation for K. of, 25 trilmte to Brian Boro, 40 wars witli Munster and Ulster, 12, 42 K.'s inability to keep treaties, .57 causes of wars of conquest, flO invaded by M. de Cogan. 51, f>0 434 INDEX. Connaught invaded bv J. de Cuurcv, 51 invaded by Justiciary, 53, 72, 78, 82, IKi alleged grant to Wm. FitzAudelin, 51 grant to W. de Burgo, 52 grant to K. ile Burgo, 52-55 grants to others, 52, 53, 55 held by Cathal Crobhderg and Aedh as a barony, 54, 55 partition between Cathal and King, 53 castle building and colonisation, 88 , Norman lords and Irish tenants, security under Norman lords, 60 ■ sutferiugs from wars of conquest, 74, 80,88 distress from war in 1597, 269, 271 l)oliticHl state in 1597, 268-272 prosperity in 1587, 217 counties formed, 175, 181 government of, 170, 174, 175 descent of lordship to Edward IV., 132 Conn Cedcathach, 11-13 Connection of Luighne, Delbhna and Cianachta, 336 Connemara, 209, 303 Connor, battle, 124 Conor, s. Donnell, K. Luighne, 40 s. Maelseachlainn, lord of Corca Modhruadh, 40 Coogue, 319 Coolauej' Ca. , 319 Coolavin Ba., IS, 139 Coolcarney, Cuil Cernadha, 17, 73, 155, 212, 290, 307, 311, 312 Corann. See Corran Corbally, 322 Corbeggan, Corraveggaun, 344, 345 Corcalee, 325 Corcamoe, Corca Mogha, Corca of the Wood, 19, 20. 22, 38, 80, 149, 280, 325, 326 Corcachland, 20 Corca Choiiluain, 20 Corco Firtri, 14, 18, 41 Corcovaskin, 304 Corcu Themue, 17, 25, 28, 28G de Cordova, Don L., 220 Cormac, St., 31, 286 Gaileng, 14 MacArt, K. I., 13, 14, 43 Cornasack, 297 Corran, 11, 13, 17, 52, 102, 119, 121, 122, 134, 139, 143, 231 Ca. of, Ballymote, 125 Corraun Ca., 311 Corr Sliabh. See Curlews Cosgrach, s. Flannabhra of Umall, 38 Cost of war of 1589, 245 Costello, Ba., 89, 119, 198, 201, 222, 223, 240, 248, 267, 273 Ba. , composition for, 217 ■ Ba., subdivisions of, 319 de Costentin, G., 52, 53 Councillors of Irish birth distrusted, 224 Country sickness, 258, 259 de Courcy, J., 64, 66 Courts of the Queen in Connaught, 218 Cranan, 322 Crannoges, 37 ; Boyd's Island, 47, 63 of Lahardane captured, 273 of L. Hacket, 63; in L. Mannin, 313; in Moher Lake, 306 Crassus, W., 54 Crecraige or Gregraige, Attacots, 331 Creevagh Ca., the Crich, 284, 366 Cregduli Ca.,180 Cregmore Ca. , 245 Crich Cairbre, Creghcarby, Manor, 342 Ca., 205, 219,284,366 Fir Thire cautred, 102, 321, 343 Crigh Ca., Crich, 205, 219 Ciinihthann Culbuidhe, K. Aicill and Umidl, 12 • K. Leinster, 11 s. Enna Cennsalach, 24 Mor, 15 Grinder, battle, 32 Croaghpatrick, 18, 20, 111 ; Hill of Aigill, 305 Crobar Gar, 252 Croghan of Ai, 25, 27 Gaileng, 165 Cromlechs, 1, 112 Crosmacron, battle, 157 Crosmaoiliona. See Crossmolina Cross, abbey lands, 359 Cross C. , 28 of Cong, 46 Crossmolina, 295, 296 ; Abbey and Abbot, 295; Ca., 166,365; P., 289 Crosspatrick, 29 Crowenbog Manor, 309 Cruach of Ballycroy, 43 Cruaehan, meaning, 305 Ai , 339. Se<' Kathcroghan Aigle, 16, 17, 24, 26; battle, 10; struck bv thunderbolt, 44 Cruflfon, 326 Cruithne, 1-3 ; are the Gael, 330, 331 Cuchulainn, Cuchullin, 8, 329 Cuil Cernadha. See Coolcarnev Cuilcnamha Manor, 294, 295 Cuilconaire, battle, 33 Cuilcore, Kilquire (?), 28 Cuil Toladh, 281 Cuimin, St., 31, 32 Culleencriii, Grinder, 32 Culneiridh, 311 Cumall, 11. 13 Cunga Feichin. See Cong de Curcy, M., 291 Curlews, Corr Sliabh, 81. 82, 166, 171, 274 Cusacks, 117, 185, 291 ; Adam, sen., 102, 290, 291, 294; Adam, jun., 121. 292. 294, 298; Colin, 121; Robert, 294; Patrick, 177 Sir Thos., 170, 171 Cusackstown, or Rathreagh, 294 Cuslough, 94, 354; Ca., 105, 106, 2S4 Rent to MacWnj., 284 Cusyn, E., 107 IN DEX. 435 D. Dairemor Ca. , 31!) Dal Aiaidhe, 10 Damage by rebels in 15S!), 2.S!» Daiiiliohluain, battle, 24 Daiiu, 32!), 330 Dangaiimore L'a., 311 Daunochaine, Doiiaghonui, 122, 281, 2S2, 342 Darcy, J., 26(j Dartry, 213 Dathi, K. C, K. I., 17, 24-2(> Dawathletbreii Manor, 30!) Delbhua, 2, 3, 5, 20, 22, 25, 38, 32(i ancestry, 335 occupation of Meatli and (.'onnaugbt, 335, 331! Derbiled, Nun, 32 Derowel Ca. , 322 Derrvmaclagbnev Ca., 108 Derver Manor, 308, 30!) Desmond, 304 Earl of, 154, 157. 187; Sugan Earl, 27(> Devil's Hook and his son. See Bourke, Richard, s. Kdmond IV. Diarmait, s. Tomaltacb, K. C. , 3!) Differences between Normans, English, and Gaels, 202, 203 Dillon, Garrett MacTeige, 215 L., 235 N.,235 Sir Kobert, 228, 231, 235, 237. 240 Theo., 190, I'Jl, 207. 215-218, 232, 240-242, 241), 255. 25!), 203, 274, 310, 311 ; settles in Castlemore, 31!) ; acquires land in Airtech, 320 Tbos., Justice of Conuaught, 201, 208. 224, 235. 242. 248, 249, 3G8 Capt. , 258 Disert Lawrence Manor, 102 Dislocation of legends by Annalists, 330 Dissolution of monasteries, ll'J Division of (,'onnaught. Mayo baronies, 182 Doctrine of Rebirth, 335 Docwra, Sir H., lands in the Foyle, 270, 277 Dolfyn, Tbos., 344 Dolmens, 1, 28 Dolphin, J., and his son, 118, 111) Dominicans, !)5 Domiioniaiis, Firdomnaun, are the Gael and Milesians, oiigiu and connections, 328, 333, 334 Doninu, 330, 3.34 Donaghmore, 2!) Donaghoran, Dannocharne, 122. 281, 282, 342 Donaghpatrick, 28 Donamon, 80 ; Ca. and Manor, 83, 124, 137, 150, 157 Donamona Ca.. 18!), 20i), 221, 241, 288, 300 Donamoua Sessions, 205, 210 Donegal Ca., 105, 277 Donka Ca., 180 Dimncad, Lord of Cairbre, 42 Donogh, of .MuriiNk, K. ('. , 25 Douncothaigh, K. C, .Vl !) ; Manor, 104, ]>onneyvin, 30!i Doo Ca., 315 Do<,keeghan, 102, 2!)3, 2!)8 Doon Ca., Dun Mughdhord. 45, 84, 85, 301 Doona Ca. , 221 Doonfeeny P., 290 Doonlaur, 191 Doonmacnvnye, Doonmacreena, Dunmaic ninnidii,"Ca., 321, 322, 300 Doonoor, chief's residence. 110 Dowathmyl— Manor, 30!) Dowlagh Ca., 2!)9, 357, ."iO!) Downerage Ca. , 180 Dritbliu, 24 Dioiched-inghiiie-Goillin, 80 Dramahaire, 211 ; La., 17 Uromard P. , 294 Drowse, 45 Druids and St. Patrick, 27, 29 Druim Cenanuaiii, 7'i Druimue, 85 Druim Kobaigli, 34 Drumbolgyn, 2!)2 Drumcliff, 127 Drummut Ceriigi, 26 Druinrany, 354 Duach Galach, K. C, 25, 20 Tenguma, K. C., 30 Dubh Cunga, 73 Dubhinnrecht, K. C, 34 Duffathkeeghaii, Dookeeghau, Manor, 309 Duhallow, 304 Duir.lia Caechain, Duokeegbaii, a roval fort, 298 Selca, 10, 289 na Ronihanach, 318 Dunadach, K. Umall, 38 Dunamase Ca. , 11(> Dunamoe, 30 Duubriste, 29 Duncad Muirsce, Donogh, Dunciarraighe, 47 Duncoghy, Donicoy, 345 Dundewnyli, K. , 343 Dunfidhne, near Tandrego Dungalue. 52 Dunghal, lord of Umall, 34 Duni;uaire, Castlekirke, Tirawley, 104 Dunkellin, Lord, 235, 274 Duulo Ca., 4(!, (iO Dunmai-kiiynye Cn., Tirawley, 294 Dull I\Iic Conor, 105 Dun Modhord. See Doon Ca. Dunmoie, 45. 47, 02, 108, 223; 22(i, 227, 2!)o; Ca., 172 Dunmouhgherne Manor. Sf arne, 122, :342 Dun Bluglidhoid. See Doon Ca. Dun na nGall, Ballynacairach, 37, 47 Dunros, 151 Duu Rossarach, (io Dysert O'Dea. battle. 124 Eacliros, Aughros, battlf, 34 Earl's Island, 135 Early tribes as Gaels, 3.">4 K.,C.,34 32 Ea.,119, Daiinoch- 436 INDEX. Easdaia, Ballysadaie, 79 Easky P. , 21)5 Eastersnow, Atli Disert NuaJaii, 131 Eastyre, 53 Eccuil, Aicill, 85 Ecclesiastical architecture, 36 Echtglie, 45, 65 Elair, s. Bairid, 39 Ellas of Duiulonnell, 291 Ellagb, Tirawley, 295 Elphin. 