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(Zoz aBed soc) « LIAVYUNLVIN WVOS WVITIA ay SQOTNINAT

n

LATIN FOR BEGINNERS

BY

.BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Pz.D.

PROFESSOR IN THE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE

GINN AND COMPANY

BOSTON : NEW YORK : CHICAGO - LONDON

COPYRIGHT, 1909, 1911, BY BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

OIL3

The Atheneum Press

GINN AND COMPANY = PRO- PRIETORS - BOSTON * U.S.A.

E

FILIOLO . MEO QUI: ME: NON: SOLUM - DICENDA SED - ETIAM - TACENDA : DOCUIT HOC - OPUSCULUM : EST DEDICATUM

PREFACE

To make the course preparatory to Caesar at the same time sys- tematic, thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this series of lessons.

'The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin lan- guage, its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts.

Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred introductory essentials.

Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in English grammar.

Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, in order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies in Part II are reviewed.

It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to teachers :

The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive constructions.

vi PREFACE

The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodge's " Dictionary of Secondary Latin" and Browne's " Latin Word List" as a basis. There are about six hundred words, exclu- sive of proper names, in the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen are Czesarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in Ceesar five or more times.. The few words not Czesarian are of such frequent occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to justify their appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word study to Caesar can easily do so, as the Caesarian words are printed in the vocabularies in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract, root words to compounds and derivatives, even when the latter were of more frequent occurrence in Caesar. To assist the memory, related English words are added in each vocabulary. To insure more careful preparation, the special vocabularies have been removed from their- respective lessons and placed by themselves. The general vocabulary contains about twelve hundred words, and of these above eighty-five per cent are found in Caesar.

The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent investi- gations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators, have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The construc- tions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or con- trasted with it. Special attention has been given to the constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical connection are not sepa- rated but are treated together.

Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for transla- tion into English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Caesar are introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for Latin word order, the first principles of which are

laid down early in the course. 4

PREFACE vii

Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from his- torical and mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last chapters record his experiences in Caesar's army, and contain much information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries. The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make the reading selections especially useful for work in sight translation.

Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, cov- ering both the vocabulary and the grammar.

The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting impressions of Roman life and times.

A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear explanation throughout.

As an aid to teachers using this book, a * Teacher's Manual" has been prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on each lesson.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion. Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution.

BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE

CONTENTS

LESSON PAGE To THE STUDENT — By way of Introduction et ae - 1-4 PART I. THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN

ALPHABET, SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, ACCENT, How TO READ LATIN. . . . . . . "re 5-11 PART II. WORDS AND FORMS

I-VI. First PRINCIPLES — Subject and Predicate, Inflection, Num- ber, Nominative Subject, Possessive Genitive, Agreement of

Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, etc.— DIALOGUE . 12-24 VII-VIII. First OR 4-DECLENSION — Gender, Agreement of icine Word Order... . . 25-30 IX-X. SECOND OR Ü-DisSssnstoNees ene Rane FOR Dz- CLENSION — Predicate Noun, Apposition — DIALOGUE . . 31-35" XI. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS . 36-37 XII. Nouns IN -ius AND -ium — GERMANIA. NS 38-39 XIII. SEcoND DECLENSION (Continued ) — Nouns in -er ani. -ir— ITALIA— DIALOGUE. : -o« 39-41 XIV. PossESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. . . . + 42-43 XV. ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH — Cause, Moai decimarese ment, Manner —THE ROMANS PREPARE FOR WAR . . 44-46 XVI. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES . $E mech Wow 40247 XVII. THE DEMONSTRATIVE is, ea, id — DIALOGUE . . . . 48-50 XVIII. CoNJUGATION — Present, Imperfect, and Future of sum — DIALOGUE .. E es E. 51-53 XIX. PRESENT ACTIVE eae or amó AND moned. . . 54-56

XX. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am6 AND moned— Meaning of the Imperfect — NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN. 56-57 XXI. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF amd AND moneó — NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN (Concluded). . . . . - 58-59 XXII. Review or VERBS— The Dative with Adjectives — Comair AND HER JEWELS 4 2 2 5 & o» oeo*owox 0X + + o 59-61 viii

LESSON

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX-XLI.

XLII.

XLIII.

CONTENTS

PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF regd AND audio — CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (Concluded )

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF fegÓ AND audio — The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs .

Future ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF rego AND audio .

VERBS IN -id — Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative of capio — 7Ze [Imperative .

PassIvE VoICE — Present, Imperfect, and Tih Indicative of amd and moned — PERSEUS AND AN- DROMEDA .. . * o ss

PRESENT, THERE HOR: AND Fuscus YesaegimE Pas- SIVE OF Ieg0 AND audió — PERSEUS AND ANDRO- MEDA (Continued) . F a int ee ud

PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PassIVE OF -i0 VERBS — PRESENT PASSIVE INFINI- TIVE AND IMPERATIVE

SYNOPSES IN THE Four CnmmDE EUER The "S tive denoting From, Place from Which, nb Personal Agent OU EE i

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE Pikrücr OF sum — DIALOGUE "2E

PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE Yam Rucutam CONJUGATIONS — Meanings of the Perfect — PER- SEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Continued)

PLUPERFECT AND,FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICA- TIVE — PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE "m

REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE — PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Concluded ) ‘

PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE — Bienen PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS — Prepositions, Yes-or- No Questions & «o8

CONJUGATION OF possum — The Infinitive "e as in English — Accusative Subject of an Infinitive — THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA s ""

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE — PRoNOUN — Agreement of the Kelative — THE FAITH- LESS TARPEIA (Concluded) .

THE THIRD DECLENSION — Consonant Stems .

REVIEW LESSON — TERROR CIMBRICUS .

THIRD DECLENSION — Z-Stems .

. Io8-110

ix PAGE

61-63

63-65 65-66 66-68 68-72 72-73

73-75

75-78

79-81

81-83 84-85 86-87 88-90

90-93

93-96

97-101

. IOI-106

107

X LESSON

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.

LII.

LIII. LIV.

LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII. LIX.

LX.

LXI.

LXII. LXIII.

LXIV.

CONTENTS

IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION — GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION — THE FIRST BRIDGE OVER THE RHINE .

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECEENSION Tae ROMANS INVADE THE ENEMY's COUNTRY.

THE FouRTH OR U-DECLENSION

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE — Place to Which, be som Which, Place at or in Which, the Locative — Declension of domus — DADALUS AND Icarus

THE FirtH OR £-DECLENSION —723 of [Om DADALUS AND ICARUS (Continued) "

Pronouns — Personal and Reflexive Pronouns — ibas LUS AND IcARUS (Concluded) . I

Tur INTENSIVE PRONOUN ipse AND THE pud e idem — How HoRnATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE

THE DEMONSTRATIVES hic, iste, ille — A GERMAN CHIEF- TAIN ADDRESSES HIS FOLLOWERS— How HoOoRATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (Continued) . :

THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS — How HoraTius HELD THE BRIDGE (Concluded) %

REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES .

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF dinuouiss ML with Comparatives 2-3 "

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF Apyecrives (Continued) — Declension of plis . oe €x

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF Ruins (Concluded ) — Ablative of the Measure of Difference

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

NUMERALS — Partitive Genitive .

NUMERALS in — Accusative ER. — iius IN GAUL

DEPONENT Visus = LPs vill the dinis

PART III. CONSTRUCTIONS

THE SUBJUNCTIVE Moop — Inflection of the Present — Indicative and Subjunctive Compared .

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE . ‘

INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNGTIYS— Sequence of Tenses

INFLECTION OF THE PuRERCT. AND Sucre Suayowt TIVE— Substantive Clauses of Purpose

PAGE

» III-II2

- II3-II5

116-117

- II7-I2I

121-123 123-126

126-127

128-130

. 130-132

133-135 135-136 137-138 138-139 140-142

142-144

144—146 146-147

- 148-151 - 151-153

L53-155

156-159

CONTENTS LESSON LXV. SuBJUNCTIVE oF possum — Verbs of Fearing . LXVI. THE PARTICIPLES — Tenses and Declension .

LXVII. THE IRREGULAR VERBS PS nolo, mal0—Abative . 164-166 . 167-168

Absolute LXVIII. Tux IRREGULAR Vuuxe fio — - ehe " Result .

LXIX. SuBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC — Predicate Accusative > LXX. CoNSTRUCTIONS WITH cum — Adlative of Specification ALXXI. VocABULARY REVIEW — Gerund and Gerundive — Predi- D1737177 . 177-180 LXXIII. VocABULARY REVIEW — THE IRREGULAR VERE fero —

cate Genitive . LXXII. Tur IRREGULAR VERB =r jhalenendi

Dative with Compounds

LXXIV. VocABULARY REVIEW — Subjunctive in Linden TON LXXV. VocABULARY REVIEW — Dative of Purpose or End for

Which

LXXVI. VocABULARY REVIEW — Genitive ind Abtediae " Quality . 186-188 LXXVII. REVIEW OF p of the Gaius Dative.

or Description

and Accusative LXXVIII. REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE . LXXIX. REVIEW OF THE SYNTAX OF VERBS

"READING MATTER

INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS. THE LABORS OF HERCULES P. CoRNELIUS LENTULUS: THE Stone OF A eT Boy

APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES

APPENDIX I. TABLES OF DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.

APPENDIX II. RULES OF Goan

APPENDIX III. REviEWS

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES .

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY

INDEX

xi PAGE

160-161

161-164

169-171 171-173

. 181-183 183-185

185-186

189-190 I9I—192

- 192-193

+ 194-195 . 196-203

204-225

226-260 261-264

. 265-282

283-298

+ 299-331

332-343

344-348

ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR

. PraATEI PAGE "LENTULUS AD VILLAM SUAM MATURAVIT” . . e Frontispiece By E. Forti, Rome. From a facsimile colored under the direction of the artist. Prarx II "STABIANA PORTA URBEM INGRESSI SUNT” eo 0 s 5 53 By E. Forti, Rome. From a facsimile colored under the direction of the artist. PrarE III CAPTIVI INTERROGANTUR Sap ieu “get Cheech. ode rus 149 By Edmund H. Garrett, Boston. From an original painting in oil. PLATE IV “ECCE CAESAR NUNC TRIUMPHAT” . . . . . *- + 213 By Edmund H. Garrett, Boston. From an original painting in oil. Map

ITALIA ANTIQUA oe a E ME S

xii

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y1 sBarium ae < MARE ET us! 4 mpm mc ow CR, ‘Z| E t4 MEZ TUS Oli NM Y aftmtuln ^e, 1h Ea a S. Heraclea d Suits A TY RRHENUM Tarentinus He E 3 S| . ie INFE|RUM | o roton E i Laolnlv Pr. : x8 e t det m. f aulonia dr. os " i M NL NS nus Da Ri ium 8 ] fe - zi : x Aegates Aetna|Me «P Tauromenium " " * Lilyb lvex 20 Ve |Catana ^ en n % S ica S UP Mere 56 yracusae a, v Cartbáco ü J o mt ü > "2C «c Pachynum Pr. $ € = : e ; “an ITALIA ~* 9 Hadrumetum C 4 “ 0 20 40 60 80 100 ^ ELLE we os « Scale of Mites Longitude 12 East from 14 Greenwich lh

^

i 1 Í

YPANNONIA

6

oem

LATIN FOR BEGINNERS

TO THE STUDENT —BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION

What is Latin? If you will look at the map of Italy on the oppo- site page, you will find near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west coast a district called Latium,! and Rome its capital. The Latin language, meaning the language of Latium, was spoken by the ancient Romans and other inhabitants of Latium, and Latin was the name applied to it after the armies of Rome had carried the knowledge of her language far beyond its original boundaries. As the English of to-day is not quite the same as that spoken two or three hundred years ago, so Latin was not always the same at all times, but changed more or less in the course of centuries. The sort of Latin you are going to learn was in use about two thousand years ago. And that period has been selected because the language was then at its best and the greatest works of Roman literature were being produced. This period, because of its supreme excellence, is called the Golden Age of Roman letters. .

The Spread of Latin. For some centuries after Rome was founded, the Romans were a feeble and insignificant people, their territory was limited to Latium, and their existence constantly threatened by warlike neighbors. But after the third century before Christ, Rome's power grew rapidly. She conquered all Italy, then reached out for the lands across the sea and beyond the Alps, and finally ruled over the whole ancient world. The empire thus established lasted for more than four

1 Pronounce La’shi-dim. I

2 TO THE STUDENT

hundred years. The importance of Latin increased with the growth of Roman power, and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became the universal language. Gradually the language changed somewhat, developing differently in different countries. In Italy it has become Italian, in Spain Spanish, and in France French. All these nations, therefore, are speaking a modernized form of Latin.

The Romans and the Greeks. In their career of conquest the Romans came into conflict with the Greeks. The Greeks were in- ferior to the Romans in military power, but far superior to them in culture. They excelled in art, literature, music, science, and philosophy. Of all these pursuits the Romans were ignorant until contact with Greece revealed to them the value of education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge. And so it came about that while Rome conquered Greece by force of arms, Greece conquered Rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her schoolmaster. It was soon the established custom for young Romans to go to Athens and to other centers of Greek learning to finish their training, and the knowledge of the Greek language among the educated classes became universal. At the same time many cultured Greeks — poets, artists, orators, and philosophers — flocked to Rome, opened schools, and taught their arts. Indeed, the preéminence of Greek culture became so great that Rome almost lost her ambition to be original, and her writers vied with each other in their efforts to reproduce in Latin what was choicest in Greek literature. As a consequence of all this, the civilization and national life of Rome became largely Grecian, and to Greece she owed her literature and her art.

Rome and the Modern World. After conquering the world, Rome impressed her language, laws, customs of living and modes of thinking upon the subject nations, and they became Roman; and the world has remained largely Roman ever since. Latin continued to live, and the knowledge of Latin was the only light of learning that burned steadily through the dark ages that followed the downfall of the Roman Empire. Latin was the common language of scholars and remained so eyen down to the days of Shakespeare. Even yet it is

TO THE STUDENT * 3

more nearly than any other tongue the universal language of the learned. The life of to-day is much nearer the life of ancient Rome than the lapse of centuries would lead one to suppose. You and I are Romans still in many ways, and if Caesar and Cicero should appear among us, we should not find them, except for dress and language, much unlike men of to-day.

Latin and English. Do you know that more than half of the words in the English dictionary are Latin, and that you are speaking more or less Latin every day? How has this come about? In the year 1066 William the Conqueror invaded England with an army of Nor- mans. The Normans spoke French — which, you remember, is descended from Latin — and spread their language to a considerable extent over England, and so Norman-French played an important part in the formation of English and forms a large proportion of our vocabulary. Furthermore, great numbers of almost pure Latin words have been brought into English through the writings of scholars, and every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition of new terms of Latin derivation. Hence, while the simpler and commoner words of our mother tongue are Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon forms the staple of our colloquial language, yet in the realms of literature, and especially in poetry, words of Latin derivation are very abundant. Also in the learned professions, as in law, medicine, and engineering, a knowledge of Latin is necessary for the successful interpretation of technical and scientific terms.