27, 116, 118 Bishop of, 201, 235 Ely, Irish of, 164 Emain Macha, 15 Emer, wife of Cuchulainn, a Fomorian, 329 Emly, 63 Enda Croni, s. Amalgaid, 28, 29, 289 of Airtech, 27 Enna. s. Brian Orl)sen, 19, 321 Endowments of comarbs transferred to bishops, 90 Englishman, meaning in 16tli century, 218 English settlements in Connaught, 120 serving Irish chiefs, 77, S3 Enniscrone Ca., 162, 1G4, 167 Eochaidh' Aire nib, 7 ■ AUat, 6, "7 Eochv, s. Amalgaid, 27, 290 Breac, 21, 29, 289 s. Cairbre, K. C, 10 Feidhlech, 3, 7 Mac Erca, 4 Menn, 15 Muighmhedhoiu, Moyvane, 15 Muinderg, 12 Eoghan Aidhne, 21 — ^ Bel, 30-32 Mor. 11, 12 s. Niall, 16 Srebh, 30 Episcopal jurisdiction established, 48 Eraght Tho!nas, 173, 183 Ere, s. AiliU Molt, 30 ; his son killed, 32 s. Bron, 20 Culbuidhe, 24, 25 Eremonians, 3 Erne, 196, 210, 211 Errew Abbev, 31, 49, 90 ; Abbot of, 290 Erris, 17, 32", 35, 52, 59, 102, 121, 209, 218, 219, 224, 240, 244, 246, 255, 257, 285, 288-290, 298, 308 Orrus, cantred, 308 Escir Abhann. See Enniscrone Esdara. See Ballysadare and Easdara Essex, Lord, 273, 299 de Exeter, Barnaba, wife of Jordan II., 308 Basilia, wife of Jordan I., 308 Elizabeth, wife of Sir Richard II., 309 Eva, wife of Sir Richard, 308 Israania, wife of Jordan II., 308 Ismania, wife of Sir Richard, 308 Johanna, widow of Stephen, 308 John, s. Jordan II., 308. 344 John, s. Sir Richard, 308 John, 308 Jordan, 95, 102, 103, 114, 115, 116, 307, 309 j de Exeter, Jordan, his grants of land, 307 : Jordan, s. Jordan, 121, 298, 308, 310 Jordan Bacagh, 308 Mabilia, wife of Sir Richard, 308 Matilda, widow of Stephen, 309 Meiler, 309 Meiler, .s. Meiler, 127, 308, 309 • Nicholas, 309 Sir Richard, 140, 308 Sir Richard, s. Sir Richard, 56, 308, 309 ; his estates, 309 Simon, 308 Stephen, 95, 102, 125 Sir Stephen, 309 Stephen, s. Stephen, 298, 309 Stephen, a friar, 308 Stephen. 310 MacJordan, MacSiurtain, 151, 152, 155, 159, 160, 172, 18.5, 198, 199, 202, 225, 263, 264, 311, 312, 368 ; his rising out to MacWni. and composition there- for, 355, 356 MacJordan, Brian, 269 MacJordan, Calbhach, Callough, 312 MacJordan, Edniond an Machaire, 268, 357 ; grant of rent charge on Gallen, &c., 365, 366 MacJordan, Edm. Duff, 252 MacJordan, Henry, 312 MacJordan, John, 149 ; his sons, 151, 152 MacJordan, John, 160 MacJordan, John, 310 MacJordan, John, s. John, 310 MacJordan, John, Mor's sons, 311 MacJordan, John, s. Meiler, 311 MacJordan, Jordan, 149 MacJordan, Jordan, s. Thos., 312, 357, 368 ; grant of land and freedoms, 366 MacJordan, Meiler, 310; another Meiler, 310 MacJordan, Meiler, 357 MacJordan, Thos., 311 MacJordan, Thos. Duff, 311 MacJordan, Thos. na gCapall, 268, 269 MacJordan, AValter, s. above, 269 MacJordan, William, 311 MacJordan na Coille, 317 MacJordan na Coille, Richard, 311 MacStephen, Walter, 357, 368 Clan Stephen, 295, 310, 311 ; tlieir castles, 310, 311 Sleight Henry, 311 F. an Failghech Breathnach, Richard, 294 Farragh, 29 Fastness, 244 ; of Joys' country, 244 Fechin, Sc, 35 Fedelmid, s. Amalgaid, 29 Fenton, Sir G., 235, 260, 263, 266, 267 Feradach, alias of Datlii, K. I., 25 alias of Sachell, 26 s. Ross, 33 Ferdiad, 8 Fergus, s. Amalsaid, 29 INDJX. 437 Fergus, iMacKoigh, 8. 1".), 280 of FiiCniibe, L\SO Ferniiinagh, 122, 213; Manor, 342 Fertlotliair, royal fort of Carra, 31, 28(1 Fertyr and Clancowan, half cantred, 344 Fiachaidh Caisinii, 10 Whitehaud, 12 FiachraElgach, 20, 35 ■ • Foltsnatbacli, 15, 17, 24, 289 of Magh Tail, 15 Fiaiina, 13, 14 Fidach, K. Fir Craibe, G ; palace of, 6 FidhGadhlaigh,73 Fildew, Capt., and liis galley, 257, 274 Finan of Ratlieii, St., 31 Finglas, 221 Finn, 13,14 Fiuncharn, 81 , 82 Finn Loch of Cera. Sec Lough Carra Finnure, 53 Fir Bolg. 2, 4, 5, 325, 331-333, 341 Craibe, 6. II, 11, 15, 17, 19, 280, 337 ; their kingdom, 339 Domnonn, 2. 3, 15, 17. 331-333 Gaileoin, 2, 3, 18, 331-333 Siuire and Fir Thire. Sec Claim Cuain FisMorris (MacMorris ?), Hary, 216 Fitton, Sir E., 175-177, 179, 180, 195 Sir E., designs to forfeit lands of Lower Conuaught, 182 ; remarks on state of Connaught, 182 FitzAlexander, Edm., 176, 178 FitzGeotfrey, Evelina, wife of Earl of Ulster, 119 FitzGerald of Oflfaley Aniabill, 122, 281 John, s. Thos., 122, 123, 281, 282, 341 Juliana, wife of Thos. de Clare, 122, 123, 281 Maurice, 79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 95, 101, 102, 281. 282, 307, 321, 324 Maurice, s. Maurice, 116, 281 ; divi- sion of his Connaught estates, 122 Maurice, s. Tlios., 103 - of Desmond James FitzThonias, 276 James, 304 John, s. Thns. , 103 Maurice, s. Thos., 130 Thos., s. Maurice's estate, 120 (?), Sir Maurice of London, 103 FitzMaurice, Sir James, 180, 187 FitzSimon, JIacEryddery, 322 Richard na Koillie, 216 Walter, 357. 368 Nicholas of Dublin, 201 FitzSymons, Xicli., 3.57, 368; grant of land and freedoms, 366 FitzWilliam, IJryan, 246, 260 Sir Wni., 201, 222, 223, 231, 242 interferes in opeintions, 228, 231 want of money for Government, 240 Five Cantreds of the Kini:, 86, 88, 120 Flannabhra of Umall, 34, 303 Flathgal of Umall, 34 de Flatisbury, 287 Fleets of Alba, 45 Fleet of Connaught, 44-46 Fleet of InnsiGall,69, 115 of the Jiourke.s, 160 of Munster in Blacksod and Clew Bay, 43 Fleming, Adam, 102, 121, 298 K. , 309 of Carrantawy, 322 de Flete, K. , Seneschal of Connaught, 135 Flidais, 7, 8 Fogartacli of Corcofirtri. 40 Foghill, 29 Fomor and Fomorach, 325, 329, 330 Fordruim, battle, 45 Forrach, Farra^'b, 29 Forud, battle, 24 Fountain Hill, 281 Four Maels, 32 Fowle, R., Provost Marshal, 201, 228. 229, 237, 242, 258, 368 Franciscans, 95 Fraoch, commander of Spaniards, 12 French, R., 241, 253 Fresketh , 292 Fuertv, 27 Fulbourne, S., Archbp., 91, 92 Furbough, 352, 353 G. Gabhra, battle, 14 Gabhraighe, Gabhry, 3, 328 Gaela, 21 Gael, 1, 3 ; absence of government among, 203 Gailenga, 2, 3, 13, 17, 18, 29, 34, 40, 45, 307; as Firgaileoin, 331 Galey, 52 Gallagh Ca., L. Glinn, 320 Gallen, 89, 102, 152, 154, 167, 170, 198, 219, 244, 248, 257 Galleys at Sligo, 274 Gallowglasses. 148, 155, 157, 158, 163, 165, 169, 176, 177, 194, 244, 249, 264, 285 ; of xMacWilliani, 354 Galway, 52, 101, 114, 136, 164, 168, 170, 174, 176, 177, 180, 183, 186, 187, 190. 197, 209, 229, 230, 232. 233. 239. 242, 245, 260. 263, 273 Ca., 36, 46, 60, 62, SO, S3 ; escape of pledges from, 257 College, 90 Couiitv, 68, 158, 175, 176, 179-181. 198. 199, 273, 296 iMavor of, 235 Merchants, 205, 219 Sessions, 205 Gamanraighe, Gamanry. 3, 6-8, 13, 15, 17, 280 ancestors of Hv Fiachrach, 339, 340 kingdom, 339, 340 Gaun, 4 Gaol of Co. Mavo, 197 Garbally. 172 Gardener, SirR., 260 Garrymore Ca. , 180 Garvev, Chr.. 219, 224, 225, 238 W..368 G.aughan. of ISIovhelcog. 117 Gavnanl, M., 344 L' F 438 INDEX. Gaynard, R. , 344 Gegh, nun, 32 Genann, 4 Genealogies, value for early times, 325 Gilson, J., 224 Glanna Voagh, Glenu-na-Mochart, 73 Glanog, battle, 159 Glasry, 327 Gleucar, 257 Glendaduff, 151 Gleiiduff, 195 Gleiifarne, 84 Glenhest, 295 Gleun-na-Mochart, Glanna Voagli, 73 Glen Xephin, 290 Glinsk effiiiy, 08 Glyse, T., 344 GoU. See Aedh MacMorna Gormaiiston Register, 52 Gort, 276 Gortnedin, 322 Goverunient of Connaught, 175 Grania's Castle, 306 de Gray, J., Justiciary, 52, 53 Gray, Lord Leonard, 98 Grec, Greg, 18 Grec MacAvodh and Cormac MacAi t, 43 Grecraighe, stone cave in, 43 Greea Castle of Inishowen, 131 Gre-, 18 Gregraighe, Gregry, 14, 17, IS, 22, 27, 45, 325, 336, 337 ; relations with Gailenga and Luigbne, 336 Grellagh Manor, 342 Grennach, 292 Griffin's sons, Geraldines, 75 Guaire, s. Aedh, s. Eochaidh Breac, 32 Guer, Sinnott, 114 Gweeshadan Ca., Gissaden, 249, 257, 369 H. Hag Island, L. Carra, 83. See Castlekirke delaHave, W., 342 Headford, 80; Ca., 104 Hercaith, 20 Heric, 20 Herota, Hirota, Iruaithe, 5 HoUvmouut, Moylla Ca., 285 Holvrood C. , 91 Horses, prices in 1340, 136 Howth Ca., 159 ; lord of, 158 Hussev, M., 227 Hv Ailello, 18. 27, 34, 38, 326 ; branch of Gregrv, 18, 27 Hy Aitheachda, 39 Hy Am.algada, Hv Awley, 11, 29, 31, 39, 40, 390 Hy Baedain of Badhghna, 22 Hv Eriuin, distinguished from Hy Broin, "20 distinguished from Silmurray, 22 Ai, 17, 18, 24, 25, 34, 38 Brefne, 21 Seola, 11, 17, 19, 23, 24, 280 Umaill, 34, 303 Hv Broin, distinguishel from Hy Briuin, '20 Hy Conmaic, 327 Hy Diarniada, 75 Hy Eachach, 32, 289 Hy Fiachrach, N. and S. , origin of, 7 Aidhne, 24, 39 Muaidhe, Moy, or of Murrisk, or North, 11, 17, 19, 24, 25, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 286 ; suppress other tribes, 326 Cinel Fedhlimidh, 298 Hy MacCaechain, 121 Hy Maine, Hy Many, 6, 11, 14, 20-22, 314, 325 ; Cathal Carrach settled therein, 59 Hy Neill, 17 Hy Tuath:iigh, 22 I. Jar Connaught, 201, 205, 218, 240, 245 Ibaune Ba. , 276 Iberians in Ireland, 1, 2 Ilane ne Moghere, 306 Illanmacgillavallj', 319 Illauncarbry, Iniscremha, 75 lUauncolumbkille, 35 Illaunnnglasliy C.,93 Iiiielaghbegaii, 309 Inauguration of MacWilliam, 240 Inchawyn, 344 Indrechtach, K. C. , 25 Inis Aenaigh, Inisheeny, 85 Iniscaoil, 304 Iniscremlia, Illauncarbry, 75 Inis-lora, 32 Inisliark, 305, 352 Inishboffin, 305, 352; Abbey, 35; Ca., 257, 306 Inishcoe, 151, 158, 296; Ca., 371; royal fort, 290 Inisheeny, Inis Aenaigh, 85 Iniskea, 255 Inishmaine, 9, 31, 78, 223 ; Abbey, 49, 90, 358 Inishowen, Donegal, 136; sea fight, 46 Inishrobe, 35, 66; C, 94 Inismor, its English garrison burnt, 114 Inismurray, 38 Inis Raithin, Inishraher, 69, 85 Innsi Gall, 69, 70 ; fleet from, 115 Modh, Clew Bay Islands, 43, 69, 85, 114 InverCa.,371 Inveran Ca. , 196 luver Domnaun, Broadhaven, 4 Invermore Ba., Erris, 298 Invermore, coast of Galway, 304 lochtarTire, 196 Irrusdomnonn, 3, 4, 6, 13, 17. 20, 25, 33, 280, 339, 340; disintegration of king- dom, 33 lorrus larthar, Erris, 298 Irchloghton, 344 Ireland divided, 12 Ireland, the K.'s position, 203 Ii'ian race, 3 Iron sheep tribute, 22 Iruaithe, 4, 5. See Herota Islandeady C, 94 ; P., 286, 301 Island of Lough Talt, 139 Ith, sons of, 5 INDEX, 4:39 J. Jennings, IMaoSeoiiiii, 2S4 Johannis Maicus, 21() John, s. Gerald, 107 Jones, T. , Uishop of Jleatli, 183 Jouyn MacUlick, 21(i Joy, 208, 20!), 222, 223, 224, 250, 251, 282, 324 : Joys' country, 245 Cloasearlykane, 205 Rich., s. Thos., and Thos.'.s widow, 324 MacThomas, 324, 352; grant of land and freedoms, 370 Justiciary comes to Connaught, 115-118 Kavanagh, M., 241 Keancondroe Ca. , 311 Keelogues, 288 Keltyprichane, 220 Ker, Carra, cantred, 344 de Kerdyff, N., 314 Kerry, 89. See also Ciarraighe, 89, 325, 326 Eighter, or Loclinarney, 102, 319 ■ Cantred, 315 ; value, 120, 288 ■ Moy Ai, 101, 103 Oughter, 319 ; cantred, 315 - — Knight of, 276 Kerymovngand Kerylochnayrn Tlieodum, 345 KielcoUa, 322 KilbelfadP.,290 Kilbennan, 28, 62 Kilbixi Manor, 315 Kilboyounagh, 45 Kilbride P., 290 Kilcabill, 62 Kilcashel caher, 36 Kilcolgan Manor, 122, 342 Kilcolman Ca., 103, 119, 121, 124, 319 P., Clanmorris, 319, 321 P. , Costello, 19 Kilconimon P., Kilniaine, 108 P., Erris, 63, 298 Kilconduff, 150, 312 KilconnellBa., 55,140 Kilcormick, 31 Kilcreevanty Abbey, 95 Kilcronan, 27 Kildaconinioge P., 28, 286, 287, 307 Kihlare, Earl of, 158, 161, 163-165 Bishop of, 235 Kildarvila, 298 Kildavnet Ca., 306 Killernan Ca., 180 Kilgarvan P., 312 Kilgeever, 94 Kiikelly, 73 Kilkenny Co., .352, 353 Kilkerrin, 19. 113 KiUala, 29, 117, 290; P.. 289 Bishop, O. OConor, 357, 368 ; grant of freedoms, 364 Chapter lands, 360 See lands, 359, 360 Killallaghtan, 307 Killannan, 298 Killaraght, 27 Killare Ca. , 51 Killedan, 312 Killeenbreniii, 149 Killeennacrava, 90, 95 Killian Ba., 140 Kiilogunra, 29 Killununod, 131 Kiivine, 321 Killybegs, 304 ; Ca., 277, 278 Killyhrone, Killala, 29 - — Ardagh, 290 Kilniacduagh, Hishop of, 2.'^5 Kilniaclasser, 301 Kilniaine, 9, 62, 74, 77, 81, 108, 117, 263, 281; Ba., I'.l. 1S5, 205, 209, 219, 222, 225, 226, 248. 2'.I4 Sessions, 239, 240 Manor, 93, 104 Kilmainemore, 28 Kilmainebeg, 28, 122, 281 Kilnieena, 28 Kilmolara, 94 Kilmore, Bishop of, 208, 228, 229 Kilniore in Moyglass, 27 Kilinoremoy, 29, 31 ; Jlanor, 104 ; P., 290, 2i)5 KilmuUen, 28 Kilnanianagh P., 19 Kilnamullagh Abbey, 288 Kilnanaidra Ca., Houndswood, 180 Kilpatrick, 218 Kilijuire, Kilcliowyre, 28, 21(i Kilroddan, 26, 27 Kilroe, battle, 121, 291, 292, 298 Kilronan, 75 Kilsheshnan, 116 Kiltartan Ba., 140 Kilveen, 108 Kiivine, 108 Kilvonell Ca., Castlebourke, 287 Kinaff, 312 Kinilare Manor, 315 Kincon, 295 King Edw. II., weakness of Govt., 129 Henry II. , 51 John, 52, 53, 313 seeks to control Connaught, 144 King's Cantreds, 55, 56, 140 Kings, ranks of Irish, L'Oo Kihkelly, 322 Kinlough Ca., 207, 266, 284, 352, 362; C. , 93 Kinnitty, battle, 153 Kinsale, 279 Kinturk Ca.. 248, 287, 288 Knappagli, 305, 344 Knights Hospitallers, 95 Kniglit of Kerry, 276 Knock P., 19 Knockavoe, battle, 16(i Kiiockfergus. Sec Carrickfergus Knock Ferry, 81 Kiiuckmoy, 67; Abbey, !I4 ; land.«. 360 Kii(i(kmullen Ca. , 157. 211 Knockoconor, 152 Knockspellagadaun, 150, 192 Knocktoe, battle. 162-164 440 INDEX. Kolnegassil, 81. Sec C'loonagasbel Kyherreiian Ca., 36G L. Lackagh, 62; Ca., 168 Lackaii MacFirbis Cn., 290 de Lacv, Eail Hugh, 82, 84 ; bis grants in Conuau-ht, 52, 102, 307, 313 Pierse, 276 Walter, 53, 54, 64. 66, 67. 313 Laegaire, K. I., 16, 26 ; his daughters, 27, 28 Buadhach, 329 Lagan, Laggan, 244, 290 Lahagh at Athloue, 77 Lahardane Crannog. 273 Lally, Archbp. W.. 92 Lambert, Sir O., 279 Landholders surrender for regrants, 218 Lanesborough Ca. , 54 Lawless, 117: Adam, 343 M. . 305 ■ N., 223 • Robin, 114 Robert, 344 William, 125 Sir William, 295 Leacht Air lorruis, 48 Leaflfouy River, 40, 290 Leagbt Dauhybaun, 25 Leath Cuinn, 12 Mogha. 12 Fherguis, 300 Lee Essadara, 121 Lecmagh, Legvoy, battle, 130 de Lecto, H., 343 Lee, Capt. Thos., 277, 278 Leenane, Lilian Chin Mhara, 85 Lege Ca., Ley, 341. See Ley Legend of Clann L'moir's expulsion, 333 Leacht Air lorruis, 43 of Migration of Gael, 340 Lehinch Ca., 108, 154, 219, 208 Manor, 104, 106, 108 Leinster, 44, 47, 59, 342 Leitrim Co., 218, 2.59 Leix, 276 Le Mote. See Moat Lennan, — . 