Why study Latin? The foregoing paragraphs make it clear why Latin forms so important a part of modern education. We have seen that our civilization rests upon that of Greece and Rome, and that we must look to the past if we would understand the present. It is obvious, too, that the knowledge of Latin not only leads to a more exact and effective use of our own language, but that it is of vital importance and of great practical value to any one preparing for a literary or professional career. To this it may be added that the study of Latin throws a flood of light upon the structure of language in general and lays an excellent foundation for all grammatical study.

4 rd TO THE STUDENT

Finally, it has been abundantly proved that there is no more effective means of strengthening the mind than by the earnest pursuit of this branch of learning.

Review Questions. Whence does Latin get its name? Where is Latium? Where is Rome? Was Latin always the same? What sort of Latin are we to study? Describe the growth of Rome's power and the spread of Latin. What can you say of the origin of Italian, French, and Spanish? How did the ancient Greeks and Romans compare? How did Greece influence Rome? How did Rome influence the world? In what sense are we Romans. still ? What did Latin have to do with the formation of English? What propor- tion of English words are of Latin origin, and what kind of words are they ? Why should we study Latin?

PART I

THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN

THE ALPHABET 1. The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English except that it has no w and no 7.

2. The vowels, as in English, are a, e, 7, 0, t, y. The other letters are consonants.

3. 7 is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called 7 consonant.

Thus in Iü-li-us the first Z is a consonant, the second a vowel.

SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS!

4. Latin was not pronounced like English. The Romans at the beginning of the Christian era pronounced their language substantially as described below.

5. The vowels have the following sounds:

VOWELS # LATIN EXAMPLES à as in father hac, stas % like the first a in aha’, never as in hat Á'-má&t, cá-nàs 8 as in they té’-l4, me'-tá é as in met té’-nét, mér’-cés ias in machine sér^-ti, pra’-ti

:1 N.B. The sounds of the letters are best learned by hearing them correctly pronounced. The matter in this section is, therefore, intended for reference rather than for assignment as a lesson. As a firststep it is suggested that the teacher pronounce the examples in class, the pupils following.

' ? Long vowels are marked -, short ones v.

5

6 PRONUNCIATION

VOWELS LATIN EXAMPLES ias in oz si-tís, bi/-bi 0 as in holy Ró'-má, 6’-ris 0 as in wholly, never as in hot mb’-d5, bd’-nds ü as in rude, or as oo in boot ü'/-mür, tü'-bér ti as in /4/7, or as oo in foot üt, tü'"-tüs

Note. It is to be observed that there is a decided difference in sound, except in the case of z, between the long and the short vowels. It is not merely a matter of gzaztity but also of guality.

6. In diphthongs (two-vowel sounds) both vowels are heard in a single syllable.

DIPHTHONGS LATIN EXAMPLES ae as az in aisle tae’-dae au as ou in out gau'-dét ei as ez in eight dein’-dé eu as 206 (a short 2 followed by a short z in one syllable) seu oe like oz in Zoz/ foe’-diis ui like 06’¢ (a short z followed by a short z in one syllable. Cf. English ve) cui, huic

Note. Give all the vowels and diphthongs their proper sounds and do not slur over them in unaccented syllables, as is done in English.

7. Consonants are pronounced as in English, except that

CONSONANTS LATIN ÉXAMPLES € is always like c in cat, never as in cent cá'-do, ci’-biis, cé’-na g is always like g in gz/, never as in gem gé'-mo, gig/-no i consonant is always like y in yes iam, id’-ctis n before c, gz, or gis like mg in szzzg (com-

pare the sound of z in axchor) án'-ci-rá (ang’-ko-ra)

qu, gu, and sometimes su before a vowel have the sound of gw, gw, and sw.

Here z has the value of consonant v in’-quit, qui, lin’-gua, and is not counted a vowel ' san’-guis, sua'-dé-o S is like s in sea, never as in ease 16’-sa, is

t is always like ¢ in zatéve, never as in nation 9 ra’-ti-5, na’-ti-5

SYLLABLES 7

CONSONANTS LATIN EXAMPLES v is like w in wzme, never as in vine vi'-niím, vir x has the value of two consonants (cs or gs) and is like x in extract, not as inexact —&x’-tra, éx-ác'-tüs bs is like ps and bt like 27 Urbs, Sb-ti’-né-0 ch, ph, and th are like c, , 7 piil’-chér, Phoe’-bé, thé-à-triim

a. In combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound. Doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between the two sounds. Thus pronounce Z/ as in vat-trap, not as in rattle; pp as in hop-pole, not as in upper. Examples, mit/-to, Ap’pi-ts, b&l/-Iitm.

SYLLABLES

8. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diph- thongs. Thus ae-sta’-té has three syllables, au-di-én'-düs has four.

a. Two vowels with a consonant between them never make one syllable, as is so often the case in English. Compare English zzs¢de with Latin In-s1-dé.

9. Words are divided into syllables as follows :

I. À single consonant between two vowels goes with the second. Thus &-ma’-bi-lis, mé-m6’-ri-d, in-té-ré-à, 4’-bést, pé-re'-git.! 2. Combinations of two or more consonants :

ae a. A consonant followed by / or x goes with the Zor 7. Thus pi-bli-ciis, a/-gri. EXCEPTION. Prepositional compounds of this nature, as also 7 and 77,

MAX

follow rule 4. Thus 4b’-li-6, áb-ríim"-po, il’-1é, fér^-rüm.

4. In all other combinations of consonants the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel? Thus mág'-nüs, é&gés’-tas, vic-t0’-ri-a, hds’-pés, Én'-nüs, sii-bac’-tiis.

3. The last syllable of a word is called the z/'-Z-7e; the one next to the last, the e-zu/7 ; the one before the penult, the az/4e$enuf'.

1 In writing and printing it is customary to divide the parts of a compound, as inter-eà, ab-est, sub-dctus, per-égit, contrary to the correct phonetic rule. he 2 The combination nct is divided nc-t, as fünc-tüs, sanc-tüs. :

8 QUANTITY

10. EXERCISE

Divide the words in the following passage into syllables and pronounce them, placing the accent as indicated:

Vádé ád fórmicám, O pigér, ét considérà vias &itis ét díscé sápién- tam : quae cüm nón habéat dicm néc praecéptórém néc principém, párát in aestaté cibüm sibi ét congrégat in méssé quód cómé&dát.

[Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: which, having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer and gathereth her food in the harvest.]

D

QUANTITY

11. The quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to pronounce it. Correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper observance of quantity.

12. Quantity of Vowels. Vowels are either long (-) or short (-). In this book the long vowels are marked. Unmarked vowels are to be considered short. :

m vowel is short before another vowel or 4, as pi-&^ tá. trá'-hó.

2. A vowel is short before z/ and zd, before final m or 7, and, except in words of one syllable, before final 7 or r. Thus a'-mánt, a-mán'-dus, a-ma’-bim, a-mà'-bát, a'-ni-mál, a/-mór.

3. A vowel is long before nf, ms, zx, and mcf. Thus in'-fe-ro, re’-géns, sán'-xi, sanc’-tus. ,

4. Diphthongs are always long, and are not marked.

13. Quantity of Syllables. Syllables are either long or short, and their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels.

1. A syllable is short,

a. If it ends in a short vowel; as 4’-m6, pi’-gri.

Norte. In final syllables the short vowel may be followed by a final conso- nant. Thus the word mé-mi/-ri-Cám contains four short syllables. In the first three a short vowel ends the syllable, in the last the short vowel is followed by a final consonant.

ACCENT 9

2. À syllable is long,

a. If it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, as cü'-rü, poe’-nae, ae-sta’-te.

5. If it ends in a consonant which is followed by another consonant, as cor’-pus, mag’-nus. ]

Norx. The vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short, and should - be pronounced accordingly. Thus in ter’-ra, in’-ter, the first syllable is long, but the vowel in each case is short and should be given the short sound. In

words like saxum the first syllable is long because x has the value of two consonants (cs or gs).

3. In determining quantity Z is not counted a consonant.

Note. Give about twice as much time to the long syllables as to the short ones. It takes about as long to pronounce a short vowel plus a consonant as it does to pronounce a long vowel or a diphthong, and so these quantities are considered equally long. For example, it takes about as long to say ciir’-r6 as it does cii’-r6, and so each of these first syllables is long. Compare mól/-lis and mo^"-is, à-mis'/-si and à-mi"-si.

ACCENT

14. Words of two syllables are accented on the first, as mén’-sa, : Cae’-sar.

15.. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the penult is long. If the penult is short, accent the antepenult.. Thus mo-n&'-mus, re'-gi-tur, a-gri’-co-la, a-man'-dus.

Norte. Observe that the position of the accent is determined by the length

of the syl/able and not by the length of the vowel in the syllable. (Cf. § 13. 2, Note.)

16. Certain little words called enciit’ics,\ which have no separate existence, are added to and pronounced with a preceding word. The most common are -que, avd; -ve, or; and -ne, the question sign. The syllable before an enclitic takes the accent, regardless of its quantity. Thus populus'que, dea'que, régna’ve, audit’ne.

1 Enclitic means /eaning back, and that is, as you see, just what these little words do. They cannot stand alone and so they lean back for support upon the preceding word.

IO EXERCISE IN PRONUNCIATION

HOW TO READ LATIN

17. To read Latin well is not so difficult, if you begin right. Cor- rect habits of reading should be formed now. Notice the quantities carefully, especially the quantity of the penult, to insure your getting the accent on the right syllable. (Cf. $ 15.) Give every vowel its proper sound and every syllable its proper length. Then bear in mind that we should read Latin as we read English, in phrases rather than in separate words. Group together words that are closely con- nected in thought. No good reader halts at the end of each word.

18. Read the stanzas of the following poem by Longfellow, one at a time, first the English and then the Latin version. The syllables inclosed in parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure smoothness of meter.

EXCELSIOR [HIGHER]!

The shades of night were falling fast, Cadébant noctis umbrae, dum

As through an Alpine village passed Tbat per vicum Alpicum

A youth, who bore, ’mid snow and ice, Gelü nivequ(e) adolescens,

A banner with the strange device, Vexillum cum signó ferens, Excelsior ! Excelsior !

His brow was sad; his eye beneath, Frons tristis, micat oculus

Flashed like a falchion from its sheath, Velut € vagina gladius ;

And like a silver clarion rung Sonantque similés tubae

The accents of that unknown tongue, Accentüs lingu(ae) incognitae, Excelsior ! Excelsior !

In happy homes he saw the light In domibus videt claras

Of household fires gleam warm and bright; ^ Focorum lücés calidas;

Above, the spectral glaciers shone, Relücet glaciés acris,

And from his lips escaped a groan, Et rumpit gemitüs labris, Excelsior ! Excelsior !

“Try not the Pass!" the old man said; Dicit senex, '" Ne trànseàs!

" Dark lowers the tempest overhead, Supra nigréscit tempestis ;

1 Translation by C. W. Goodchild in Praeco Latinus, October, 1898.

EXERCISE IN PRONUNCIATION II

The roaring torrent is deep and wide!”

And loud that clarion voice replied, Excelsior !

At break of day, as heavenward

The pious monks of Saint Bernard

Uttered the oft-repeated prayer,

A voice cried through the startled air, Excelsior !

A traveler, by the faithful hound,

Half-buried in the snow was found,

Still grasping in his hand of ice

That banner with the strange device, Excelsior !

There in the twilight cold and gray,

Lifeless, but beautiful, he lay,

And from the sky, serene and far,

A voice fell, like a falling star, Excelsior !

Làtus et altus est torrens." ‘Clara vénit vox respondens, Excelsior !

Iam lücesceébat, et fratres

Sàncti Bernardi vigiles

Orábant precés solitàs,

Cum vox clamavit per auras, Excelsior !

Sémi-sepultus viator

Can(e) à fido reperitur,

Compréndéns pugno gelido

Illud véxillum cum signo, Excelsior !

Iacet corpus exanimum Sed lüce frigidà pulchrum ; Et cael6 procul exiens Cadit vox, ut stella cadens, Excelsior !

PART II

WORDS AND FORMS

LESSON I FIRST PRINCIPLES

19. Subject and Predicate. 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts by means of sentences. A sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought, and in its simplest form is the statement of a single fact. Thus,

Galba is a farmer The sailor fights Galba est agricola Nauta pugnat

In each of these sentences there are two parts:

Galba is a farmer

Galba est agricola . SUBJECT PREDICATE

The sailor Sights

Nauta pugnat

2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which some- thing is said, and is therefore a zown or some word which can serve the same purpose.

4. Pronouns, as their name implies ( 270, " instead of,” and zzz), often

take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating the same noun, as, Galba is a farmer, he zs a sturdy fellow.

3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and con- sists of a verb with or without modifiers. a, A verbás a word which asserts something (usually an act) concerning

a person, place, or thing. 12

FIRST PRINCIPLES I3

20. The Object. In the two sentences, Zhe boy hit the ball and The ball hit the boy, the same words are used, but the meaning is different, and depends upon the order of the words. The doer of the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the subject. That to which something is done is the direct object of the verb. Zhe boy hit the ball is therefore analyzed as follows:

SUBJECT PREDICATE oF The boy hit the ball

(verb) (direct object)

a. A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in the sen- tence above, is called a transitive verb. A verb which does not admit of a direct object is called intransitive, as, 7 walk, he comes.

21. The Copula. The verb ¢o £e in its different forms — ave, zs, was, etc. — does not tell us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object. It simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is called the copula, that is, the 7ozzer or ink. i

22. In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas :

I. America est patria mea 2. Agricola filiam amat America ts fatherland my (The) farmer (his) daughter loves 3. Filia est Iulia 4. Tulia et agricola sunt in insula (His) daughter is Julia Julia and (the) farmer are on(the)island 5. Iulia aquam portat 6. Rosam in comis habet Julia water carries (A) rose in (her) hair (she) has 7. Tulia est puella pulchra 8. Domina filiam pulchram habet Julia ts (a) girl pretty (The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has

a. The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words which are necessary in English. First of all, Latin has no article the or a; thus agricola may mean the farmer, « farmer, or simply farmer. Then, too, the personal pronouns, /, you, Ae, she, etc., and the possessive pronouns, my, your, his, her, etc., are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without them.

I4 FIRST PRINCIPLES

LESSON II FIRST PRINCIPLES (Continued)

23. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use, as, zs, ave; was, were; who, whose, whom , Jarmer, farmer's; woman, women. This is called inflection. The in- flection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb its conjugation.

24. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding -s or -es to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending of the word. Compare

Naut-a pugnat The sailor fights Naut-ae pugnant The sailors fight

25. Rute. Nouns that end in -a im the singular end in -ae in the plural.

26. Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.

agri’cola, farmer (agriculture) + fuga, /light (fugitive)

aqua, water (aquarium) iniü'ria, wrong, injury

causa, cause, reason lina, 77007: (lunar)

do^mina, Jady of the house, nauta, saz/or (nautical) mistress (dominate) puel/la, gz77

filia, daughter (filial) silva, forest (silvan)

forti’na, fortune terra, /and (terrace)

27. Compare again the sentences

Nauta pugna-t The sailor fights Nautae pugna-nt The sailors fight

In the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person singular, in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person plural.

1 The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as causa, cawse, no comparison is needed.

FIRST PRINCIPLES I5

28. RULE. Agreement of Verb. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject.

29. RurE. /x the conjugation of the Latin verb the third per- son singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The endings which show the person and number of the verb are called personal endings.

30. Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The per- sonal pronouns Ze, she, zt, etc., which are necessary in the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb’s subject is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus nauta pugnat is translated the sailor fights, not the sailor he fights.

ama-t he (she, tt) loves, is loving, does love (amity, amiable)

labo’rat * “ “ Jabors, ds laboring, does labor

nüntia-t!i«* “ “ announces, 2$ announcing, does announce

portat “ ^" carries, ts carrying, does carry (porter)

pugnat “ “ “ fights, zs fighting, does fight (pugnacious) 31. EXERCISES

I. 1. The daughter loves, the daughters love. 2. The sailor is carrying, the sailors carry. 3. The farmer does labor, the farmers labor. 4. The girl is announcing, the girls do announce. 5. The ladies are carrying, the lady carries. :

II. 1. Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. 2. Puella amat, puellae amant. 3. Agricola portat, agricolae portant. 4. Filia laborat, filiae laborant. s. Nauta nüntiat, nautae nüntiant. 6. Dominae amant, domina amat.

1 The z in nüntio is long by exception. (Cf. § 12.2.)

DOMINA

16 FIRST PRINCIPLES

LESSON III FIRST PRINCIPLES (Continued)

32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above ($$ 19, 20) the differ- ence between the subject and object, and that in English they may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence The lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.

i. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following sentences :

Domina filiam amat Filiam domina amat Amat filiam domina Domina amat filiam

The lady loves her daughter

Filia dominam amat Dominam filia amat Amat dominam filia Filia amat dominam

The daughter loves the lady

4. Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am. The form of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning.

2. As stated above (§ 23), this change of ending is called declen- sion, and each different ending produces what is called a case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three cases, — nominative, possessive, and objec- tive; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of ending, by adding ’s or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, who? whose? whom?

FIRST PRINCIPLES

17

33. The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized :

ENGLISH CASES Latin Cases D Een Name of case and use Mec cud E ea Name of case and use Who? Nominative — do’min-a Nominative — case of the the lady case of the : subject subject — Whose? Possessive — domin-ae Genitive — g case of the the lady’s case of the E . possessor of the lady possessor E Whom? Objective — domin-am Accusative — case of the the lady case of the object direct object Who? Nominative — domin-ae Nominative — case of the the ladies case of the subject subject Whose? Possessive — domin-a’rum Genitive — T case of the the ladies’ case of the E ; ES possessor of the ladies possessor a Whom? Objective — domin-às Accusative — case of the the ladies case of the object direct object

When the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a, observe that

4. The nominative plural ends in -ae. 4. The genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in -àrum.

c. The accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural in -às. d. 'The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same ending.

34.

EXERCISE

Pronounce the following words and give their general meaning. Then give the number and case, and the use of each form. Where the same form stands for more than one case, give all the possible cases and uses.

r. Silva, silvas, silvam. terrae, terrás. 4. Aquas, causam, lünàs. 5. Filiae, fortünae, lünae. 6. Iniüriàs, agricolarum, aquarum. 7. Iniüriàrum, agricolae, puellas. 8. Nautam, agricolàs, nautas. 9. Agricolam, puellam, silvarum.

2. Fugam, fugae, fuga.

3. Terrarum,

18 FIRST PRINCIPLES

LESSON IV FIRST PRINCIPLES (Continued)

35. We learned from the table ($ 33) that the Latin nominative, genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to the nominative, pos- sessive, and objective in English, and that they are used in the same way. This will be made even clearer by the following sentence:

Filia agricolae nautam amat, the farmer’s daughter (or the daughter of the farmer) loves the sailor

What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the sub- ject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what case is it?

36. RULE. Nominative Subject. Zhe subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What? . 87. RULE. Accusative Object. Zhe direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom ? or What?

38. RULE. Genitive of the Possessor. Zhe word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question Whose ?

* DIANA SAGITTAS PORTAT ET FERAS NECAT

FIRST PRINCIPLES I9

39. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.

I. 1. Diana est dea. 2. Làtona est dea. 3. Diana et Làtona sunt deae. 4. Diana est dea lünae. 5. Diana est filia Latonae. 6. Latona Diànam amat. 7. Diana est dea silvarum. 8. Diana silvam amat. 9. Diana sagittas portat. ro. Diana feras silvae necat. 11. Ferae terrarum pugnant.

For the order of words imitate the Latin above.

IL 1. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. 2. Latona's daughter carries arrows. 3. The farmers’ daughters do labor. 4. The farmer’s daughter loves the waters of the forest. 5. The sailor is announcing the girls’ flight. 6. The girls announce the sailors’ wrongs. 7. The farmer’s daughter labors. 8. Diana’s arrows are killing the wild beasts of the land.

40. CONVERSATION

Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. The answers may be found in the exercises preceding.

1. Quis est Diana? 4. Quis silvam amat? 2. Cuius filia est Diana? 5. Quis sagittàs portat? 3. Quis Dianam amat? 6. Cuius filiae laborant ? » LESSON V

FIRST PRINCIPLES (Continued)

41. The Dative Case. In addition to the relationships between words expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusa- tive (objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in English we use such words as from, with, by, to, for, in, at

Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which

1 Words like zoe, for, by, from, in, etc., which define the relationship between words, are called prepositions.

20 FIRST PRINCIPLES

English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declen- sion and lacking in English is called the Za'zive.

42. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the dative singular ends in -ae and the dative plural in -is.

NoTE. Observe that the genitive singular, the dative singular, and the nominative plural all have the same ending, -ae; but the useg of the three

cases are entirely different. The general meaning of the sentence usually makes clear which case is intended.

4. Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortüna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina.

43. The Dative Relation. The dative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions 7e, Zowards, for.

These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of motion, such as She went to town, He ran towards the horse, Columbus sailed for America. In such cases the dative is not used in Latin, as motion through space is foreign to the dative relation. But the dative is used to denote that /o or towards which a benefit, injury, purpose, feeling, or quality is directed, or that for which something serves or exists.

a. What dative relations do you discover in the following ?

The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to all her questions — a good example for the rest of us. It is a pleasure to us to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very hard for me. Some are fitted for one thing and others for another.

44. The Indirect Object. Examine the sentence

Nauta fugam nüntiat, Ze saz/or announces the flight

Here the verb, nüntiat, governs the direct object, fugam, in the accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention the persons to whom the sailor announces the flight, as, Zhe sailor announces the flight to the farmers, the verb will have two objects:

1. Its direct object, /ZgZ7 (fugam) 2. Its indirect object, farmers

According to the preceding section, /e the farmers is a relation cov- ered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the following rule:

FIRST PRINCIPLES 2I

45. RULE. Dative Indirect Object. Zhe indirect object of a verb ts in the Dative.

4. The indirect object usually stands before the direct object.

46. We may now complete the translation of the sentence Z7 sailor announces the flight to the farmers, and we have

Nauta agricolis fugam nüntiat

41. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.

Point out the direct amd indirect objects and the genitive of the possessor.

1.7 is . Quis nautis pecüniam dat? 2. Filiae agricolae nautis pecü- niam dant. $. Quis fortünam pugnae nüntiat? 4. Galba agricolis fortünam pugnae nüntiat. 5: Cui domind"Tabulam narrat? 6. Filiae agricolae domina fabulam nàrrat. 7. Quis Dianae corónam dat? 8. Puella Dianae coronam dat quia Diànam amat. 9. Dea lünae sagittas portat et feràs silvàrum necat. l6. Cuius victoriam Galba nüntiat? rr. Nautae victoriam Galba nüntiat.

Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise.

IL 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a wreath to Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell the ladies? a story, because the ladies love stories. 4. The farmer gives his (§ 22. 2) daughter water. s. Galba announces the cause of the battle to the sailor. 6. The goddess of the moon loves the waters of the forest. 7. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Diana’s.

1 Observe that in English the indirect object often stands without a prepo- sition Ze to mark it, especially when it precedes the direct object.

22 FIRST PRINCIPLES

LESSON VI FIRST PRINCIPLES (Continued)

48. The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in the fuller Latin declension, is the ad'/a-tive.

49. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular ends in -à and the ablative plural in -is. a. Observe that the final -& of the nominative is short, while the final -à of the ablative is long, as, Nom. filia AD. filia

&. Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural. c. Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: fuga, causa, fortüna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola, nauta, domina.

50. The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions from, wth, by, at, in. It denotes

1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of which it is deprived — generally translated by from.

2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is done — translated by w/Z or dy.

3. The place where or the time when something happens — trans- lated by zz or at.

a. What ablative relations do you discover in the following ?

In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o'clock they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they study Latin with great zeal. In a short time they will be able to read with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome. .

51. Prepositions. While, as stated above (8 41), many relations expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative.

FIRST PRINCIPLES 23

52. RULE. Object of a Preposition. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the Accusative or Ablative case.

53. Prepositions denoting the ablative relations from, with, in, on, are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are alor ab, from, away from cum, wth dé, from, down from in, Z7, on 6! or ex, from, out from, out of

1. Translate into Latin, using prepositions. In the water, on the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon.

54. Adjectives. Examine the sentence Puella parva bonam deam amat, ¢he Zzt//e girl loves the good goddess

In this sentence parva (/////e) and bonam (good) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called adyec- tives,? and they are said to belong to the noun which they describe.

You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella, and the ending of bonam that it belongs to deam. "Words that belong together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called agreement, Observe that the adjective and its noun agree in number and case.

55. Examine the sentences

Puella est parva, the girl zs little Puella parva bonam deam amat, the little girl loves the good goddess

Tn the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a predicate adjective. In the second sentence the adjectives parva and

14 and é are used only before words beginning with a consonant; ab and ex are used before either vowels or consonants.

2 Pick out the adjectives in the following: " When I was a little boy, I remember that one cold winter's morning I was accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. ‘My pretty boy,’ said he, ‘has your father a grindstone ?'—'' Ves, sir, said I. —' You are a fine little fellow,’ said he. ‘Will you let me grind my ax on it?’”

24 FIRST PRINCIPLES

bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam respectively, and are called azfrzbutzve adjectives.

a. Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the following:

Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy.

56. DIALOGUE JULIA AND GALBA

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.

I. Quis, Galba, est Diana?

G. Diana, Iülia, est pulchra dea lünae et silvarum.

I. Cuius filia, Galba, est Diana?

G. Latonae filia, Iulia, est Diana.

I. Quid Diana portat ?

G. Sagittas Diana portat.

I. Cir Diana sagittàs portat?

G. Diana sagittàs portat, Iülia, quod malas feras silvae magnae necat. I. Amatne Latona filiam ?

G. Amat, et filia Latonam amat.

I. Quid filia tua parva portat ?

G. Coronas pulchras filia mea parva portat.

I. Cui filia tua cordnas pulchras dat?

G. Dianae coronas dat.

I. Quis est cum filià tua? Estne sola?

G. Sola nón est; filia mea parva est cum ancillà mea.

4. When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called the voc ative (Latin vocare, " to call”). 7n form the vocative is regularly like the nominative. ln English the name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. Zhe Latin vocative rarely stands first. Point out five examples of the vocative in this dialogue.

4. Observe that questions answered by yes or zo in English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to answer in Latin the question Zs ZAe saz/or fighting ? Pugnatne nauta? you would say Pug- nat, he zs fighting, or Non pugnat, he zs not fighting.

THE FIRST DECLENSION 25

LESSON VII THE FIRST OR A-DECLENSION

97. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the First Declension. It is also called the 4-Declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following table:

Use AND GENERAL MEANING OF

Case Noun TRANSLATION XXxcH Cage SINGULAR Vom.| do’min-a the lady The subject Gen. | domin-ae of the lady, or the | The possessor of something lady’s

Dat. | domin-ae to or for the lady Expressing the relation zo or for, especially the indirect object

Acc. | domin-am the lady The direct object Ab. | domin-a rom, with, by, in, | Separation (from), association or the lady means (with, by), place where or time when (zz, a?) PruRAL Vom.| domin-ae the ladies Gen. | domin-a’rum| of the ladies, or the ladies’ Dat. | domin-is to or for the ladies iai sin the Acc. | domin-àás the ladies ABl. | domin-is from, with, by, in, the ladies

58. The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base.

Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the termination of the nominative singular.

26 GENDER'

59. Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.

pugna, terra, lina, ancil’la, coro/na, in’sula, silva

60. Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called natural gender. Yet in English there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine; as, " Have you seen my yacht? Se is a beauty." And there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter; as, "Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken zt home." Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender, and this is called grammatical gender.

Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine, but zames of things have gram- matical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus we have in Latin the three words, lapis, a stone; rüpés, a cliff; and saxum, @ vock. Lapis is masculine, rüpés feminine, and saxum neuter. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word, and must always be learned, for without knowing the gender it is impos- sible to write correct Latin.

61. Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declen- sion are feminine unless they denote males. Thus silva is feminine, but nauta, saz/or, and agricola, farmer, are masculine.

62. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284.

I. 1. Agricola cum filia in casa habitat. 2. Bona filia agricolae cénam parat. 3. Cena est grata agricolae! et agricola bonam filiam laudat. 4. Deinde filia agricolae gallinas ad cénam vocat. 5. Gallinae filiam agricolae amant. 6. Malae filiae bonds cénas nón parant. 7. Filia agricolae est grata dominae. 8. Domina in insula magna habitat. 9. Domina bonae puellae parvae pecüniam dat.

1 Note that the relation expressed by the dative case covers that to which a feeling is directed. (Cf. $ 43.)

EXERCISES 27

IL r. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little daughter lives with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting (parat) a good dinner for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises the good dinner. 7. The daughter's good dinner is pleasing to the farmer.

What Latin words are suggested by this picture?

63. ; CONVERSATION

Answer the questions in Latin.

. Quis cum agricola in casa habitat ?

. Quid bona filia agricolae parat?

. Quem agricola laudat?

. Vocatne filia agricolae gallinàs ad cenam? . Cuius filia est grata dominae?

. Cui domina pecüniam dat?

nw & CQ) t HM

28 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

LESSON VIII FIRST DECLENSION (Continued)

64. We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together, and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number (854) They agree also in gender. In the phrase silva magna, we have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a fem- inine noun in -a.

65. RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

66. Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in -a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows:

Noun ADJECTIVE domina (base domin-), f., /zdy bona (base bon-), good

SINGULAR

TERMINATIONS

JVozt. do’mina bona -a Gen. dominae bonae -ae Dat. | dominae bonae -ae Acc. | dominam bonam -am Abl. | domina bona -à

PLURAL Vom. dominae bonae -ae Gen. domina’rum bona’rum -árum Dat. | dominis bonis -is Acc. | dominas bonas -às Abl. |dominis bonis -Is

u. In the same way decline together puella mala, ¢he dad girl, ancil/la parva, the little maid, forti’na magna, great fortune.

67. The words dea, goddess, and filia, daughter, take the ending -abus instead of -is in the dave and ablative plural. Note the dative and ablative plural in the following declension :

ORDER OF WORDS IN LATIN 29

dea bona (bases de- bon-)

SINGULAR PLURAL Vom. dea bona deae bonae Gen. | deae bonae dea/rum bona’rum Dat. | deae bonae dea’bus bonis Acc. | deam bonam deàs bonás Abl. dea bona dea’bus bonis

a. In the same way decline together filia parva.

68. Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin sentences is not the same.

In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the sentence My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers, we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on my, daughter, dinner, farmers.

In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its ending (cf. § 32. 1), and not by its Aosztion, the order of words is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences

J saw a game of football at Chicago last November (normal order)

Last November / saw a game of football at Chicago At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of football

I. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the vst, next in importance is the /as¢, the weakest point is the mddd/e. Generally the subject is the most important word, and is placed /£zs/ ; usually the vez? is the next in importance, and is placed /as¢. The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hénce the normal order of words — that is, where no unusual emphasis is expressed —is as follows:

subject — modifiers of the subject — indirect object — direct object — adverb — verb

Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. /Vofice the order of the

30 ORDER OF WORDS IN LATIN

Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are turning English into Latin.

2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as filia mea, my daughter; mea filia, my daughter; casa Galbae, Galba’s cottage ; Galbae casa, Galba’s cottage.

Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways:

Filia mea agricolis cénam parat (normal order) Mea filia agricolis parat cénam (mea and cénam emphatic) Agricolis filia mea cenam parat (agricolis emphatic)

3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from its noun by other words.

Filia mea casam parvam non amat (parvam not emphatic) Filia mea parvam casam nón amat (parvam more emphatic) Parvam filia mea casam nón amat (parvam very emphatic)

4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English. 5. The copula (as est, sunt) is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds well.

69. EXERCISE First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284.

Note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those that are emphatic.

1. Longae nón sunt tuae viae. 2. Suntne tubae novae in mea casa? Non sunt. 3. Quis lata in silva habitat? Diana, lünae clarae pulchra dea, lata in silva habitat. 4. Boni nautae altas amant aquas. 5. Quid ancilla tua portat? Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. 6. Ubi sunt Lesbia et Iülia? In tua casa est Lesbia et Iülia est in mea. j. Estne Italia lata terra? Longa est Italia, non lata. 8. Cui Galba agricola fabulam novam narrat? Filiabus dominae clarae fabulam novam nàrrat. 9. Clara est insula Sicilia. ro. Quem laudat Latona? Latona filiam laudat.

THE SECOND DECLENSION 31

First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, 88 502-505

LESSON IX THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION

70. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions.

The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the nominative and the gender.

71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or O-Declen- sion ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in -i.

72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly masculine.

73. Declension of nouns in -us and -um. Masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows :

dominus (base domin-) m., zzas/er ^ pilum (base pil-), n., spear

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS

Nom, do'minus! -us pilum -um Gen. domini E! pili E! Dat. | domino n pilo - Acc. | dominum -um pilum -um ABL. — domino 5 pilo 4 Voc. | domine -e pilum -um

PLURAL Vom. | domini E! pila -a Gen. | domino'rum rum pild’rum -órum Dat. | dominis ds pilis -is Acc. dominés -ós pila -a Abl. . dominis ds pilis -Is

1 Compare the declension of domina and of dominus.

32 THE PREDICATE NOUN

a. Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same termina- tions excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusa- tive plural.

à. The vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -8, as domine, O master, serve, O slave. This is the single exception to the rule in $ 56. a.

,

74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and pilum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions :

a. The vocative, with a single exception (see $ 73. 4), is like the nomi- native. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural.

5. The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in -a.

c. The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s.

d. The dative and ablative plural are always alike.

e. Final -i and -o are always /ozg ; final-a is short, except in the abla- tive singular of the first declension.

75. Observe the sentences

Lesbia est bona, Lesbia zs good Lesbia est ancilla, ZLesóza zs a zsaidservant

We have learned ($ 55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predi- cate to describe the subject, is called a predicate adjective. Similarly a noun, as ancilla, used in the predicate to define the subject is called a predicate noun.

76. RULE. Predicate Noun. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.

PILA

THE SECOND DECLENSION 33

77. DIALOGUE GALBA AND Marcus First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

G. Quis, Marce, est legatus cum pilo et tuba?

M. Legatus, Galba, est Sextus.

G. Ubi Sextus habi- tat?!

M. In oppido Sextus cum filiabus habitat.

G. Amantne oppidani Sextum ?

M. Amant oppidani Sextum et laudant, quod magna cum constantià pugnat.

G. Ubi, Marce, est ancilla tua? Cir nón cenam parat?

M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equo légati aquam et frümentum dat.

G. Cir nón servus Sexti equum domini cürat ?

M. Sextus et servus ad mürum oppidi matirant. Oppidani bellum parant.?

LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA

lhabitat is here translated does Live. Note the Zee possible translations of the Latin present tense: he lives habitat i he is living he does live Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.

2 Observe that the verb paró means not only 7o prepare but also to prepare Jor, and governs the accusative case.

34 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

78. CONVERSATION

Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.

1. Ubi filiae Sexti habitant ? 4. Cuius equum ancilla cürat ? 2. Quem oppidani amant et lau- 5. Quis ad mürum cum Sexto dant? maturat ?

3. Quid ancilla equo legati dat? 6. Quid oppidàni parant?

LESSON X SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)

79. We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like bona, in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. 7MaseuZize adjectives of this class are declined like dominus, and neuters like pilum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:

MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE dominus bonus, ZZe good master pilum bonum, ¢he good spear Bases domin- bon- Baszs pil- bon- SINGULAR

TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS ‘Vom. do’minus bonus -us pilum bonum -um Gen. domini boni d pili boni d Dat. domino bond - pilo bond 5 Acc. | dominum bonum -um pilum bonum -um Abl. dominó bono 5 pild bono B Voc. | domine bone -e pilum bonum -um PLURAL

JVom. domini boni E! pila bona -a Gen. domin6’rum bono'rum -drum pilo^rum bond’rum -órum Dat. dominis bonis Js pilis bonis -is Acc. dominos bonos -6s pila bona -a

ABL dominis bonis -is pilis bonis -is

APPOSITION 35

Decline together bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, mürus altus, frümentum novum.

80. Observe the sentences

Lesbia ancilla est bona, Zesóza, the matdservant, is good Filia Lesbiae ancillae est bona, ‘he daughter of Lesbia, the maid- servant, ts good

Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat, ¢he slave loves Lesbia, the maid- servant

In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the class of persons to which Zeséza belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same case.

81. RULE. Apposition. Ax appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.

82. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1. Patria servi boni, vicus servorum bonórum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppidi magni, in oppido magno, in oppidis magnis. 3. Cum pilis longis, ad pila longa, ad müros latos. 4. Legate male, amici légati mali, cena grata domino bono. 5. Frümentum equorum parvórum, domine bone, ad légàtos claros. 6. Rhénus est in Ger- mania, patria mea. 7. Sextus legatus pilum longum portat. 8. Oppi- dani boni Sexto legato clard pecüniam dant. 9. Mali servi equum bonum Marci domini necant. ro. Galba agricola et Iülia filia bona laborant. 11. Marcus nauta in insula Sicilia habitat.

II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is caring for! the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening‘ to the little cottage ? of Julia, the farmer's daughter.

1 See footnote 1, p. 33. Remember that cürat is transitive and governs a direct object. 2 Not the dative. (Cf. § 43.)

36 ADJECTIVES

LESSON XI ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows :

SINGULAR

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER 4Vom. bonus bona bonum Gen. — boni bonae boni Dat. | bono bonae bonó Acc. | bonum bonam bonum Abl. | bono bona bond Voc. bone bona bonum

PLURAL

Vom. boni bonae bona Gen. | bonorum bonarum bonorum Dat. bonis bonis bonis Acc. bonds bonàs bona Abl. bonis bonis bonis

a, Write the declension and give it orally across the page, thus giving the three genders for each case.

4. Decline gratus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um ; parvus, -a, -um.

84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does zo? mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, sailor, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, « good sailor is nauta bonus. So, the wicked farmer is agricola malus. Learn the following declensions :

EXERCISES 37

8". nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., the good satlor SINGULAR PLURAL

Lvom. nauta bonus nautae boni Gen. nautae boni nautarum bonórum Dat. nautae bond nautis bonis Acc. | nautam bonum nautas bonós Ab. nautà bonó nautis bonis Voc. | nauta bone nautae boni

86. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1, Est! in vicó nauta bonus. 2. Sextus est amicus nautae boni. 3. Sextus nautae bono galeam dat. 4. Populus Rómànus nautam bonum laudat. 5. Sextus cum nautà bond praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone,.sunt arma et tela legati Romani? 7. Nautae boni ad bel- lum matürant. 8. Fama nautarum bonórum est clara. 9. Pugnae sunt gratae nautis bonis. ro. Oppidàni nautàs bonds cürant. 11. Cir, nautae boni, mali agricolae ad Rhénum matürant? r2. Mali agricolae cum bonis nautis pugnant.

IL 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty. 2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. 3. Why does Galba's daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? 4. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, where is my helmet? 7. The good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. 9. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. ro. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers ?

1 Est, beginning a declarative sentence, there zs.

GALEAE

38 NOUNS IN -/US AND -7UM

LESSON XII NOUNS IN -JUS AND -IUM

87. Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in -i in the genitive singular, zof in -il, and the accent rests on the penult; as, fili from filius (soz), praesi’di from praesi'dium (garrison).

88. Proper names of persons in -ius, and filius, end in -i in the vocative singular, zo? in -é, and the accent rests on the penult; as, Vergi'li, O Vergil ; fili, O son.

a, Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are alike.

89. praesidium (base praesidi), u., g2772soz — filius (base fili-), m., soz

SINGULAR JVom. praesidium filius Gen. praesidi fili Dat. praesidio filio Acc. — praesidium filium AD. praesidio filio Voc. | praesidium fili

The plural is regular. Note that the -i- of the base is lost only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like filius.

Decline together praesidium parvum ; filius bonus; fluvius longus, che long river, proelium clarum, ZZe famous battle. .

90. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1. Frümentum bonae terrae, gladi mali, belli longi. 2. Constantia magna, praesidia magna, clare Vergil 3. Male serve, O clarum oppidum, male fili, filii mali, fili mali. 4. Fluvi longi, fluvii longi, fluvi- orum longorum, fama praesi'di magni. s. Cum gladiis parvis, cum deabus claris, ad nautas claros. 6. Multorum proeliorum, praedae magnae, ad proelia düra.

NOUNS IN —-ER AND -7R 39

GERMANIA

IL Germania, patria Germànorum, est clara terra. In Germania sunt fluvii multi. Rhenus magnus et latus fluvius Germàniae est. In silvis làtis Germaniae sunt ferae multae. Multi Germàni in oppidis magnis et in vicis parvis habitant et multi sunt agricolae boni. Bella Germanorum sunt magna et clara. Populus Germàniae bellum et 5 proelia amat et saepe cum finitimis pugnat. Fluvius Rhénus est finitimus oppidis! multis et claris.

LESSON XIII SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)

91. Declension of Nouns in -er and -ir. In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r, like puer, doy; ager, feld; and vir, man. These words are therefore declined as follows:

92. puer, m., doy ager, m., field vir, m., man BasE puer- BASE agr- Base vir- SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Nom. puer ager vir Gen. pueri agri viri i Dat. puero agro viro 5 Acc. | puerum agrum virum -um AD. puero agro viro 4 PLURAL Vom. pueri agri virl i Gen. puerorum agrorum virorum trum Dat. pueris agris viris -is Acc. | puerüs agros virüs -ós AB. pueris agris viris ds

1 Dative with finitimus. (See $43.)

Un

40 ADJECTIVES IN -ZR

a. The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, following the general rule (§ 74. a).

&. The declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular.

c. Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it- easier to pronounce. Most words in -er are declined like ager. Zhe genitive shows whether you are to follow puer or ager.

93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are de- clined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer, but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus,

Masc. FEM. NEUT.

liber libera liberum (ree) is like puer pulcher pulchra pulchrum (pretty) is like ager

For the full declension in the three genders, see § 469. 2. c.

94. Decline together the words vir liber, terra libera, frümentum liberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum.

95. ITALIA! First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.

Magna est Italiae fama, patriae Romanorum, et clara est Roma, domina orbis terrarum.? Tiberim,? fluvium Romanum, quis nón laudat et pulchros fluvio finitimos agrós? Altos müros, longa et düra bella, clarás victorias quis non laudat? Pulchra est terra Italia. Agri boni agricolis praemia dant magna, et equi agricolarum cópiam frümenti ad oppida et vicos portant. In agris populi Romani laborant multi servi. Viae Italiae sunt longae et latae. Finitima Italiae est insula Sicilia.

1In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown by the order of

the words. ? orbis terrarum, of the world. 8 Tiberim, /Ze Tiber, accusative case. *

ADJECTIVES IN -ZR 4I

96. DIALOGUE

MARCUS AND CORNELIUS

C. Ubi est, Marce, filius tuus? Estne in pulchra terra Italia? M. Non est, Corneli, in Italia. Ad fluvium Rhénum máàtürat cum

cópiis Romànis quia est! fama novi belli cum Germanis. Liber Germàniae populus Romanos non amat.

C. Estne filius tuus copiarum Romanarum légatus ?

M. Legatus non est, sed est apud legiónàrios.

C. Quae? arma portat??

M. Scütum magnum et lori- cam düram et galeam pulchram portat.

C. Quae tela portat ?

M. Gladium et pilum longum portat.

C. Amatne légatus filium tuum ?

M. Amat, et saepe filio meo praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat.

C. Ubi est terra Germanorum ?

LEGIONARIUS

M. Terra Germanorum, Cornéli, est finitima Rheno, fluvio magno

et alto.

1 est, before its subject, there zs; so sunt, there are. 2 Quae, what kind of,

an interrogative adjective pronoun. lations of the present tense? -

3 What are the three possible trans-

42 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

LESSON XIV

THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

97. Observe the sentences This is my shield This shield ts mine

In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective; in the second mine is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, ¢hzs shield is mine being equivalent to ZAzs shield zs my shield. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes adjectzves and sometimes pronouns.