260 Letter, 313, 319 Levally in Tavase, ne Tavese, 286, 287 Tirawlev, 297 Ley Ca. , 116, 122, 341. See Lege Leyghuyl, Lisladhguill. 345 Levny, Luighne, 52, 113, 122, 134, 139, i43, 147. 159, 231. 307 de Leyva, Dou A., 221. 222 Lieno't. N.. 135 Life of St. Cellach , 32 Limerick, 275, 352. 353 ; Ca.. 54 ; Co., 68 Linan Chinn Mhara. See Leenane Lisanaffrin, 110 Liskillen, 24; described, 286; Ca., 180, 188, 285 Lis na Cartha, 110 Lisnadhine, chief's dwelling, 110 LisnatreandufF described, 281 Lissarewel, Lisfarrell, 344, 345 Listathell Manor, 309 Lixnaw, 304 Loch Beanuchair, Tull.aghan Bay, 43 Buadhaigh, royal fort of Carra, 286 Ce, L. Key, 11 ■ Cime, 11. See L. Hacket Crichan, 81 Laeigh in Uinall bursts, 39 MicOiredhaigh. See h. Talt na nAirneadh, L. Manniu, 19 Nen, crannog of, 25, 110 Techad, L. Gara, 11, 27 Logan, J., 132 Loghbhais, Louis (?), 113 Longford Ca., O'Mad.len's, 194 London, Sir Maurice of, 103 Loona C. and cashel, 36, 111 Lorg, Lurg, battle, 18, 34 Lorge Owle O'Malley, 30G Lorrha Manor. 123 Lough Allen, 115 Carra, 86 Corrib, 39, 225 Dauhybaun, 25 Gara, 11, 27 Gill, .32 Glynn, 26, 27 Racket, 11, 43. 63 Lannagh, Castlebar, 63 MacFarry, Lough Talt, 63 Mannin, 19, 27, 69, 313 Mask, 64, 134; Ca., 103, 135, 154, 155, 207, 284, 352, 362; Manor,] 104, 122, 281, 282, 324, 342 Narney, 69. See L. Mannin Loughrea, 157 ; Ca., 87, 101, 352 ;)Manor 101 Lough Eee, 39 Lough Talt, 63, 73, 74 Louth Co., 122, 123, .342 John, Earl of, 287 Lowhid, 352, 353 Lowyu, cantred, 102, .344 Luach Leasa, 40 de Ludgate, S., 342 Luffertaun, Lughbhurtau, 85 Lugad, s. Luiglini Firtri, 14 Lugaid ]\Ienn, 16 Lughbhurtan, Luffertaun, 85 Luighni Firtri, 14, and Cormac MacArt. 335 Luighni, Luighne, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13, 17, 22, 31, 72, 73, 81, 102, 313; divided, 45; origin, 18, 331, 335, 336 • King of. Dermot. s. Donnell, 41; = King of, Donnell, s. Maelruanaid, 41 Kins of, Tuathohar, s. Cobhthach, 41 41 King of, L^athmaran, s. Dobhailen, 41 King of, Uathmaran's son, Lung River, 176 de Lungespee, W., 102 Lurg, Lorg, battle, 18, 34 Lynch, J., 242 N., 242 Lynots, 185, 297; G., 121, 292. 294 Lynot's Ca. , 156 Lynne Manor, 309 Lysrotheragh Manor, 342 INDEX. 441 MacA.lum, 322 MacAeilha, M, Archh)*., 133, 135 ]\l!icAedliagiiiii, MacEgan, O'Conor's Brelioii. 120 MacAilliii, Donnell and Dowell, 171 Mac an Aircliiiinigli, 157. See O'Kelly of Donaniona Mac an lirehon, 322; Cosnaidhe Og, 354 Mac an Mhilidh, MacEvilly. Sec Staunton MacAite, D. , 357 MacBianain, K. , 73 SlacCarthy, Cormac, invades t'onnaught, 45 Fingliin, GO MacCV'itliernaigh, 117 MacConcannon, 41 MacCV.iiell. See Mac-Donnell MacCostello. Sec de Angulo MacC'osty (Menick), 2!I5 IMacC'ristick, 322 JlacDforaid, 32 INIacDeimot, 47, 65, 86, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130. 131, 134, 13!l, 143, 14!l, 150, 15;t-l(i2, 106, 108, 169. 17it, 180, 231, 255, 257, 258, 265, 274, 280, 318, 352 his rising out for MacWni. , 355 Brian, 316, 317 Cathal, 63, 64 Conor, 89 Conor Oge. 149 Cormac, 77. 80 Cormac, s. Tomaltacb, 72, 86 Dermot, 126 Dermot Gall, 125 Donogh, 83 — — sons of Eoghan, 316 s. Gillachrist, 76 Maghnus, 317 Maurice, 63 Tadhg. 316 • s. Tomaltacli, 69 Tomaltacli, s. Conor, 81 Tomaltacli, 131 Tomaltacli, 310 MacDermot Gall, 134, 139 ; transfers Gallagh and Artecli to Dillon, 320 Cathal, 317 Conor, 132 Maurice, 317 - — - Teige. 149 MacDermot Hoe, 139 MacDomhnaill Mliic Muircbeartaigli, title of OConor Sligo. 138, 1.52 MacDonnehadlia, MacDoiinchaidh. See Mai-Donogh MacDoni.ell, Clandonnell, 105, 148. 160, 20S. 209, 222, 224, 225, 227. 243-245, 247-249, 251, 203, 204. 271, 272, 282, 283, 28S, 297, 359 restoration of title, 215 Aedh r.oy (Hngli). s. ]\[ulmory, 269 Aedh Boy, s. ..f Torlogh, 157 Aengus, 210 Ailen, 223 Alexander O.', 21(i Alexander, s. Aedh Boy, 244, 249 Caheer, 172. 200, 213 MacDonnell, Colla. 209 Ever, 213 Felim, 252 Felim, a. Marcus, 210, 249 Feragh, Feradliach, 176, 192, 206, 210, 244, 248 ; grant of lands and titedoins, 300 Feragh, s. Tirlagh Roe, 210, 357 Goree, Guaire, 269 - .Justin, 180, 187. 188, 210, 21.5, 221, Marcus, s. Aeilh Bov, 216 Marcus MacAn Ab, 192,|240,'244, 308 • Melagblin, 221 Moelemora, 215, 216 s. JMulmorv, 216 Kandall, 177 Randall, s. Colla, 187 Rich. Oge, 215 Torlogh, 155 Torlogh lioe, 249, 252 AValter, 269 Clann of Aedh Buidlie, 297 Clanrannell, 301 of Clanmorris, 322 of Costello, and Sliocht Marcus, 209 Sept of Rury Og, 2(19 of Antrim, Alexander Carracb, 211 Donnell Gorme, 211 .John Mor, 2S5 of Leinster, Calvagh, 177 MacDonnell Mic Murtough, 107. See O'Conor Sligo MacDonogb, 3IacDonncbadha, MacDonn- chaidh, 139, 143, 140, 147, 150-153. 159, 1(;0, 107, 205; of Corran, 272 Conor, 126 Cormac, 149, 150 Manus, 1.57 Jlelagblin, 126 Murrougb, 120 Murtougb, 120 Tomaltacb, 131 Tomaltacb, s. Gillachrist, 120 MacDouoall, 14S MacDowell, 1.5.5, 100, 1C9 JIacDuarcan, 311 ]\[agElget, Seneschal of Connaugbt, 114 MacKllin, 240 3IacE Neill Barre, Owen, 240 Rory, 24() MacEiierhiny, 1.57. Sec O'Kelly of Dona- niona MacErvddery, Fit/.Simon, 322; Walter, 231 ■ MacEvilly. See Staunton MacFheorai.s, 125. Sic Lord Atbenry and ]}erniiiigham MacFirbis, 40, 290 INJacFlynn, Arcbbp. F. , 91 MacFyreaghe, AV., 215 MacGarailt, MacGarrett. See Prendergast MacGiUapatrick. D.. 113 MacGoisdelbh, .MacCostello, 80, 313. Sec de Angulo Macgieaibey, MacOirecbtaigh. A., B., J., and M.. 302 :\Iacbaire Gaileng. Morgallion, 313 MacHenry, 114. .ytr Butler MacLeoil, 240 442 INDEX. Maclesain, 81 MacLochlainn, K. Ulster, 42 Conor, 45 Murtougb, 47 MacMahoii, 304 s. Murrougb, 126 MacMaurice. !Sce Prendergast MacMaurice of Kerry, 304 MacMeyler of Corran, 151 JMacMurehailha for MacMaurice, 117 MacNeill, 28(j MacNiadh, K. Munster, 11, 12 MacNicliolas, 311 MacOirechtaigli. See also Mageraghty B., Airchiiinech of Aghagower, 113, 301, 302 D., comarb of Agbagower, 70 Amhlaibh's grandson, 76. ■ Donn Og, 72-74, 76, 80, 81, 82 MacPadin. See Barrett MacPhilpin. See Bourke, de Burgo MacRicard, Walter, 216 MacRoe, Walter, 216 MacRudhraigbe, 316 MacScelliug, 46 MacSeonin. See Bourke, de Burgo MacSbeehy, 148 MacSberone, 322- MacSombairle, llo, 116 MacSweeny, MacSuibbne, 117, 148, 169, 187. 