98. The possessives my, mine, your, yours, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions.

SINGULAR Ist Pers. meus, mea, meum my, mine 2d Pers. tuus, tua, tuum your, yours 34 Pers. suus, sua, suum his (own), her (own), its (own) PLURAL Zst Pers, noster, nostra, nostrum Our, ours 2d Pers. vester, vestra, vestrum Jour, yours 34d Pers. suus, sua, suum their (own), theirs

Note. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine mi, as mi fili, O my son.

a. The possessives agree with the name of the zing Possessed in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in

Sextus ts calling his boy Sextus

Julia is calling her boy — lulia } ii eat

Observe that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the gender of Sextus or Julia.

6, When your, yours, refers to ove person, use tuus; when to more than one, vester; as,

Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty — Coronae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae Girls, your wreaths are pretty Corónae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae

EXERCISES 43

c. Suus is a reflexive possessive, that is, it always refers back to the sudject. Thus, Vir suos servos vocat means 7he man calls his (own) slaves. Here hzs (suos) refers to man (vir), and could not refer to any one else.

d. Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. § 22. a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our Js own, her own, etc.

99. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.

I. 1. Marcus amico Sexto consilium suum nüntiat. 2. Est copia frümenti in agris nostris. 3. Amici mei bonam cénam ancillae vestrae laudant. 4. Tua lorica, mi fili, est düra. 5. Scüta nostra et tela, mi amice, in castris Romanis sunt. 6. Suntne viri patriae tuae liberi? Sunt. 7. Ubi, Cornéli, est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, Sexte, est in casà mea. 9. Pilum longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Lilia gallinàs suas pulchras amat et gallinae dominam suam amant. ir. Nostra castra sunt vestra. 12. Est copia praedae in castris vestris. 13. Amici tui miseris et aegris cibum et pecüniam saepe dant.

IL r. Our teacher praises Mark's industry. 2. My son Sextus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.! 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.? 4. There are? frequent battles in our villages. 5. My son, where is the lieutenant's food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours.

* 1 Not the dative. Why? 2 Here the adjectives sick and wretched are used like nouns. 3 Where should sunt stand? Cf. I. 2 above.

AGRICOLA ARAT

44 THE ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH

LESSON XV THE ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH

100. Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (8 50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition wth. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by cum. This will become clear from the following sentences:

a. Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food à. Diana kills the beasts vzZz (or dy) her arrows

c. Julia is with Sextus

d. The men fight wth great steadiness

a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feeble- ness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of cause :

Marcus est infirmus inopia cibi

&. In sentence 4, w7th (or by) her arrows tells by means of what Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative of means:

Diana sagittis suis feras necat

c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but in company with Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposi- tion cum, and the construction is called the ablative of accompaniment : :

Iulia est cum Sexto

4. In sentence @ we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of manner. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with cum, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case cum may be omitted. This construction is called the ablative of manner:

Viri (cum) constantia magna pugnant

101. You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting zz¢h .

THE ABLATIVE DENOTING JZI/TH 45

102. Rurr. Ablative of Cause. Cause is denoted by the abla- tive without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?

103. RuLE. Ablative of Means. Jeans is denoted by the abla- tive without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what ?

N.B. Cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means. *

104. Rurr. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom ?

105. Rurr. Ablative of Manner. 7Ze ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action, Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner ?

106. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer ?

The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (ov by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.

107. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.

I. Zhe Romans prepare for War. Romani, clarus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agris suis, vicis, oppidisque magno studio viri validi ad arma matirant. Iam légati cum legionàriis ex Italia ad Rhenum, fluvium Germaniae altum et latum, properant, et servi equis et carris cibum frümentumque ad castra Romana portant. Inopia bondrum telorum infirmi sunt Germani, sed Romani armàti galeis, loricis, scütis, gladiis, pilisque sunt validi.

46 THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba’s cottage. s. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening to the river Rhine.

LESSON XVI THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

108. There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders:

Masc. FEM. NEUT. Gen. Aus -ius -ius Dat. A E! E

Otherwise they are declined like bonus, -a, -um. Learn the list and the meaning of each:

alius, alia, aliud, other, another (of —nüllus, -a, -um, zoze, no

several) solus, -a, -um, alone alter, altera, alterum, ¢he one, the — totus, -a, -um, a//, whole, entire other (of two) uter, utra, utrum, wich ? ünus, -a, -um, ove, alone, (in the (of two) plural) ozZy neuter, neutra, neutrum, ze/Aer üllus, -a, -um, any (of two) 109. PARADIGMS SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. nüllus nülla nullum alius alia aliud Gen. nüll/'us nüllitus nülli'us ali’us ali'us ali’us Dat. nilli nülli nulli alii alii alii Acc. nülum X nüllam nüllum alium aliam aliud AM. —nüllo nulla nullo alio alia alio

. THE PLURAL IS REGULAR

THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 47

a, Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius. The genitive alius is rare. Instead of it use alterius, the genitive of alter.

6, These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pro- nouns (see $ 114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the pronominal adjectives.

110. Learn the following idioms:

alter, -era, -erum . . . alter, era, -erum, Zhe one . . . the other (of two) alius, -a, -ud . . . alius, -a, -ud, oze . . . another (of any number) alii, -ae,-a . . .'alil, -ae, -a, some . . . others

EXAMPLES

I. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, ¢he one town is large, the other small (of two towns).

2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud infirmum, oxe town zs strong, another weak (of towns in general).

3. Alii gladios, alii scüta portant, some carry swords, others shields.

111. EXERCISES

I. 1. In utrà casa est Iülia? Iülia est in neutra casa. 2. Nülli malo puerd praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. 4. Alii viri aquam, alii terram amant. 5. Galba: ünus (or solus) cum studio laborat. 6. Estne illus carrus in agro meo? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterius domini, Tullia alterius. 8. Lesbia sola cénam parat. 9. Cena nüllius alterius ancillae est bona. ro. Lesbia nülli alii viro cenam dat.

Note. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns.

II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. weak because of) lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.

48 THE DEMONSTRATIVE JS, £4, 4D

LESSON XVII THE DEMONSTRATIVE JIS, EA, ID

112. A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in the latter demonstrative adjectives.

113. Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectives. The one used most is

is, masculine; ea, feminine; id, neuter

this T these

SINGULAR PLURAL that \ those

114. Is is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of alius, § 109.

BASE e- SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. -NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. is ea id el(orv ii) eae ea

Gen. eius eius eius eorum eàrum eorum Dat. a el ei eis (ov iis) els(oriis) eis (or iis) Acc. eum eam id eos eas ea

AD eo ea eo eis (or ils) eis (ov iis) eis (07 ils)

Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive singular eius is pronounced eh’yws. In the plural the forms with two i's are preferred and the two i's are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce ii as 1 and iis as is.

115. Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, tt. s a personal pronoun, then, is would have the following meanings :

COMPARISON BETWEEN SUUS AND JS 49

(Mom. is, he; ea, she, id, it "

Gen. eius, of him or his ; eius, of her, her, or hers; eius, of zi or zs

Since. 4 Daf. ei, fo or for him, ei, to or for her, ei, fo or for it

Acc. eum, him, eam, her; id, if

Abl. — eb, with, from, etc., him, ea, with, from, etc., her; eo, with, from, etc., it

(Vom. ei or il, eae, ea, they

Gen. eorum, eárum, eórum, of them, their

Prum.4 Daz. eis or iis, eis or ils, eis or iis, fo or for them

Acc. eds, eds, ea, them

\Aél. — eis or iis, eis or iis, eis or iis, with, from, etc., them

116. Comparison between suus and is. We learned above (§ 98. ¢) that suus is a reflexive possessive. When s, her (poss.), zs, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express fis, her, its by eius, the genitive singular of is, ea, id; and /Aer by the genitive plural, using eorum to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and earum to refer to a feminine one.

|" EXAMPLES

Galba calls his (own) son, Galba suum filium vocat

Galba calls his son (not his own, but another's), Galba eius filium vocat Julia calls her (own) children, Yülia suds liberos vocat

Julia calls her children (not her own, but another's), Iulia eius liberos

vocat

The men praise their (own) boys, viri suds puerós laudant

The men praise their boys (not their own, but others’), viri eorum puerós laudant 3

117. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans.

4. The other woman is calling her chickens (Zer ow). 5. Another woman is calling her chickens (wot her own). 6. The Gaul praises

50 EXERCISES

his arms (A7s-own). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (not his own). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their master (¢heir own). ro. Those wretched slaves long for their master (ot their own). 11. Free men love their own father- land. r2. They love its villages and towns. d

118. DIALOGUE!

CORNELIUS AND Marcus

M. Quis est vir, Corneli, cum puero parvo ? Estne Rom4nus et liber ?

C. Romanus nón est, Marce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in silvis Galliae.

M. Estne puer filius eius servi an alterius?

C. Neutrius filius est puer. Is est filius legáti Sexti.

M. Quo puer cum eo servo properat ?

C. Is cum servó properat ad latos Sexti agrós.? Totum frümentum est iam mátürum et magnus servórum numerus in Italiae * agris laborat.

-

M. Agricolaene sunt Galli et patriae suae agros arant?

C. Non agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Galli, non agri cultüram. Apud eos viri pugnant et feminae auxilio liberorum agrós arant parantque cibum.

M. Magister noster pueris puellisque gratas Gallórum fabulas saepe narrat et laudat eos saepe.

C. Mala est fortüna eorum et saepe miseri servi multis cum lacri- mis patriam suam désiderant.

1 There are a number of departures from the normal order in this dialogue. Find them, and give the reason. ? When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective, a favorite order of words is adjective, genitive, noun, 3 A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its object.

Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, 88 506-509

CONJUGATION 5I

LESSON XVIII CONJUGATION THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF SUM

119. The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation (cf. § 23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, J am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in sense, mood, voice, person, and number.

120. The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to differ- ent times are called its /ezses. The chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future:

I. The present, that is, what zs happening now, or what usually happens, is ex- >} THE PRESENT TENSE pressed by

2. The past, that is, what was happening, used to happen, happened, has happened, or had happened, is expressed by j

THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES

3. The future, that is, what zs going to hap- } thE FUTURE AND BUTÜRE pen, is expressed by PERFECT TENSES

121. The Moods. Verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive.

a. A verb is in the zzZzcafzve mood when it makes a statement or asks

a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.

122. The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (/ sémg); the second person the person spoken to (you sing); the third person the person spoken of

52 CONJUGATION

(Ae sings). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different per- sons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. $ 22 4; 29). We have already learned that -t is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL rst Pers. I -m or © we -mus 2d Pers. thou or you -s you -tis 34 Pers. he, she, it t they -nt

193. Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called 7zegw/ar verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called zvregular. The verb 7o e is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows:

PRESENT INDICATIVE

SINGULAR PLURAL ist Pers. su-m, 7 az su-mus, we are 2d Pers. e-8, you? are es-tis, you} are 34d Pers. est, he, she, or tt ts su-nt, they are

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE

ist Pers. er-a-m, J was er-a’-mus, we were 2d Pers. er-à-s, you were er-a’-tis, you were jd Pers. er-a-t, he, she, or it was er-a-nt, they were

FuTURE INDICATIVE

Ist Pers. er-o, I shall be er’-i-mus, we shall be 2d Pers. er-i-s, you will be er’-i-tis, you will be 3d Pers. er-it, he will be er-u-nt, they will be

a. Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and con- sult $$ 12. 2; 14; 15.

1 Observe that in English you are, you were, etc. may be either singular or plural In Latin the singular and plural forms are never the same.

PrLarE II

"STABIANA PORTA URBEM INGRESSI SUNT”

(See page 208)

EXERCISES 53

124. DIALOGUE Tue Boys Sextus AND Marcus

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

S. Ubi es, Marce? Ubi est Quintus? Ubi estis, amici?

M. Cum Quinto, Sexte, in silva sum. Non soli sumus; sunt in silvà multi alii pueri.

S. Nunc laetus es, sed nüper non laetus eras. Cür miser eras?

M. Miser eram quia amici mei erant in alio vicd et eram solus. Nunc sum apud socios meds. Nunc laeti sumus et erimus.

S. Erátisne in lüdo hodie ?

M. Hodie non eramus in lüdo, quod magister erat aeger.

S. Eritisne mox in lüdo ?

M. Amici mei ibi erunt, sed ego (7) nón ero.

S. Cür nón ibi eris? Magister, saepe irátus, inopiam tuam studi diligentiaeque nón laudat.

M. Nüper aeger eram et nunc infirmus sum.

125. EXERCISE

1. You are, you were, you will be, (sing. and plur.). 2.1 am, I was, I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We are, we were, we shall be. 5. They are, they were, they will be.

6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. 8. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry.

PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO

54 PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

LESSON XIX

THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS - PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMÓ AND MONEO

126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These con- jugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.! This vowel is called the dstinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive.

Below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel.

CONJUGATION Pres. INFIN. Pres. STEM dp ora I. ama're, 7o love amà- a II. mone're, Zo advise mone- é III. re’gére, fo rule regé- é IV. audi're, Zo hear audi- i

4. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -te, the ending of the present infinitive.

Norte. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the present stem. 127. From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and Suture tenses.

128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:

a/mo, ama're (/ove) mo’ned, moné’re (advise) = x PERSONAL PRES. STEM ama- Pres. STEM mone- ENDINGS I. amo, J love mone, 7 advise -ó Sinc. 4 2. amas, you love mofnes, you advise -s 3. amat, he (she, zt) loves — mo'net, he (she, it) advises + I. ama’mus, we love moné’mus, we advise -mus Piur. 4 2. ama'tis, you love moné'tis, you advise -tis 3. a'/mant, they love monent, ZZey advise -nt

1 The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. $ 58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflection&l terminations. This point is further explained in 8 230.

PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 55

I. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses -0 and not -m. The form amo is for amá-o, the two vowels 4-6 contracting to 0. In moneo there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation.

2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel (mon&-ó = mo’néd), and before final -t (amit, monét) and -nt : (amánt, monént). Compare § r2. 2.

129. Like amd and moned inflect the present active indicative of the

following verbs!:

INDICATIVE PRESENT a'ro, 7 plow cü'ro, 7 care for *de'leo, 7 destroy desi'dero, 7 long for do,? J give *ha’bed, J have ha’bitd, 7 Zve, J dwell *iu’beb, 7 order laboro, 7 labor lau'do, 7 prazse matü'ro, J hasten *mo’ved, 7 move nàr'ro, 7 ze// ne'co, 7 £i nün'tio, 7 announce pa'ro, 7 prepare por'to, J carry pro/pero, 7 hasten pug/no, 7 fight *vi'deo, J see vo'/co, J call

INFINITIVE PRESENT ara’re, Zo plow cüra're, Zo care for délé’re, /o destroy désidera’re, Zo long for da’re, Zo give habé're, fo have habita’re, Zo ive, to dwell iubé’re, Zo order labora’re, Zo labor laudà're, /o praise matira’re, Zo hasten mové're, fo move narra’re, Zo fell neca’re, Zo eil nintia’re, Zo announce para're, Zo prepare porta’re, Zo carry propera’re, Zo hasten pugna’te, Zo fight vidére, Zo see voca’re, Zo call

130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, / “ze, J am living, or [ do live. In Latin the one expression habito covers

all three of these expressions. ft 1 The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings. 2 Observe that in do, dare, the a

is skort, and that the present stem is dá- and not dà-. The only forms of dó that have a long are das (pres. indic.), dà (pres. imv.), and dans (pres. part.).