304, 318; tbe three MacSweenys, 264 D., 155 Banagb, 273, 277-279, 304 ne Doe, 279 MacThomas, Sbane, 233 MacTybod of Ro.ss Ba. , 324 MacUchtraigb, T., 70 MacUlick of Kinkelly, 322 MacUlkin, Staunton, 287 MacWalter of Garryduflf, 322 Mac Walter Burke. See de Burgo MacWilliam Burke. See de Burgo Maeloluithe, 39 Maelcotbaigh, 34 Maelseachlainn I. , K. I. , 39 II., K. I., 40 Magelaghy. See MacOirechtaigb Mageraghty. See MacOirecbtaigh Magb Ai, Aei. See Moy Ai Broin, 290 Caeri, 28 Finn, 20 Foimsen, 28 Leana, Moy Lena, battle, 12 Luirg, Moy Lurg, 11, 17, 20, 39, 46 Medboin, 9, 45 Nissi, 118 Sine, 81 ■ Siuil, battle, 11 ■ Tured. See Moytura Magratb, M., Bishop of Achonry, 99 Magu, 8, 337-39 Maguire, 254, 255, 271 Maicue Erca, 20 Maine Aithremail, K. C. , 9, 338 Malbie, Sir N., 179, 185-199, 310, 322 his son, 259 Mallow Manor, 103 Malods, 223 Mam an gbair, 195 Mandevyle, Gyle, 132 John, 132 Rich., 132 ■ Robert, s. Rich., 132 Robert, s. Martin, 132 Manegerrelough Ca. , Rathnegarlogy, 180 Mannin Ca. , 313; Tuath, 319 Manors and Tuaths, 104 Manor houses, 104 ManuUa Ca., 287, 288; C. and Dolmen and Well of Slan, 28 Marbury, J., 201 Marcus Edmundi, 216 de la Mare, Sir J., 341 Margenana, 81 deMarisco, G., .54, 69, 78 Wm., 77, 78 Market towns, 108 Marshall, Earl Richard's war, 83 Earl Wm., 54, .55, 77 ]\Iassacre of de Buigo's soldiers, 67 Mass books of Aghagower and Knock, 70 Mata, 8 Martial law, 228 Martin, J., 215 N., 256 Wm..235 Marty n, G. , 344 IMaynooth Manor, 342 Mayo, Abbey or Town, 34, 35, 52, 67, 68, 74, 77, 81, 89, 113, 115, 116, 223, 321, 322 Abbey, 90, 111, 321 Abbey lands, 358 Church roofed with lead, 39 churches and relegs used for storing corn, 87 Mayo County, 19, 101, 148, 175, 180, 181, 198-201, 231, 257. 259. 266, 268, 269. 275. 276 details of baronies and chiefs. 181 early castles. 104 gaol, 197 manors, 104 town, 108 sessions, 248, 253 under Earl Walter, 120 CO., general submission in 1597, 268, 2()9 CO., rising out, 361 CO. , tributes to O'Conor, 47 diocese, 92 P.. 321 Meath. 10, 12, 21, 26, 44, 45, 47, 51, 59 origin of kingdom, 9 Bishop of, 228, 229, 231, 237 Meave. Meadbbh, ]\Iedb, 8, 3;i7, 338 compared with Grace O'Malley, 337 Mebhric. See Merrick, 121 Medon. 9 Meelick, Milic, Ca. , Tirawley, 195, 294 ■ Gallen, 73; Manor, 102; P., 312 CO. Galway, Ca. , 60, 83, 86, 101, 125 CO. Galway, fortified church. 67, 79 Meemlough Ca. , 139 Melaghleu, Edm., 272 de Mendosa, Don P., 221 Merbury, Capt., describes rebels of 1585, 228 INDEX. 443 Merrick, Hosty, 2!!.") ; tradition of his death, 121 Merriman, Cai)t., L'OS Merviue, J., 3G8 Meyler, FitzHenry, Justiciary, 52, GG, G7 Milic. See Meelick Miled, 3 ; Milesian pedigree, 3 Milltowu C;i., 22G Minalian, 0'l\luinihneachain, 298 Moat, le INIote, meaning, 104 and castle, 105 Mochua, St., 34 MocorhaCa., 173, 285 MoelleCa., 1!)2, 285 Moenmagh, Moennioy, 21, 53, GG, 84, 125 Mogh Corb, 14 Neid, 11 Xuadhat. See Eoghan Mor Moher Lake Crannoge, 30G Molesuarne, IMweelis, 281 Monasteries, Celtic, organised, 34, 35 plan, 35, 3G ; appearance and nature, 111 ; their cashels, 3G of Roman Orders, '.10-100 dissolution, flit, 1G3 Monastic architecture of new orders, !)0 Orders, ancient rules abandoned, 4(1 endowments transferred to bishops, 411 Monycrower, 284 Moore, J. , 323 Moran, D. , 223 Mordant, Capt. , 20G ; his company mu- tinies, 224 X., 248 Morice, J., 343, 344 Morris, A., Mayor of Galway, 235 G., Bailiff of Galwav, 235 Mostyn, Capt., 208 Mound burial in Leacht Air lorruis, 43 Mountjoy, Lord, 275-277 Moy River, 29, 155, 1G5, 1G7, 18G, 1!)2, 193, 213 Moy Ai, Magh Ai, 11, 20, 25, 27, 4G, 55, 62, 72, 78, 123, 124, 140, 32G Moycharra, Mocorha, Ca. , 173 Moyculla, ^Moycullen, 353 Moyenry, 281 MoygaraCa., 104, 212 Moygawnagh P. , 290 Moyglass, 27 Movheleog, Magh hEleog, Moylaw, 17, 4(), 289 Moylla Ca., HoUymount, 285 Moylurg, Magh Luirg, 11, 17, 20, 39, 4G, .52, 120, 130, 131. KiO, 1G(), 188. 31G kingdom formed over old tribes, 32G Tirerrill cantred, 55 Moyne, 80; Ca.. 157, 172, 173, 2GG, 3G4 ; in dispute, 173 C. and casliel. 111 • Manor, 104 Tirawley, Abbey, 95, 2G3 ; Ba., 294 Moyutercreiglian, 173, 185, 197. See Muinter Crechain Moyour Ca., Castleaffy, 301 Moyrathir Manor, 309 Moy rein, 327 Moytura Cong, 4, 5, 8 ; battle, 332 North, 5: battle, 333 Muaidh. Sec M<>y -Mucnas Well, 28 Muilenn Adam C. , 157 Muinchind, 31(! Muine Maicin, 81 Muinter Crechain, 125, 173, 185, 197, 281. 282, 283, 353, 3.58 Crechain JIanor, or Lehinch, lui) Eolais, 81 Gadhra, 18 Mailfinnain, .53, 314 Murchadha, 88 Muirchertach MacErca, 30 s. Niall MacLochlin, 4G Mullafarry, 29 Mullaghcarn, inauguration place of O'Dowda, 33, 289 Mullingar, 214 - Prior of, 290, 291 Munster, 24, 47, 52, 59, 63, 68, 123, 148, 168, 180, 276, 341. 342 conquers Fir Craibe, 15 Muredach Tirech, 15 s. Eoghan Bel, 32 MurneeuCa., 322, 365 ^Murrisk, 221 ; Abbev and land, 95. 359 Ba., Oulymaly" 185, 196, 197, 285 Murtough, s. Dermot, s. Ferghal, 126 Mweelis. 281 Mynce, Capt,, 258 Myntraghyn, 344 X. Xangle, Baron, 199. See de Angulo Xarney, 26, 27 X'athi. See Dathi. Navan, 313 Neale Ca., 180, 187, 208, 285, 36(i Nechtan, s. Brian Orbsen, 19, 321 Xecromancy and Tuatha De Danann, 330 Negotiations with rebels, 1595, 2()3 159G, 266, 2G7 Nemed, 4 — — s. Badrai, 5 Xephin, Neimhfin, 195 Newbrook Ca. , 208. See Belanaloob New Castle, near Castlebar, 301 of Gallen, 311 ; Tuath, 311 of Galway, 229, 230 of Inishowen, 131, 353 le Xewenhagard, near Trim, 309 Newport Ca., 301 Xewtown Ca. , Tirawley, 303 Xia Mor, K. C. . 14 Xiall of Nine Hostages, 14, 24, 25 Niall Glunduff. 39 .\iall Sinnacli, K. Teffa, 126 Nolan, T., 219, 225; describes rebellious acts, 233 ; grant of lands and fieedoms, 366 Nohin's Ca., 241. S,_c Ca. of the Crich. Norman invasion. 47 Norris, Sir J., 260, 261, 2tiG, 267 SirT., 2(!1 Northburgh Ca., 131 Northmen, or Danes, ;iS, 39 Norwegians" castles, 110 Nunneries, 95 Nyaki, 53 444 INDEX. 0. O'Baighill, O'Boyle, Doimell, 120 Douogh, 304 Bishop N., 248, 249 Tadhg Og, 2G4 Taiclileach, 121 Obresil, 315 O'Brien, 43, 45, 55, 59, 64-66, 68, 74, 88, 157, 158, 166, 168, 194, 304 Brian, 130 Brian Roe, 119 ; his descendants, 124 Conor, 45 Dermot, s. Brian Roe, 123, 124 Donnell Mors daughters, G8 Donogh Cairbreach, 69, 72, 74, 75, 77, 82, 84 Donogh, s. Torlogh, 124, 125 Finola, wife of Sir Wm. de Biirgo, 123 Murtough, 43, 44 Slaine, wife of Sir Edm., 135 Teige, 155 Teige, 166 Torlogh, 43 Torlogh, 118, 119 Torlogh, 123, 124 — - Sir Torlogh, 201 of Aran, 304 O Byrne, Feriagh MacHugh, 255, 269, 271 O'Caellaighe captures K. C, 34 O'Caidhins, 105 OCaithniadh of Erris, 298 ; Aedli, 63 ; Fergal, 121 OCaleesus, Robertus, 216 O'Callaghan of Erris, 63, 298 O'Caomhain, O'Keewan, 35, 40, 290 ; privileges, 40 O'CarroIl, 166 0'Ceirin,lord of Keryloughnarney, 46, 313 Tadhg, 77 Ochaine, 16 O'Cinaeidh, C, lord of Ui Atheachda, 39 O'Cobhthaigh, G., K. Uniall, 305 O'Coinin, 298 O'Coiicannon. 45, 140, 149 O'Couallan, T., 126 O'Conor, 17, 40-43, 59-()l, 133, 139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 162, 257, 258 power based on Silmunay, 17 base of power about a. P. 1200, 68 as tenant of the King, 56, 120 — — diflBculty of his position after 1228, 56 Torlogh Mor's descendants settled in Mayo, 89, 286 ; supersede local chief- tains, 69 his residence, 110 • • tributes from Mayo in twelfth cen- tury, 47 Aedh, K.. 42 Aedh Dall's sons, 67 Aedh, K., s. Cathul Crobhderg, 53- 55, 70, 72-79; rebellion, 78 Aedh, s. Aedh Brefuecli, 147 Aedh, K., s. Felini, s. Cathal Crobh- derg, 56, 115-119, 121 Aedh, K., s. Felim, K., s. Aedh, 146, 147 Aedh, K., s. Torlogh, 147 O'Conor, Cathal Crobhderg, 51-54, 59, 63-71, 305, 314 ; accepts a grant of Con- naught, 54 ; death and panegyric, 71 • Cathal Canach, 52, 59, 63-66 Conor, s. Aedh Muimhneach, 86 Conor O'Diarinada, 63 Conor Moenmoy, and his sons, 51, 52, 63, 67 Dermot, s. Manus, 77, 87 Donnell, K., 44 Donnell Midheach's sons, 59 Felim, K., s. Cathal Crobhderg, 56, ()1, 76, 78-80, 82-88, 115, 117 Felim, s. Aedh, s. Cathal Crobhderg, 123-126, 294 Felim, 134 Maelisa, 71 Mahon, Mathghamhain, s. Aedh, s. Conor Moenmoy, 76 Manus, 121 Manus, s. Donnell, Tanist, 25 Meliighlin Og, 3IacManus, 126 Murtough Mweeiiagh, 69 Niall Ruadh, s. Cathal, 86 O. , Bishop of Achonry, 99 • Ruaidhri, K., submits to O'Brien, 43 • Ruaidhri, K. I., s. Torlogh, K. I., 45-47 Ruaidhri na Fedh, 126 ■ Ruaidhri, K., 149, 150 Tadhg, s. Aedh, s. Cathal Crobhderg, 89, 113 Tomaltach, Archbp., 117 Torlogh Mor, K. I., 36, 38, 42, 44-46, 59 ; nature of his supremacy, 203 ; settlements of descendants, 59 Torlogh, K., s. Aedh, 146, 147 Torlogh, s. Cathal Crobhderg, 53, 56, 69 Torlogh K.,s. Aedh, s. Eoghan, 130, 131. 134. 136 O'Conor Donn, 150, 155, 156, 160, 161, 164, 166, 168. 169. 171. 172. 179 ; mean- ing of Donn, 150 Aedh, 161 Cathal. 155 Dermot, s. Dualtagh, 253, 260, 276, ^^ Dualtagh, 231, 233 ; his sons, 263 Torlogh Og, 150-153 O'Conor Roe, 139, 150-153, 155, 157, 160, 161, 164, 166, 168, 172, 186, 187, 191, 245, 352 ; sons of, 231 ; rising out for MacWm., 355 Aedh, s. Aedh, 161 ■ Donagh, 160 Felim Finn, 157, 158, 160 Ruaidhri, s. Felim Boy, 253 Torlogh Roe, 150, 153 O'Conor. Clann Andrias, O'Conor Sligo, 59, 138. 139. 146, 147 ; its subdivisions. 138 O'Conor Sligo, 60, 138. 139. 147, 152. 160, 166-168, 188. 196, 198, 201, 211, 257. 268, 274, 311, 318 ; assumption of title, 152. 167 Brian, 154 Cathal Og, 147 ; his sons, 152, 153 Donnell, s. Murtough, 147, 150-152 Donnell, 160 INi:>EX. 445 Torlogli, s. Ruaiilliri, tj' 77-7'J Torlogli, s. Aedh, s. 113-115 O'Conor Kerry, 304 O'Cuinn, L'S(! " O'Culechaiii, D. , Professor, 70 O'Cullenaii. 322 O'Diily, D., SubsherifT. 224 de Otldingeseles, 137, 341, 342 Odbhha, 2SG O'Conor, Doiinell, s. Eoghan, 15!) Sir Donueli, 201 - — — Eoghan, 155 Maghnus Fionn, 152 Murtough, 152, 153 Ruaidhri, 15!), 100 Tadhg, i:i8, 147 Tadhg Og, 167 O'Conor, Clan of Catlial Migaran, 59, 8i) Tigheruan, s. Cathal Migaran, 73, 74; his sou, 8!) Tighernau, s. Conor, GG, 77 ; his sons, 77 I O'Conor, Clan of Maghnus, s. Torlogh Mor, 59, (19, 74, 84, 87 Dermot, s. Ruaidhri, s. Manus, 67 Manus, s. Dermot, s. Manus, 88 Melaghliu Og, :\IacMMnus, 12G O'Conor, Clann ^[uircliHartaigh Muinih- nigh, or Clan Muitough ;\l\veeuagh, 5!), Gl, G!i, 74-7S, 8(«, 81. 87, 102, 113, 127, 139, 2!I8, 3U0 ; expelled from Mayo, 120, 121 ; character of clan, 89 ; sons of Mur- tougli Mweenagh, 59, 73, 84 Cathal, s. Conor Roe, s. M. IM., 121 . Conor Koe, s. M. M., 87 ; his sous, 114 sons of Conor Roe, 114 Dermot, s. Manus, s. JI. M. , 114, 115 Donnell of Erris, s. Manus, s. M. M., 8f., 114, 115, 117, 121 ■ Mahon, s. Dermot, s. Manus, s. M. M., 115 Lochlainn, s. Dermot, s. M. M. , 117 Manus, s. M. M. , 77, 81, 85-87 ; his sons, 8!), 113, 114 Melaghlin, s. Conor Roe, 89, 113 Ruaidhri, s. Cathal Roe, 124-12G Tadhg, s. Conor Roe, 114, 115 Tadlig, s. Tuuthal, 114 Tuathal, s. M. M., 76,80 O'Conor, Clan of Ruaidhri, K. 1. Ruaidhri, K. I., 51, 52, G2. 63; his sons, 59, 74-76,7!), 85, 86 Aedh, K., s. Ruaidhri, 69, 73, 75, 7!), 80-83 Brian, s. Ruaidhri, 78 Brian, s. Torlogh, s. Ruaidhri, 80, 82, 87, 88 Conor Bov, s. Torlogh, s. Ruaidhii, 8(i Dermot, s. Ruaidhri, 67, 70 Donnell, s. Dermot, s. Ruaidhri. 88 Murtough, s. Dermot, s. Ruaidhri, 89 :\Iurrough, s. Ruaidhri, 51, 62, 63 Niall, s. Donnell Mur, s. Ruaidhri, 113 O'Dobhailen, G., 126 O'Dohertv, 273, 276 ; Shane Og, 264 O'Donnell, 86, 116, 117, 125, 13G, 138, 152, 154, 158-160, 162, 164-1G7. 187, 195, 198, 233 Aedh Ruadh, 160 ,\edli, s. Aedh Ruadh, IGO Conn, 160 O'Donnell, Hugh Roe (Aedh Ruadh), 248, 249, 253, 256-25!), 263-268, 270-279 ; his demands in 1595, 2G3 ; nonnnates a MacWm. and other chiefs, 263-265 Con, 195,1!)G Manus, 166 Niall Garve, 268, 273, 276 Rury, 270, 271 O'Dowda, O'Dubhda, 40, 44, 61, 65, 67, 74, 89, 138, 139, 150, 153, 167, 242, 251, 265, 289, 2!)0, 307 Aedh C. , 39; arrangement with O'Caomhain, 40 Aedh, C, 42 Awliff, C. , s. Doimell Finn, Brian, C, 45 Cathal Dubh, 296, 354 Conor, 42 Cosnandiaigh, commander 45 of 46 other Cosnamhaighs, 46 David, C.,233 Donnell Finn, 44 Donnell's son, 45 Donnell, 148 ■ Doiiogh brings fleet of Iniisi Gall to Clew Bay, 66, 77 ; his son, 70 Gebennach, s. Aedh, 41 Maelruanaidh, C. , ». Aedh, 41 Maelseachlaiiin, s. Maelruanaidh, 41 Melaghlin Carrach, 125 Mulrony, C, 70 Mulrony, s. Donogh, 89 Murrough, 63 Murtough, C, 44 Murtough, 113 Murtough, s. Conoi', s. Niall, 42 Ruaiiihri Mear, 47 Taichleach,s. Ae.Ui Taicldeach, C. , 63 Taichleach, 66 Taicldeach, s. Aedh Taichleach, 121 Teige, 1.57 — Tomaltach, 66 Tuathal, 76 Clan Donogh , 307 O'Dubhda. Sw O'Dowda O'Duinncathaig, L., 43 Odba Ceara, 18, 286 Oen Adarc, Well, 2!) Oengus, s. Amah.'aid, 29, 290 Finn, 29,289 O'Fallon, 240 O'Farrell, O'Ferghail, John Gallda, 12G Thos., 126 K. Conniaicne, 125 O' Fergus, .300 O'Flahcrtv, O'Flaithbhertaigh, 20, 25, 42, 43, 48, 61, 63, 74-78. 82, 84, 120, 127, 141. 168, 177. 182, 186, 188, 224, 225, 126 44 86 446 INDEX. 250, 257, 277, 303 ; his son, G'J ; blinds Ruaidhri O'Conor, 43 ; expelled from Clare, 120 O'Flahertv, Aedh, 72, 74, 80, 85 Aedii Dubh, s. Morogh, 233 Amalgaid, 42 • grandson of Cathal Boy, 303 L>onnell, 73 Donnell, 169 • Donnell Crone, 179 ■ Donnell na Pipee, 253, 254 Edmoud, 255 Finola, wife of David Bourke, 169 ■ Sir Morogh ne Doe, Murchadh na dTuath, 172, 177, 179, 196, 201, 205, 209, 220, 222, 223, 226-230, 232. 239, 242, 248, 253, 324; price for joining rebels, 225; grant of lands and freedoms, 369, 370 Morogh na Maor, 270, 272, 274 Morogh, s. Grace, 254 Ruaidhri, 64 Ruaidhri, expelled from Clare, 121 Roger, Ruaidhri, 205, 209. 241 ■ Teig, s. Sir Morogh, 226, 227 ■ Teig ne MuUy, 229 ■ ■ Urun, 227 Grace's galley, 279 O'Flanagan, F. ,"73, 75 • M., 127 OFloinn, O'Flynn, 87, 317 ; Conor, 123 David, 72 of Moyheleog, 69 O'Frizil, A. , titular Archbishop of Tuam, 98 O'Gadhra. Sec O'Gara O'Gallagher, 304 O., Bishop of Killala, 99 O'Gara, 41, 44, 45, 48, 61, (15, 89, 139, 153, 307 ; conveys castle to Dillon, 319 Brian, 43 Donnsleibhe, 43 - — - Donnsleibhe, 69, 77, 78 • Fergal, 317 Gillaruadh, 78 Ruaidhri, 42 Ruaidhri, 89 Taiclileach, 39 — — Tomaltach Og, 317 O'Gaughan, 46, 63 O^Gloinin, 46 O'Goirmghiallaigh, 69 O'Gormghail, 286 O'Gradaigh, H., 317 O'Hara, O'hEghra, 18, 41, 45, 48, 61, 65, 67, 73, 89, 113, 139, 140, 149, 150, 153, 154, 162, 212, 254, 311, 317 Aedh, 84 ; his sons, 89 Art, 125 Bee, 63 Bishop, 152 Conor, ()9 Cormac, 317 Donnell, 41 Donnell, 117 Donnell Duff's son, 117 ■ Donogh, 84,89 Duarcan, 42 Duarcan, 45 John, s. Art, 133 John , 147, 152 O'Hara, sons of John, 152, 154 Murtough, 149 Taichleach, 43, 44 O'Hara Boy, 139 O'Hara Reagh, 139, 265, 212 O'Hart, 251 O. , Bishop of Achonry, 99 O'hEghra. See O'Hara O'Hegny, 66 O'hEidhin. See O'Heyne 0'hEidhnechan,D., 81 O'Hely, Bishop James, 248, 249 <^'Hennegan, 311 O'Heyne. O'hEidhin, 48, 61, 84, 127, 140, 143 Eoghan, 75, 85 O'Higgin, Brian, 311 Cormac, 161 Tadhg Og, 311 O'hUain, 114 Oilen-da-Chrunde, 86 na Circe, Castlekirke in L. Corrib, 75 Oireacht Thomais. 