56 IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

131. EXERCISES

Give the voice, mood, tense, person, and number of each form.

I. 1. Vocadmus, properatis, iubent. 2. Movétis, laudas, vides. 3. Dé létis, habetis, dant. 4. Matüras, desiderat, videmus. 5. Iubet, mo- vent, necat. 6. Nàrrámus, movés, vident. 7. Laborátis, properant, portas, parant. 8. Delet, habétis, iubemus, das.

N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in trans- lating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.

II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have (szmg.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce.

LESSON XX IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMO AND MONEO

132. Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like was, shall, will, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called sense signs.

133. Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of the imperfect is -bà-, which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:

PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING ama- ba- m loving was I

The inflection is as follows:

CONJUGATION I ConjJuGATION II PERSONAL SINGULAR ENDINGS I. ama’bam, / was loving moné’bam, / was advising -m 2. ama’bas, you were loving moné’bas, you were advising -s

3. ama’bat, Ze was loving moné’bat, he was advising +

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 57

PERSONAL PLURAL ENDINGS

I. amaba’mus, we were loving monéba’mus, we were advising -mus 2. amaba’tis, you were loving | monébà'tis, you were advising -tis 3. ama’bant, ¢hey were loving moné’bant, they were advising -nt

4. Note that the à of the tense sign -bà- is shortened before -nt, and before m and t when final. (Cf. $ 12. 2.)

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in $ 129.

134. Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time, like the English past- progressive tense (as, / was walking). lt is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.

135. EXERCISES

I. 1. Vidébàmus, deésideràbat, maàtürabàs. 2. Dabant, vocabatis, délébamus. 3. Pugnant, laudàbàs, movébatis. 4. Iubébant, propera- batis, portabamus. 5. Dabàs, narrabant, laborabatis. 6. Vidébant, movébàs, niintiabamus. 7. Necabat, movébam, habébat, parabatis.

II. 1. You were having (szmg. and iur.) we were killing, they were laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fight- ing. 3. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (szmg. and plur.). 6. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising.

136. Ni'OBE AND HER CHILDREN First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

Niobe, regina Thébanórum, erat pulchra femina sed superba. Erat superba non solum forma? sua maritique potentia! sed etiam magno liberorum numero.! Nam habébat? septem filios et septem filis. Sed ea superbia erat reginae? causa magnae tristitiae et liberis ? causa dürae poenae.

Note. The words Niobé, Thébanórum, and mariti will be found in the general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other words.

1 Ablative of cause. ? Translate Aad; it denotes a past situation. (See § 134.) 8 Dative, cf. § 43.

58 FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE

LESSON XXI FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMO AND MONEO

137. The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is -bi-. This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows :

PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING ama- bi- S Jove will you

138. The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows:

CONJUGATION I ConjucaTIon II ' SINGULAR 1. amà'bo, / shall love mone^bó, J shall advise 2. ama’bis, you wzll love moné’bis, you w7ll advise 3. ama’bit, he well love moné’bit, he will advise PLURAL I. amà'bimus, we shall love moné’bimus, we shall advise 2. ama/bitis, you wz// love moné’bitis, you will advise 3. ama’bunt, they will love moné’bunt, they will advise 4. The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -bó in the

first person singular is contracted from -bi-. The -bi- appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of ero, the future of sum. Pay especial attention to the accent.

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in § 129.

139. EXERCISES

I. xr. Movébitis, laudabis, arabd. 2. Délébitis, vocabitis, dabunt. 3. Matiirabis, désiderabit, videbimus. 4. Habébit, movébunt, necabit. 5. Narrabimus, monébis, vidébunt. 6. Laborabitis, ctirabunt, dabis. 7. Habitabimus, properabitis, iubébunt, parabit. 8. Nüntiabo, porta- bimus, iubébo.

II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will

THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 59

move, you will give, (szmg. and plur.) 4. We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell (plur.). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have (szzg. and plur.), he will destroy.

140. Ni'osg AND HER CHILDREN (Concluded) First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.

Apollo et Diana erant liberi Làtonae. lis Thébani sacra crébra parábant Oppidani amabant Latonam et liberos eius. Id superbae reginae erat molestum. “Cir,” inquit, " Làtonae et liberis sacra paratis? Duds liberos habet Làtóna; quattuordecim habeo ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?" Latona iis verbis? iráta liberos suds vocat. Ad eam volant Apollo Diànaque et sagittis? suis miseros liberos réginae superbae delent. Niobe, nüper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud liberos interfectós et cum perpetuis lacrimis * eds désiderat.

Note. Consult the general vocabulary for Apollo, inquit, duos, and quattuor- decim. Try to remember the meaning of all the other words.

LESSON XXII REVIEW OF VERBS - THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

141. Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of sum and the verbs in § 129.

142. We learned in § 43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in § 44 that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases

1 Observe the force of the imperfect here, zsed to prepare, were in the habit of preparing; so amabant denotesa past situation of affairs. (See $134.) 2 Abla- tive of cause. 3 Ablative of means. * This may be either manner or ac- companiment. It is often impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinc- tion. It was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.

60 THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

where gratus, agreeable fo, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had molestus, annoying £o, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule:

143. Rurr. Dative with Adjectives. Zhe dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites.

144. Among such adjectives memorize the following :

idoneus, -a, -um, /£Z, suztable (for) molestus, -a, -um, anoying (to), amicus, -a, -um, /7zezd/y (to) troublesome (to) inimicus, -a, -um, Zoszze (to) finitimus, -a, -um, zezg/ior?ng (to) gratus, -a, -um, pleasing (to) agree- proximus, -a, -um, wearest, next able (to) (to) 145. EXERCISES

I. 1. Romani terram idoneam agri cultürae habent. 2. Galli copiis Romanis inimici erant. 3. Cui dea Latona amica nón erat? 4. Dea Làtóna superbae reginae amica non erat. 5. Cibus noster, Marce, erit armatis viris gratus. 6. Quid erat molestum populis Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum Gallis erant molesta populis Italiae. 8. Agri Germànorum fluvio Rhéno finitimi erant. 9. Rómàni ad silvam oppido proximam castra movebant. 10. Non solum forma sed etiam superbia reginae erat magna. 11. Mox régina pulchra erit aegra tristitia. 12. Cir erat Niobe, regina Thébanorum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobe multis filiis et filiabus.

II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans will move their forces to a large field! suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to

the Gauls. , 1 Why not the dative?

PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 61

146. CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.

Apud antiquas dominas, Cornélia, Africani filia, erat ! maximé clara. Filii eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus. Ii pueri cum Cornélia in oppido Roma, claro Italiae oppido, habitabant. Ibi eos cüràbat Cornelia et ibi magno cum studio eos docébat. Bona femina erat Cornelia et bonam disciplinam maximé amàbat.

NorTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.

LESSON XXIII PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO

147. As we learned in $ 126, the present stem of the third con- jugation ends in -€, and of the fourth in -i. The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows:

ConjucaTion III ConjuGATIon IV re/gó, re’gere (ue) au’did, audire (ear) Pres. STEM regé- Pres, STEM audi- SINGULAR I. re/go, J rule au’did, 7 hear 2. regis, you rule au'dis, you hear 3. re’git, he (she, it) rules audit, he (she, it) hears PLURAL I. re/gimus, we rule audi'mus, we hear 2. re’gitis, you rule audi'tis, you hear 3. re'gunt, ¢hey rule au'diunt, they hear eae

1. The personal endings are the same as before.

2. The final short -e- of the stem regé- combines with the -6 in the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and becomes -i- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of erd, the future of sum.

1 Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive action,

or describe a state.of affairs. (Cf. $134.)

5

62 PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

3. In audio the personal endings are added regularly to the stem audi-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as audi-u-nt. Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final -t just as in amd and moneo. (Cf. 8 12. 2.)

Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. § 12. 1,2.)

148. Like regó and audio inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs:

INDICATIVE PRESENT * INFINITIVE PRESENT ago, J drive agere, Zo drive dico, / say dicere, 7o say düco, 7 lead dücere, Zo lead mitto, 7 send mittere, Zo send münio, / fortify münire, zo fortify reperio, 7 fina reperire, Zo zd venio, 7 come venire, 20 come

149. EXERCISES

I. r. Quis agit? Cir venit? Quem mittit? Quem dücis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra müniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venimus. Quid puer reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dü- citis? Quid dicunt? 5. Münimus, venitis, dicit. 6. Agimus, reperitis, münis. 7. Reperis, dücitis, dicis. 8. Agitis, audimus, regimus.

II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am driving, you are leading, they are hear- ing. 4. You send, he says, you fortify (sing. and plur.). s. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (2/7 plur.).

150. CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (Concluded)

Proximum domicilio Cornéliae erat pulchrae Campanae domicilium. Campana erat superba non solum forma sud sed maximé ornàmentis suis. Ea! laudabat semper. ‘ Habésne tii ülla órnàmenta, Cornélia ? "

* 1 ea, accusative plural neuter.

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 63

inquit. " Ubi sunt tua ornamenta?" Deinde Cornelia filios suds Tiberium et Gaium vocat. ' Pueri mei," inquit, " sunt mea órnàmenta. Nam boni liberi sunt semper bonae feminae órnàmenta maximé clara.”

Note. The only new words here are Campàna, semper, and ta.

"PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA"

LESSON XXIV

IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO - THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS

151. " PARADIGMS COoNJUGATION III ConjuGATION IV SINGULAR

I. regé’bam, / was ruling audié’bam, 7 was hearing

2. regé’bas, you were ruling audié’bas, you were hearing 3. regebat, he was ruling audié’bat, he was hearing

PLURAL

I. regéba’mus, we were ruling audiéba’mus, we were hearing 2. regéba’tis, you were ruling audiéba’tis, you were hearing

3. regé’bant, they were ruling audié’bant, they were hearing

64 DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS

I. The tense sign is -bà-, as in the first two conjugations.

2. Observe that the final -é- of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign -bà-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. monébam and nd regébam).

3. In the fourth conjugation -&- is Inserted between the stem and the tense sign -bà- (audi-é-ba-m).

4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in $ 148.

152. EXERCISES

I. 1. Agébat, veniebat, mittebat, dücebant. 2. Agébant, mittébant, dücébàs, müniebant. 3. Mittébamus, diicébatis, dicebant. 4. Miinié- bamus, veniébatis, dicebàs. 5. Mittebàs, veniebàmus, reperiébat. 6. Reperiébàs, veniébàs, audiébatis. 7. Agébamus, reperiébatis, müni- ebat. 8. Agébatis, dicebam, müniébam.

IL. 1. They were leading, you were driving (szmg. and plur.), he was fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was com- ing. 3. You were sending, you were fortifying, (sing. and plur.), he was saying. 4. They were hearing, you were leading (sing. and plur.), I was driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (sing. and plur.), we were coming, they were ruling.

153. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above ($ 20. 2) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an zmzrazszive verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case ($ 45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person to whom a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. $ 43.)

credo, credere, delieve (give belief to)

faveo, favere, favor (show favor to)

noced, nocére, 2/272 (do harm to)

pared, parere, odcy (give obedience to)

persuádeo, persuadére, persuade (offer persuasion to) resisto, resistere, 725257 (offer resistance to)

studeo, studére, de eager for (give attention to)

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE 65

154. RULE. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. Zhe dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs credo, faved, noceó, pared, persuadeo, resisto, studeo, and others of like meaning.

155. EXERCISE

1. Crédisne verbis sociórum? Multi verbis eorum nón crédunt. 2. Mei finitimi consilio tuo nón favébunt, quod bello student. 3. Tibe- rius et Gàius disciplinae dürae nón resistebant et Corneliae parébant. 4. Dea erat inimica septem filiabus reginae. s. Düra poena et per- petua tristitia réginae non persuadébunt. 6. Nüper ea resistebat et nunc resistit potentiae Latonae. 7. Mox sagittae volabunt et liberis miseris nocébunt.

LESSON XXV FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGÓ AND AUDIÓ

156. In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and second conjugations, we use -à-l in the first person singular and -&- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -é- of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final -1- of the stem is retained.?

157. PARADIGMS CoNJUGATION III CoNJUGATION IV

SINGULAR

I. re’gam, J shall rule au'diam, J shall hear

2. re/ges, you will rule au'dies, you will hear

3. re’get, he will rule au'diet, he will hear PLURAL

I. regé’mus, we shall rule audié’mus, we shall hear

2. regé'tis, you will rule audié'tis, you w7ll hear

3. re’gent, they will rule au'dient, they will hear

1 The -à- is shortened before -m final, and -&- before -t final and before -nt. (Cf. §12.2.) 2 The -i- is, of course, shortened, being before another vowel, (Cf. $12. 1.)

66 VERBS IN -/O OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION

I. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular. 2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in $148.

158. EXERCISES

I. r. Dicet, dücétis, müniémus. 2. Dicent, dicétis, mittémus. 3. Münient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dücet, mittes, veniet, aget. 5. Müniet, reperiétis, apémus. 6. Mittam, veniemus, regent. 7. Au- dietis, venies, reperies. 8. Reperiet, agam, dücemus, mittet. 9. Vidé- bitis, sedebo, vocabimus.

II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will lead, they will hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (sug. and plur.), he will say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send.

6. Who! will believe the story? I? shall believe the story. 7. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him ? They will persuade him. ro. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.

LESSON XXVI

VERBS IN -/Ü OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION - THE IMPERA- TIVE MOOD

159. There are a few common verbs ending in -ió which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. $126.) Compare

audio, audi're (Zea7), fourth conjugation capio, ca’pere (722), third conjugation

1 Remember that quis, co, is singular in number. ? Express by ego, because it is emphatic.

PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE 67

160. The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of capió are inflected as follows : capio, capere, fake PRES. STEM Cape-

PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE SINGULAR

I. ca’pid capié’bam ca/piam

2. ca’pis capié’bas ca’piés

3. ca’pit capié’bat ca’piet PLURAL

I. ca/pimus capiéba’mus capié’mus

2. ca’pitis capiéba‘tis capie'tis

3. ca’piunt capié’bant ca’pient

I. Observe that capid and the other -ió verbs follow the fourth conju- gation wherever in the fourth conjugation ‘wo vowels occur in succession. (Cf. capio, audid ; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf.capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)

2. Like capio, inflect

facio, facere, make, do iaci6, iacere, hurl fugio, fugere, /7ze rapió, rapere, sezze

161. The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command; as, come/ send/ The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural Zhe singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular.

CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL I. ama, Jove thou amà'te, Jove ye II. moné, advise thou moné’te, advise ye IIL. (a) rege, rule thou re’gite, rule ye (4) cape, take thou ca’pite, take ye IV. audi, ear thou audi'te, hear ye sum (irregular) es, £e thou este, je ye

I. In the third conjugation the final -é- of the stem becomes -i- in the plural. 7

68 THE PASSIVE VOICE

2. The verbs dico, say, düco, Zead and facio, make, have the irregular forms dic, düc, and fac in the singular.

3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of venio, düco, voco, doceo, laudo, dico, sedeo, ago, facio, münio, mitto, rapio.

162. EXERCISES

I. x. Fugient, faciunt, iaciébat. 2. Dele, nüntiáte, fugiunt. 3. Ve- nite, dic, facietis. 4. Dücite, iaciam, fugiébant. 5. Fac, iaciébamus, fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedéte, reperi, docete. 7. Fugiémus, iacient, rapies. 8. Reperient, rapiebàtis, nocent. 9. Favéte, resiste, parébitis.

10. Vola ad multàs terras et dà auxilium. 11. Ego tela mea capiam et multas ferás delébo. r2. Quis fabulae tuae crédet? 13. Este boni, pueri, et audite verba grata magistri.

II. x. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. 2. With her weapons shé will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid to the weak.! 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell? the famous story to your children.

Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, 88 510-512

LESSON XXVII

THE PASSIVE VOICE - PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF AMÓ AND MONEO

163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an

action ; as, The lion —> Zz//ed —> the hunter A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its sub- ject as receiving an action; as, The lion «— was killed <— by the hunter Note the direction of the arrows.

1 Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf. $99. II. 3.) 2 Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as in English.

PASSIVE INDICATIVE OF 4M6 AND MONEO 69

164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows: I. 3, 7 I. SiNc. 4. 2. -ris, -re, you 3. -tur, he, she, zt

-mur, we 2. -mini, you 3. -ntur, they

PLUR.

4. Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign.

165. PARADIGMS amo, amare moneo, monére Pres. STEM ama- Pres. STEM moné- PRESENT INDICATIVE AT ENDINGS a'mor, / am loved mo‘neor, J am advised -ort ama‘ris or amá're, you ave — moné'ris oz mone're, you -ris or -re SING. . : loved are advised ama‘tur, he zs loved mone'tur, Ze zs advised — -tur (oo we are loved moné’mur, we are ad- | -mur vised PLUR. amà'mini, you are loved moné’mini, you ave ad- -mini vised aman'tur, they are loved monen'tur, ¢hey ave ad- — -ntur C vised IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -bà-) ( ama'bar, / was being loved moné’bar, 7 was being + advised amaba’ris oz amaba’te, you monéba’ris ov mone- SING. were being loved ba’re, you were being -ris or -re advised amaba’tur, Ze was being moneba'tur, he was be- -tur loved ing advised ( amaba’mur, we were being monéba’mur, we were -mur loved being advised Prur, , amaba’mini, you were be- monéba’mini, you were — -mini ing loved being advised amában'tur, ZAey were be- monéban’tur, they were — -ntur _ eng loved being advised

1 In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or.

70 EXERCISES

Future (TENSE SIGN -bi-) pao irs ama’bor, 7 shall be loved moné'/bor, 7 shall be ad- + | vised ama’beris o» ama’bere, you moné’beris o» moné~ Sine. will be loved bere, you will be ad- -ris or -re vised amà'bitur, e will be loved — moné'bitur, ze will be — -tur L advised ama’bimur, we shall be moné’bimur, eve s£a// be — -mur loved advised PEUX. amabi’mini, you 2// be monébi’mini, you 2wi// -mini loved be advised amabun’tur, ¢hey wil] be monébun’tur, they will -ntur l loved be advised

*

I; The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.

2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the third person plural.

3. Inflect laudo, necd, porto, moved, deleó, iubeo, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

166. Intransitive verbs, such as mátüro, 7 hasten, habito, 7 dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.

167. EXERCISES

I. zr. Laudaris ov laudare, laudas, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit, vide- mini, videtis. 3. Vocabat, vocábatur, délébitis, délébimini. 4. Para- batur, parabat, cüràs, cüràris or cüràre. s. Portàbantur, portabant, vidébimur, vidébimus. 6. Iubéris oz iubére, iubes, laudabaris or lauda- bare, laudabas. 7. Movéberis or movébere, movébis, dabantur, dabant. 8. Delentur, delent, parabamur, parabamus.

II. x. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered. 3. You wil be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we,are praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call,

EXERCISES 71

you will have, you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.

p? a»

y o Oh» If

PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT

168. Per'sEUS AND ANDROM'EDA

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.

Perseus filius erat Iovis maximi? dedrum. Dé eo multàs fabulas nàrrant poétae. Ei favent dei, ei magica arma et alas dant. Eis télis armátus et àlis frétus ad multàs terras volabat et monstra saeva dele- bat et miseris infirmisque auxilium dabat.

lfovis, the genitive of Iuppiter. 2 Used substantively, the greatest. So

below, l. 4, miseris and infirmis are used substantively. *

mn

72 PASSIVE INDICATIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO

Aethiopia est terra Africae. Eam terram Cépheus’ regebat. Ei? Neptünus, maximus aquarum deus, erat irdtus et mittit? monstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Ibi monstrum nón solum látis pulchrisque Aethiopiae agris nocébat sed etiam domicilia agricolarum délebat, et multos viros, féminás, liberosque necabat. Populus ex agris fugiebat et oppida müris validis müniebat. Tum Cépheus magna tristitia com- mótus ad Iovis oraculum maátürat et ita dicit: "Amici mei necantur ; agri mei vastantur. Audi verba mea, Iuppiter. Da miseris auxi- lium. Age monstrum saevum ex patria.”

LESSON XXVIII

PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF REGO AND AUDIO

169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of rego and audió, and learn the passive of the same tenses ($$ 490, 491).

a. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§ 164) are added instead of the active ones.

6. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have re’geris or re’gere, zo£ re’giris, re’gire.

c. Inflect ago, dico, diicd, münio, reperio, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.

170. EXERCISES

I. x. Agébat, agébatur, mittébat, mittébatur, dücebat. 2. Agunt, aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, müniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, dü- cere, dücere. 4. Dicémur, dicimus, dicemus, dicimur, müniébàmini. 5. Dücitur, dücimini, reperimur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agébamus, agébamur, reperiris, reperiémini. 7. Münimini, veniébam, dücébar,

1 Pronounce in two syllables, Cépheus. 2 Ei, at him, dative with iratus. 3 The present is often used, as in English, in speaking of a past action, in order to make the story more vivid and exciting. *

PASSIVE INDICATIVE OF CAP/O 73

dicetur. 8. Mittimini, mittitis, mittéris, mitteris, agébamini. 9. Dicitur, dicit, müniuntur, reperient, audientur.

IL. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led (sing. and plur.). 4. We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will come, they will be fortified. 5. They were ruling, they were being ruled; you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (sing. and plur.). 6. He was being led, he will come, you are said (sing. and plur.).

171. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Continued) First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.

Tum Sraculum ita respondet: " Mala est fortüna tua. Neptünus, magnus aquarum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimicus, eas poenàs mittit. Sed para irat6 ded sacrum idóneum et monstrum saevum ex patria tua agetur. Andromeda filia tua est mónstro grata. Dà eam monstro. Serva caram patriam et vitam populi tui.” Andromeda autem erat 5 puella pulchra. Eam amabat Cépheus maxime.

“LESSON XXIX

PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF -IO VERBS - PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE

172. Review the active voice of capid, present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§ 492).

4. The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior, audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor. ^. In like manner inflect the passive of iacio and rapid.

173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general mean- ing of the verb without person or number ; as, amare, Zo /ove. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the fzz/e, or limited, verb forms.

74 THE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE

174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows :

P S PRES. INFINITIVE Pres. INFINITIVE Cony. RESGOTEM ACTIVE PASSIVE I. ama- ama‘re, to love ama'ri, fo be loved II. moné- moneé're, ¢o advise mone'ri, /o be advised II. rege- re’gere, Zo rule re’gi, fo be ruled cape- ca’pere, Zo take ca’pi, fo be taken IV. audi- audi‘re, Zo hear audr'ri, Zo be heard

1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem.

«. The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive.

2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -1, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -1.

3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doceo, sedeo, volo, cüro, mittó, diicd, münio, reperio, iacid, rapio.

175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows:

AcTIvE! PASSIVE CONJ. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. I. ama ama'te ama're, be thou loved — " amà'mini, be ye loved II. mo’né mon&'te moné’re, e thou advised moné'mini, be ye advised III. rege re'gite re’gere, be thou ruled — regi'mini, be ye ruled ca'pe cafpite ca’pere, be thou taken — capi mini, be ye taken IV. au'di audi'te audire, de thou heard — audi'mim, be ye heard

1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive im- perative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular? and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative.

2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in $174. 3.

1 For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from § 161. 2 That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like amare may be either zz dzcatzve, infinitive, ox tmperative.

*

THE ABLATIVE DENOTING Z£ZROM 75

176. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.

I. xr. Tum Perseus àlis ad terras multas volabit. 2. Monstrum sae- vum per aquàás properat et mox agros nostros vastabit. 3. Si autem Cepheus ad Graculum méatirabit, draculum ita respondebit. 4. Quis telis Persei superabitur? Multa monstra telis eius superabuntur. 5. Cum cüris magnis et lacrimis multis agricolae ex domiciliis caris aguntur. 6. Multa loca vastabantur et multa oppida délébantur. 7. Monstrum est validum, tamen superabitur. 8. Crédésne semper verbis oráculi? Ego lis non semper crédam. g.*Parébitne Cépheus draculd? Verba Oràculi ei persuddébunt. 10. Si nón fugiémus, oppi- dum capiétur et oppidàni necábuntur. 11. Vocáte pueros et narrate fabulam clàram dé monstro saevo.

II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to fly, send thou, to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken. 5. Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.

LESSON XXX

SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS - THE ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM

177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows: !

CONJUGATION I CoNJUGATION II INDICATIYE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. a/mó a’mor ^ mo’ned mo’neor Lmperf. ama’bam ama’bar moné’bam moné’bar Fut. ama’bo ama’bor moné’bd moné’bor

1 Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other per- sons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.

76 SYNOPSES OF VERBS COoNJUGATION I CONJUGATION II IMPERATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. ama ama’re mo‘né moné‘re INFINITIVE Pres. ama’re ama‘ri moné’re mone'ri CoNjUGATION III ConjJUGATION III INDICATIVE (id verbs) ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. re'gó re’gor ca’pid ca’pior Imperf. rege’ bam regé’bar capié’bam capié’bar Fut. re'gam re’gar ca/piam ca’piar IMPERATIVE Pres. re’ge re’gere ca’pe ca’pere INFINITIVE Pres. re’gere regi ca’pere ca’pi CONJUGATION IV INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Pres. au'dió au'dior Imperf. audié/bam audié’bar Fut. au'diam au'diar IMPERATIVE Pres. au'di audi‘re INFINITIVE Pres. audr're audrri

I. Give the synopsis of rapió, münió, reperio, doceó, vided, dico, agi, laudó, porto, and vary the person and number.

178. We learned in $ 5o that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition /70. This is sometimes called the sesarative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.

THE ABLATIVE DENOTING FROM 77

179. RULE. Ablative of the Place From. The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions à or ab, de, e or ex.

Agricolae ex agris veniunt, the farmers come from the fields

4. 4 or ab denotes from near a place; 8 or ex, out from it; and dé, down Jom it. This may be represented graphically as follows:

ane ap SOS

Place

dé ; V 180. RuLE. Ablative of Separation. Words expressing sepa- ration or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.

4. If the separation is actual and “terval of one material thing from another, the preposition à or ab, e or ex, or dé is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.

(2) Perseus terram 4 monstris liberat Perseus frees the land from monsters (literal separation — actual motion is expressed) (4) Perseus terram tristitia liberat Perseus frees the land from sorrow (figurative separation — no actual motion is expressed)

181. Rurr. Ablative of the Personal Agent. 77e word express- ing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition à or ab.

a. In this construction the English translation of à, ab is y rather than Jom. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.

Monstrum à Perse necatur, the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus

78 EXERCISES

à. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be Perseus mónstrum necat, Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the 542jec£, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with à or ab.

c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the prepo- sition dy. (Cf. § 100. 6.) Meazts ts a thing; the agent or actor is a person. The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has 4 or ab. Compare

Fera sagitta necatur, ‘he wild beast zs killed by an arrow Fera à Diana necatur, the wild beast is killed by Diana

Sagittà, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; à Diana, in the

second, is the ablative of the personal agent. i

182. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.

I. x. Viri inopia cibi défessi ab eo locd discedent. 2. Germani castris Rómànis adpropinquabant, tamen légàtus copiàás à proelio continébat. 3. Multa Gallorum oppida ab Romanis capientur. 4. Tum Romani totum populum eórum oppidórum gladiis pilisque interficient. 5. Oppidani Romaànis resistent, sed défessi longo proelio fugient. 6. Multi ex Gallia fugiebant et in Germànorum vicis habitabant. 7. Miseri nautae vulnerantur ab inimicis ! saevis et cibo egent. 8. Dis- cédite et date viris frimentum et copiam vini. 9. Cópiae nostrae à proelio continebantur ab Sexto légatd. 10. Id oppidum ab provincià Romana longe aberat.

II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the god- dess Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows. 6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.

1 inimicis, here used as a noun. See vocabulary. *

PERFECT TENSES OF SUM 79

LESSON XXXI PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF SUM

183. Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the princpal parts.

In English the principal parts are the present, the past, and the past participle; as, go, went, gone; see, saw, seen, etc.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the fst person singular of the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative, and the perfect passive participle.

184. Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the present stem, which is found from the present infinitive (cf. $126.24). The other two stems are the perfect stem and the participial stem.

185. The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be found by dropping -i-from the Jirst person singular of the perfect, the third of the principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAsT PERFECT) THE FuTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively.

186. The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows :

I. d, 7 I. imus, we SiNc. | 2. -isti, you E -istis, yoz

| 3. dit, Ae, she, à 3. -érunt or -€re, ZAzy

8o PERFECT TENSES OF SUM

187. Inflection of sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative : Pres. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. Perr. INDic. PRIN. PARTS sum esse fui PERFECT SrEM fu-

PERFECT

SINGULAR PLURAL fui, 7 have been, [ was fu'imus, we have been, we were fuis'ti, you have been, you were fuis’tis, you have been, you were fwit, he has been, he was fué’runt ox fué’re, they have been,

they were

PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN -er4-)

fu’eram, / had been fue’ramus, we had been

.fu'erás, you had been fuera’tis, you had been

fu'erat, he had been fu’erant, they had been Future PERFECT (TENSE SIGN -eri-)

fu'ero, 7 shall have been fue’rimus, we shall have been

fu'eris, you will have been fue'/ritis, you will have been

fu'erit, he will have been fu’erint, they will have been

1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.

2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram, the im- perfect of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -era-.

3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding ero, the future of sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-.

4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.

188. DIALOGUE Tue Boys Trrus, Marcus, AND QUINTUS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.

M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quinte?