353 Oirghialla, 15, 16 ' O'Kelly, O'Cellaigh, 61, 87, 127, 134,n40, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 152, 155,''157, 160, 161, 163, 172, 182, 188, 191, 242, 265-267, 352 ; his iron, 22 Conor, 161 ■ Donogh Reagh, 172 Grainne, 150 Melaghlin, 161 Tadhg, 125 Tadhg Caoch, 159 Tadhg, 276 Tadhg, s. "\Vm., 193 sons of Wm. , 161 O'Kelly, Clann an Airchinnigh, or O'Kellys of Donamona, 288 David, 157 • David, 160 Hy. , 15() John's sons, 177 John, Shane MacHubert, 156, 189, 216 ; grant of land and freedoms, 366 Meyler, 157 Wm., 156 O'Kenedy, 166 O'KiUeen, 317 O'Lachtna, 290 Cathal, 69 Flann, 115 Murrough, 63 O'Laidigh, J., Bishop of Killala, 91 Old Castle, Bellahagh, 312 Olnegmacht, 7, 14, 339 O'Lochlin, or MacLochlin, Conor, 45 Murtough, 46, 47 O'Longain, struck by lightning, 44 O'Madadhain, OMadden, 127, 140, 143, 147, 168, 194 Coagh, 242 John, 126 O'Maelbhrenainn, s. Breallach-an-chairn, 117 Ruaidhri, 77 Tadhg, 81 O'Maeldoraidh, K. of Cinel Conaill, 41 O'Maelfhina, 117 O'Maelf hoghmhair, Maelisu s. , 70 INDEX. 447 OMaelniuaidh. :Scc O'MuUoy O'Maelseachlniiiii. See O'Melaghlin OMaille, O'Malley, 45, 61, S(i, 127, 143, 1S5, l.SS-1'.iu, I'.l!), 20S, 221, 250, 251, 2t>4, 21)8, 2t;'.», 272. 274, 275, 270, 301. 303-30(;. 344, 3(J8 ; grant of lands and chiefry. 307; list of obits, 305; his island, 304 risinfj out to MacWm.. 355 Aedh. 304 Aedh. s. Dermot, 304 Conor, s. Aedh, 3ii4 Cormac C'ruiiin, 303 ■ Cormac, s. Donnell Kuadli. 134 Dermot, 304 Dermot, 21() Dermot, s. Cormac, 3o4 Donnell, s. Dermot, 304 Donnell, s. Dermot. 304 Donnell, Grace's brother, 270 Donnell, s. Minedliach. 8(> Donnell Roe. 134, 303 Dubhdara. s. Muredhach. fil) Dubhdara, Doo.lara, 221 Eoghan. Une, 2(18, 27(C nlno MiicMuurice and MacMorris 448 INDEX. Preiidergast, David, 117, 321 David, s. David, 321 Elias. 321 Gerald, 101, 321 Gerald, s. David. 321 Henry, 321 Jolm, 123 John, 343 John, 8. David, 321 Maurice Sugach, 133, 321 Maurice, 321 Philip, 321 William, 125 William, sr., aud Wni., jr., 106 William, 322, 343 William, 321 • Ysemain, 308 Clann Muiris na mBri, 321 MacMaurice, 117, 133, 159, 171, 185, 196, 263, 264, 268, 321 MacMaurice, Maurice, 146 MacMaurice, Kichard, 169 MacMaurice, sons of Kichard, 152 MacMaurice, Thos. , 146 MacMorris, 133, 198. 199, 202, 231, 26S, 271, 352, 368 MacMorris, David, 199, 216. 231, 271, 357, 368 MacMorris, Hy. Keogh, 253 MacMorris John, 216, 233, 272 MacMorris, Movler. 216 MacMorris, Kichard, 216, 357 ; sur- renders for regrant, 322, 323 ; transfers to Moore, 323 ; grant of lands, freedoms, and rent charge, 365 Presentments against Sir R. Bingham, 239 Prior of Inishmaine, 71 Queen's lands, 360, 362, 365 Philippa and Connaught, 133 Quiu Abbey, 243 Race of Guaire, Hy Fiachrach, South, 25 Racial types, 1, 2 Kadcliff, Sir H., 274 Rahard, 284 Raithin, Ballyheane, 28 Rappa Ca. , 364 Raudown, 55, 79, 87, 119, 124, 308 Rann Mac William Bourke, 138 Rathard Craihe Ca., 117 Rathberk, 344 Rathbranna, 309 de Rathcogan, J., 295 Rathcroghan, Cruachaii Ai, 7 Rath Eochaidh, Cruachan Ai, 7 ; built by Gamanrv, 339 Rath Essa"Caerach, Rausakeera, 264, 281 Rathfran, 31, 295; Bav, 15 Abbey. 95, 165, 295, 308, 310, 300 Royal Fort, 290 P., 290 Rathlacken Ca., 297 Rathnaguppaun Ca. , Rath Ca..315. 316. 319 Rathreagh or Cusackstown. 290. 294 Rath Secher, 132 Kathslyberaght Manor, 309 Katoath, 313 Rausakeera, Rath Essa Caerach, 240, 264, 281 Raytrayny, 344 Realin, Aenacli Drithlind, 24 Rebels, demands in 1586, 208; demand a MacWm., 226; demands at Gal way and grievances, 229 ; forces of 1590, 243 Rectories, 90 Red Book of Earl of Kildare, 281 Reduction of dioceses, 48-50 ; parishes, 50 Reformation in Connaught, 163 Releg of Croghan, 7. 25 Rents instead of cess, 199 de Ridelesford. Walter, 84, 104 _ Risings out due to MacWm., 355 Roads and bridges, 111 Robe River, 11, 79, 266, 281 Roba, Rodhba, Manor, 104 Ballinrobe, 144 Rnbeen Ca., 180 Roche, Agatha, 107 Gerald, 101, 100, 321 Hv.,103 Hy. , s. Hy., 106, 107 John, 292 Tenants in Lehinch, 107 Rochford, Rochfort, 223 :Maurice, 292, 293 Philip, 343 Rockfleet Ca. , 196, 224, 301 Rock of L. Key. 82, 86 Romanesque iirchitecture, 93. 94 Roscam. 24. 38 Roscommon, 38. 59, 62. 86, 87. 116, 118. 119, 124, 1.33, 242, 309 C^i. 56, 116, 117, 136, 140, 149, 155, 157, 158, 171, 175, 186, 197, 240, .%8 Co., 140, 154, 155, 175. 179, 198, 231, 255, 259, 266, 273 Ros Fhraochain, Rossreaghan, battle, 4 Rosguill, 45 Roskeen, 62 Roslahau. 287 Kos MacCaitni , 29 Ross Ba.. 19. 101. 141. 148, 153, 176, 182, 198, 201. 281. 282. 285. 352; transferred to Galway, 201, 324 Ca.. 141. 324 C. and Cashel. 36, 111 ■ Tirawlev, Ca. aud Town, 108, 294 Bishop of, 292 Rosscleave. 301 Rossclogher Ba. , 17 Rosserk. 290 ; Abbey, 95 Rosserrilly, 242 Rosslee P., 35, 40 Roundfort. 281 Round towers. 41 Kude stone monuments, 112 de Rupe. See Roche Ruscach na Gaithi, 318 Russell, Sir AV., 257.260, 263 INDEX. 449 Sach^ll, Feradacli, 20 St. John's House, Ijallinrobe, 95 St. Leger, Warliani, 244, 2G0 St. Patrick, 20-2;), 280 Salerno, Arclibp. W. of, !tl Sanb, K. C, !», 10 Sandars, Dr., 187 Savage, Sir A., 27o, 274 Savage.s of Carra, 287 Sauvages Ca.stle, 287, 30!) Seal Ball.h and Tuathal Techtniar, ;j:!l Scot.s, 171, 185, 18'.), 101-1%, 20G, 210-213, 230, 240, 240, 2()5, 273 ; cost of hiring, 104 Seehaunmore, 205 Segai.s, battle, 30 Seman, W., 344 Sencheneoil. See Tuath Sencheneoil Seneschals. 107, 108 Sengann, 5 Sessions at Ballinrobe, 144 Settlers in Mayo in sixteenth century, 218 ShankiU, 27 Shannon, 45, 118, 275 Sheres, F., 2:i5 Sheriff's powers, 175 Sheriffs of Coiinaught, 114, 115, 204, 307, 308, 310, 315 - of Cork, 74 of Kildare, 342 of Mayo, 187, 225, 220, 240, 272 of Koscomnion, 231, 3(J8, .".18 Sligo, 187, 10(), 210, 2.5(;, 272 Shrule. 108, 110, 140, 180, 188 15attle, 177, 300; skirmish, 170 Ca., 28,01,170, 177 Manor, 104 Co. Longford, battle, 34 Sidney, Sir H., 171, 174, 175, 182, 183, 185, 180; account of Mayo, 183; of Sir J. Bourke, 184 Silanmchadha, 140 Silmuelruain, Syhnolron, 101 Silmaelruana, 04 Sil Muireadhiiigli, Silmurrav, 10, 22, 23, 38, (!5, (!0, 72, 73, 78. 81, 82, 124, 12(;, 130, 130, 140. 147, 150, 157, 101, 280, 280 Siuir River. 28G SkreenC, 34. 42; P., 204 Sleiiiihne Master, 77 Sleoflow, Sliabh Lughn, cantred, 345 Slewoney, 2&S Sliabh an larainn. Slievanierin, 4, 81, 82 Sliabh Gamh. Ox Mountains. 104, 329 Ealpa and death of Dathi, 25, 20 Forniaeilc, battle, 42 Lugha, .52, 79, 102, 115. 307, 313, 314; cantred, 345; Ca. Castleinore, 110, 314 Slieve Alp. Sec Sliabh Ealpa liaune, 39 Carna, 150, 192 Dart, 2«1 Jlurry, 242 Sligo, 32, 78, 122, 124, 152, 153 ; battle. 32 Abbey. 250 Sli-o, Ca., 117, 138, 150, 1.50, Kii), KJO, 195, 210, 211. 240, 254-2.50, 258, 2li3, 274 Co., 125, 1.57-150, 102. 175, 170. 181, 187. 198, 228, 229, 257, 250, 208, 290, 307 Estate of Fitzgerald. 95 Manor, 102. 120, 122.342 Smerwick. 187 Sodhau, 20, 325 Sons of Fergus, s. Celladi, killed. 34 Spain, K. of, 2(i0, 2(;7 «l.altracli, l)attk-, 14 Spaniards in INIiiiister army, 12 Spaniards, 220, 247 Spanish ships wrecked, 220, 221 ; for Ulster, 278 Spreadi!ig of tribes over others, 325, 320 Staghcallan Manor. 309 Stanley, Sir W., 243 Stangford, 322 Staunton, also MacEvilly, 135, 1.50, 185. 225 Adam, SO, 83, 102. 287 Clann Adam, 114 Adam, jr., 287 Adam Duff (Staunton ?), 80 Bernard, 287 Sir Bernard, 344 Joan, wife of John, 301 John, 301 John, 125 John, 343 Sir John , 344 Nestn, dau. of Adam, 287 Phili]), s. Adam. 287 Philip, s. Bernard, 287 Mac an Jlhilidh, MacEvilly, 134, 159, 185, 287, 308 Mac an I\lhilidh. Myly. .>57 Mac an Mliilidh, grant of lands, of ( Iiiefry and freedoms, 307, 309 Clann Ulcin. JlacUlcin. 135 Stipends due by K. C. to sub-kings, 22 Strade Abbey, Athlethan Abbey, 95, 193, 307, 308, 311, 312, 356. 300, 303 ; made manor, 356, 303 Strand of Ballv.sadare, Traigh Eothaile, 5, 121. 147, 159 Strange, Sir T. , 175, 201, 210, 212, 217, 228, 231, 235, 237, 245 Strete. ('apt., 205 Stringiirs Well, 28 Sturmyn, J., 305 Summer of aberration, 155 Suppression of early tribes by later, 320 Surrenders and regrants, 179 of Irish titles for earldoms, 108 Sussex. Lord, 270 Syhnolron. Sil Macdruain, cantred, 101. 345 Synod of Fiadh Mic Aenghusa, 48 Kells, 48 Rathbresai), 48 Taaffe, — , 259; M., 296 Tain Bo Cuailgne, 8 Tankard. J., Kisliop of Ki 450 INDEX. Tara, 4, 6, 10, 12, 24 Tiiwnagh, 322 Tavlor, 256 Teffa, 12, 45 Tellach Eachach, 317 TemplehouseCrt.,139 Templepatrick on Inchangoill, 28 Tempul na Lecca. See Inishrobe C. IVrmon of Balla, or near Ballyglass, 165 of Balla, 322 - — - of Erris, 1(57 Caellainne, Roscommon Co. , 45 Lands, 49 Terneyn, Tir Ninnidh, Court of, 343 Tenyglass Manor, 123 Tliomond, 68, 84, 123, 124, 175, 206, 265, 273 — ^ Irish of, 164 Earl of, 168, 171, 176, 179, 201, 242, 268, 273 Three Tuaths, Tri Tuatha, 20, 52, 55, 65, 72, 73, 83, 131, 140 Tiaquin, 120; Ba., 140 Tibohine, 83 ; P., 19 Tibraide, 34 Tigernan, St., of Errew, his paten, 36 Tinni, K. C-G, 7 Tipperary Co. , 68, 3.52, 353 Tiraun Ca., 221, 225, 298, 372 Tirawlev, 17, 29, 31, 35, 68, 72, 74, 75. 89, 102, il6, 117, 121, 147, 150, 151, 156, 1.58, 160, 162, 167, 213, 221, 243, 248, • 257, 268, 270, 275 Cantred, 290, 344 Court of, 345 • Parishes amalgamated, 50 Tir Briuin in Brefne, 54 na Sinna, 89 Tir Connell, 86, 124, 158, 171, 193-195, 198, 213, 271,304, 341, 342 Tirel, R., 52 TirEnna, 19, 101,125, 321 Tireragh, Tir Fhiachrach, 17, 32, 33, 35. .52, 55, 102. 115, 117, 120, 134, 138, 143, 147, 150, 1.51, 1.59, 162, 164, 195, 212, 229, 245, 289, 290, 292 under Abbot of Balla, 50 Parishes amalgamated, 50 Tirerrill, 18, 25, 52, 119, 139 Tirhugh, 166 Tirieghrathbothe, 52 Tir Maine, Tirmany, 52, 55, 56, 80, 84 ; rising out for MacWni., 355 Tirmany, K. of, 56 TirNechtain, Tirrenaghtin. 19, 101, 125, 321, 322 Tir Ninnidh, Tirrenene, Tir Enna, 321, 322 Tirremoy, cantred, 102 Tirrell, W. , 172 Tir Tuathail, 75, 115, 139 Tithes enforced in Connaught, 90 Toherbride, Ballintubber, Ca., 345 Tobercurry Ca. , 152 Toberloona, 286 Toberpatrick, Tobur Patraic, 81. See Ballintubber Tochar, Togher, meaning. 111 Togher Ca., 194, 208, 244, 285 of Moin Coinneadha, 62, 75, 125 Togherpatrick, 36, 111, 156 Toomore, Toomour, 40, 69, 290; Ca., 312 Tortan, battle, 32 Touaghty, 35, 39, 40 ; Ca. , 216, 288 Tradition of Boui'ke's revenge on Lynotts, 297 Transformation of clans into Milesians, 16, 17,327 Transition from power of local lords to Queen's government, 178 Trea, mother of Cormac MacArt, 14 Treaty of Windsor, 51, 57, 62, 204, 302 Tremontana. H.M.S., 278, 279 Trial of Sir R. Bingham, 216, 237 Tributes due to K. C, 22 Trimleston, Lord, 235, 287 Tristellaveragh INIanor, 342 Truce of the two Tibbots in Mayo, 275 Tuaim dha Ghuahinn, Tuam, 45, 62, 67-69, 74, 75, 87, 116, 147 Cathedral, 46, 92 Castle, 110 residence of K. C, 42 Diocese, 92 Arclibishop, 188, 208, 235, 301, 302, 357, 368 ; See lands, 358-360 ; grant of freedoms, 363, 364 Archbishop F. O'Ruaiiadha chained, 71 the Tuaths. ^^ee Three Tuaths Tuatha De Danann, 2-5, 325, 329, 334- 336 ; identified with other tribes, 335, 336 ; genealogy, 340 Tuath Aitheachda, Touaghty, 39 Tuathal Techtmar, 3, 9, 10 Tuatha Taiden, 6-10, 17, 19, 20, 280, 331 ; connection with Hy Many, 339 ; their kingdom, 3.39 Tuath Concobarni, and Crecraighe (Gre- gry), and Cruithnech, and Fer Dom- nann, and l\Iic Umoir, Resen, or Resent Umoir, and Sencheneoil, 11 Resent LTmoir, 11, 280, 324 ■ Rois and Clanns of Ross of Hy Fiachrach, 328 Ruisen, in Carra, 40 Truim, 283, 353 Tuaths and Manors, 104 TubberbrideCa.,101 Tubbernacreeva, Oen Adarc, 29 Tubber Scoruey, 297 Tuite. Lieut. . 258 Tulcha Domnaill, 24 Tullyhugh, 2,31: Ca., 1.39 Tulrohan Ca., 317; Tuath, .319 Tulsk, 12 ; Ca., 150, 161. 2.58, 263, 274 Tuluban, 157 Turgeis, Turgesius, 39 Turin Ca., 216, 227 Turlach Mochain Ca. , 257 Turloch, Turlough, 87 ; C. and Well of Sin, 28; P., 286, 288 Typeraght Manor, 342 Typerneyvin, 292 Tyrenmore Ca. , Burrishoole, 115, 300 Tyrnaghtyn. Tir Nechtain, court and theodum, 343 Tyromoy, Tyrremoy, cantred, 343, 344, ■345 Tyrone, Earl of. See also O'Neill, 168, '257-259, 271, 272, 275 INDEX. 451 u. Ua Cathbharr, 15, IG Ua Cobhthaigh, G. , K. of Uniall and ;; Airchinnech of Aghagower, 44 Ua Corra, 15, IG Ua Sibhlen, K. of Hv Eachacli Moy, 47 Ua Traigthech, A., 40 Ufford, SirR., 11!) UilleUanachCa., Hit Uladh, 2 Ulster, 12, 15, 10, 45, 122-124, 14IS, IGO, 164, 276, 341, 342 ■ Countess's rights ignored, 136 Earldom's descent to Edw. IV., 132 Kings, J'ergus and Dounell, 32, 33 Ulsternien, 42, 45, 211; appear as Fomo- rach, 329 Ul'unan, O'Loman, 53 Umall, and men of Umall, 10, 11, 18, 22, 25, 38-40, 51), 64, 85, 8!), 102, 114, 121, 136, 149 meaning, 303 Ui Maille, 106. See JIurrisk Ba. Urlare Abbev, 05, 314, 31G Uryel, Oriel ^ 341, 342 de Usser, ^Y. , 295 Utlagh.R., 130 344; of R( Ba. W. Waldrons, de AnguIos(?), 315 Walsh, ^Y., 344 Walshes, Bran; 324 War, Irish method adopted bv Lord Mountjoy, 275 Waterfor.l, 352, 353 Waterhouse, Sir E., 201 Weapons of Firbolg and Tuatba De Dan- ann, .331, .332 Weekes, Cajit., 226 Wells— Mucno's, 28; Oen Adarc, 29 ; Pat- rick's at Balliiiainore, and at Bally- bauuis, of Sin at Turlough, Slan at Manulla, 28 ; Tubbernacreeva, 29 West of Connaught, 40, 45, 62, 66, 72. 133 West Meath, 64 Wexford, 44 White, E., 228 ■ Sir N., 201 , 228, 230, 368 le Whyte, J., 107 Wideos, T., 196 William Crassus, 75 FitzAudelin, 51, 62; confused with W. de Burgo, 51 William Keagb, Browne's servant, 223 William Og.,^216 Wintelmolman, Muintir Mailfinnain, 53 Yellow Book of Lecan, 290 Yellow Ford, battle, 272 Yellow Pass, battle, 274 Printed by Ballantynk, HANh Edinburgh <5f Londoi BY THE SAME AUTHOR NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE DIOCESES OF TUAM KILLALA, AND ACHONRY BY HUBERT THOMAS KNOX Price los. 6d. net ; per post, los. lod. 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