T. Ego in meo lüdo fui et Quintus in sud lüdo fuit. Boni pueri fuimus. Fuitne Sextus in vico hodie?

M. Fuit Nüper per agros proximos fluvio matirabat. Ibi is et Cornélius habent nàvigium.

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 81

T. Mavigium dicis? Alii! narra eam fabulam!

M. Véro (Ys, truly), pulchrum et novum navigium |

Q. Cuius pecünià? Sextus et Cornélius id navigium parant? Quis iis pecüniam dat ?

M. Amici Corneli multum habent aurum et puer pecünià nón eget.

T. Quo pueri navigabunt? Navigabuntne longé à terrà?

M. Dubia sunt consilia eorum. Sed hodie, credo, si ventus erit ido- neus, ad maximam insulam navigabunt. Iam anteà ibi fuerunt. Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et pueri magnó in periculo erant.

Q. Aqua ventd commota est inimica nautis semper, et saepe per- fidus ventus nàvigia rapit, agit, déletque. Ii pueri, si non fuerint maximé attenti, irata aqua et valido vento superabuntur et ita interficientur.

189. EXERCISE

1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus. 5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat. 6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There? will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.

LESSON XXXII \

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS

190. Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with Aave, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, / have finished my work. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the perfect definite.

1 Dative case. (Cf. § 109.) 2 Ablative of means. 8 The expletive cheve

is not expressed, but the verb will precede the subject, as in English. * This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to agree with we.

82 THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened some- time in the past; as, [finished my work. As no definite time is speci- fied, this is called the perfect indefinite. It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.

a. Note carefully the difference between the following tenses :

f was Jinishing | used to finish J

I finished my work (perfect indefinite) I have finished my work (perfect definite)

my work (imperfect, $ 134)

When telling a story the Latin uses the perfect indefinite to mark the different forward steps of the narrative, and the zmperfect to describe situations and circumstances that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?

" Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home."

191. Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in $ 186 that any per- fect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:

Cowj. II

monui

CoNj. III cépi

Cowj. IV audivi

Conj. I amavi rexi

I have loved T have advised I have ruled I have taken I have heard

I loved or (advised or — I ruled ox / took or 7 heard or did love did advise did rule did take did hear PERFECT STEMS amáàv- monu- rex- cép- audiv- SINGULAR I. ama’vi monui re^xi cé’pi audr'vi 2. amavis’ti monuis'ti rexis'ti cepis'ti audivis'ti 3. ama'vit monuit re^xit cé’pit audi’vit PLURAL I. ama’vimus monu'imus ré’ximus cé’pimus audi’vimus 2. amavis’tis monuis’tis réxis’tis cépis'tis audivis'tis 3. amave’runt monué'runt rexé'runt cépé'runt audivé’runt oramavé’re oy monu&'re or réxé/re — orcépé&'re — or audivé're

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 83

‘1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. Zhés shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.

.2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding -vi to the present stem. Like amávi inflect parávi, vocávi, cüravi, laudavi.

3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.

192. Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects :

Pres. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. do dáre dedi give déles délére délévi destroy habeo habere habui have moved movére movi move pared parére parui obey prohibed prohibére prohibui restrain, keep from vided videre vidi See dico dicere dixi say discédo discédere discessi depart dücó dücere düxi lead facid facere féci make, do mitto mittere misi send münió münire münivi Sortify venio venire veni come

193. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Continued)

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.

Cépheus, adversà fortünà maxime commotus, discessit et multis cum lacrimis populo Aethiopiae verba oraculi narravit. Fata Andro- medae, puellae pulchrae, à toto populo deplorabantur, tamen nüllum erat auxilium. Deinde Cepheus cum pleno tristitiae animo caram suam filiam ex oppidi porta ad aquam düxit et bracchia eius ad saxa düra revinxit. Tum amici puellae miserae longe discessérunt et dit monstrum saevum exspectaverunt.

Tum forte Perseus, alis frétus, super Aethiopiam volabat. Vidit populum, Andromedam, lacrimas, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram déscendit. Tum Cépheus ei tótàs ciiras narravit et ita dixit: " Parébo verbis oraculi, et pro patria filiam meam dabo; sed si id monstrum interficies et Andromedam servabis, tibi (¢o yov) eam dabo."

84 PLUPERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT, INDICATIVE

LESSON XXXIII

PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE -

PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

194. Cony. I Coyj. II Cony. III amo moneo rego capid PERFECT STEMS amay- monu- réx- cép-

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE SIGN -era-

SINGULAR Thad loved 1 had advised [had ruled I had taken

I. ama’veram — monu'eram ré’xeram cé’peram

2. ama‘veras monu'eraás ré’xeras cé’peras

3. ama’verat monu'erat ré’xerat cé’perat PLURAL

I. amáverà^/mus monuera’mus réxerà^/mus cépera’mus

2. amavera’tis monuerá'tis réxera‘tis cépera’tis

3. amà'verant — monu'erant ré’xerant cé’perant

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE Sicn -eri-

SINGULAR I shall have I shall have TI shall have I shall have loved advised ruled taken I. ama'veró monu'eró re'xero cé’perd 2. ama’veris monuv'eris ré’xeris cé’peris 3. ama’verit monw’erit ré’xerit cé’perit PLURAL I. amave’rimus monue’rimus réxe’rimus cépe’rimus 2. amave’ritis — monue'ritis réxe’ritis cépe'ritis 3. ama’verint — monv'erint ré’xerint cé’perint

Cony. IV audio audiv-

4 had heard

audi’veram audi'veras audi’verat

audivera’mus audivera’tis audi’verant

I shall have heard audi’verd audi’veris audi’verit

audive’rimus audive’ritis audi’verint

1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation

given in § 187. 2-4 hold good here.

2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of dd, porto, 'deleo, moveo, habeo, dico, discédo, facio, venió, münió.

PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE 85

195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem.

Coyj. PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE I. amiv- amavis’se, fo have loved 1I. monu- monuis’se, fo have advised III. (a) réx- réxis’se, Zo have ruled (2) cép- cépis’se, Zo have taken IV. audiv- audivis’se, Zo have heard sum fu- fuis’se, to have been

I. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of d6, portó, déleó, moveo, habeo, dico, discédd, facio, venio, münio.

196. EXERCISES

I. 1. Habuisti, móvérunt, miserant. 2. Vidit, dixeris, düxisse. 3. Misistis, paruérunt, discesseramus. 4. Münivit, dederam, misero. 5. Habuerimus, délévi, paruit, fuisse. 6. Dederàs, müniveritis, vénera- tis, misisse. 7. Vénerds, fecisse, dederatis, portaveris.

8. Quem verba óràculi moverant? Populum verba oràculi móve- rant 9. Cui Cépheus verba oráculi narraverit? Perseo Cepheus verba Oraculi ‘narraverit. ro. Amici ab Andromeda discesserint. ir. Monstrum saevum domicilia multa déléverat. 12. Ubi monstrum vidistis? Id in aqua vidimus. 13. Quid monstrum faciet? Monstrum Andromedam interficiet.

IL 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. 2. We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I had de- parted, he has obeyed, you have sent (sing. and plur.). 4. To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried. 5. He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (sing. and plur.). 6.1 have given, you had moved (sing. and plur.), we had said. 7. You will have made (sing. and plur.), they will have led, to have given.

8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had the men departed from? the towns? They had departed because the monster had come. ro. Did Cepheus obey * the oracle?? He did.

lex, What would ab mean? 2 Did... obey, perfect tense. 8 What case ?

86 REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE

LESSON XXXIV REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE

197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation :

Present = First of the principal parts

IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m

-bo, Conj. I and II -a-m, Conj. III and IV Perrect = Third of the principal parts

Prurerrect = Perfect stem + -era-m

Furure PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erd

TENSES OF THE Future = Present stem + { INDICATIVE

198. The synopsis of the active voice of amé, as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows:

PRINCIPAL Parts amo, amare, amavi

Pres, STEM ama- PERF. STEM amay- Pres. amo s ( Perf. amavi sal Imperf. amabam Invic. + Pluperf. amaveram (Fut. amabo (Fut. perf, amaveró Pres. IMv. ama Pres. INFIN. amare Perr. INFIN. amavisse

1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of paro, do, laud6, déled, habeo, moved, pared, video, dico, discéd6, düco, mitto, capio, münio, venio.!

199. Learn the following principal parts : ?

Pres. INpIc. Pres. INFIN. Perr. INDIC. sum esse fui be IRREGULAR Bip gr oes ab’sum abes’se a'fui be away VERBS - os - | dà dare dedi give

1 Learn to give synopses rapidly, and ‘not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number. 2 These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the only new form to be learned.

REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE 87

( contined continére continui hold in, keep doceo docere docui teach eged egere egui need faveo favére favi Savor

Conjucation | iubed iubére iussi order II noced nocére nocui injure persuaded persuadere persuási persuade responded respondere respondi reply sedeo sedere sedi sit

| studed studére studui be eager

( ago agere égi drive credo crédere credidi believe fugio fugere fügi Slee

PONE T TION jacid jacere iéci hurl 2 interficio interficere interfeci kill rapio rapere rapul seize resis'to resis'tere re’stiti resist CON eae reretri reperi're rep/peri find 200. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Conduded)

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Read the whole story.

Perseus semper proelio studebat! et respondit,! " Verba tua sunt maxime grata,” et laetus arma sua magica paravit! Subito monstrum vidétur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius amici longe absunt et misera puella est sola. Perseus autem sine mora super aquam volavit! Subito descendit! et düro gladio saevum monstrum graviter vulneravit.1 Dit pugnatur,? diü proelium est dubium. Denique autem Perseus monstrum interfecit! et victoriam reportàvit.! Tum ad saxum venit! et Andromedam liberàvit ' et eam ad Cépheum düxit! Is, nüper miser, nunc laetus, ita dixit! : ' Tuo auxilio, mi amice, cara filia mea est libera; tua est Andromeda." Didi Perseus cum Andromeda ibi habitabat! et magnopere à toto populo amabatur.!

1 See if you can explain the use of the perfects and imperfects in this passage. 2 The verb pugnatur means, literally, zt zs fought; translate freely, the battle is fought, or the contest rages. The verb pugno in Latin is intransitive,

and so does not have a personal subject in the passive. A verb with an inde- terminate subject, designated in English by zz, is called impersonal.

88 THE PASSIVE PERFECTS

LESSON XXXV

THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE - THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

201. The fourth and last of the principal parts ($ 183) is the perfect passive participle. om it we get the particaipial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.

1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:

Conj. Pres. INDIC. Pres. INFIN. PrERF.INpic. PERF. Pass. PART. if amo ama’-re ama’y-1 ama't-us

This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.

Il. mo’ned moné’-re mo’nu-1 mo/nit-us

III. rego re’ge-re rex réct-us ca’pid ca’pe-re cép-i | capt-us

IV. au’did audi’-re audi'v-i audi't-us

2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle.

202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, 7 have been loved, [ had been loved, L shall have been loved.

Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as

Perfect passive, ama’tus sum, / have been or was loved

Pluperfect passive, ama’tus eram, / had been loved Future perfect passive, ama'tus ero, / shall have been loved

1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of moneo, rego, capió, and audio, and give the English meanings.

203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. A$ a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it

THE FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE 89

is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.

204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona, bonum, and in the compound tenses ($ 202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.

f Vir laudatus est, the man was praised, or has been praised

ExawPLEzs ix | Puella laudata est, the girl was praised, or has been praised

SINGULAR | COnsilium laudatum est, 7/e plan was praised, or has been | praised ]

( Viri laudati sunt, the men were praised, or have been praised Puellae laudatae sunt, che grs were praised, or have been EXAMPLES IN - PLurRAL ) Praised Consilia laudata sunt, the plans were praised, or have been l praised

1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of amo, moneo, rego, capio, and audio ($$ 488—492).

205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle ; as, ama't-us (7a, -um) esse, Zo have been loved; mo‘nit-us (-a, -um) esse, Zo have been advised.

I. Form the perfect passive infinitive of regó, capio, audio, and give the English meanings.

206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This parti- ciple is made by adding -ürus, -a, -um to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of amü is amàt-ü'rus (-a, -um) esse, Zo be about to love.

a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:

Present, amare (present stem), /o Jove

Perfect, amavisse (perfect stem), Zo have loved Future, amatürus esse (participial stem), Zo be about to love

I. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laudó, moneo, rego, capid, audio, with the English meanings.

90 REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS

207. EXERCISES

I. 1. Fábula Andromedae nàrràta est. 2. Multae fabulae à magis- tro nárrátae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricola valido aratus erat. 4. Agri ab agricolis validis aràti erant. s. Aurum 4 servo perfido ad domi- cium suum portàtum erit. 6. Nostra arma à legato laudata sunt. Quis vestra arma laudàvit? 7. Ab ancila tuà ad cénam vocatae sumus. 8. Andromeda monstro non data est, quia monstrum à Perseo necatum erat.

II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured. 4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, you will have been heard.

LESSON XXXVI

REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS - PREPOSITIONS YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS

208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -ürus, which appears in the principal parts instead.

IRREGULAR VERBS

sum esse fui futürus be absum abesse afui afutirus be away do? dare dedi datus give

1 d0 is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems.

porto

contineo deleo doceo egeo faved iubed moved noced pared persuaded prohibed responded sedeo studeo video

ago credo dico discedo düco facio! fugio iacioó interfició mitto rapio resisto

münio reperio venio

REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS 9I

portare

ConjJUGATION I

portavi

portatus

carry

So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.

continere delere docere egere favere iubére movére nocére parére persuadere prohibére respondere sedere studere videre

agere credere dicere discedere dücere facere fugere jacere interficere mittere rapere resistere

münire reperire venire

CoNJuGATION II

continui delevi docui eguil favi iussi movi nocui parui persuási prohibui respondi sedi studui vidi

contentus deletus doctus

fautürus jussus motus

persudsus

prohibitus responsus

-sessus

visus

ConjuGaTIon III

égi crédidi dixi discessi düxi feci fügi iéci interféci misi rapui restiti

actus creditus dictus discessus ductus factus fugitürus jactus interfectus missus raptus

CoNJUGATION IV

münivi rep'peri veni

münitus repertus ventus

hold in, keep destroy

teach

lack

favor

order

move

injure

obey persuade [ from restrain, keep reply

sit

be eager

see

drive believe say depart lead make flee hurl kill send seize resist

Sortify Jind

come

1 facid has an irregular passive which will be presented later.

92 PREPOSITIONS : YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS

209. Prepositions. 1. We learned in $8 52, 53 that only the accu- sative and the ablative are used with prepositions, and that preposi- tions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.

a or ab, from, by é or ex, out from, out of cum, wth pro, Jefore, in front of; for, in behalf of dé, down from, concerning sine, wzthout

2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative (§ 52). Of these we have had the following:

ad, /o; apud, among, per, through

There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.

3. The preposition in when meaning zz or oz governs the adlative ; when meaning 4o, into, against (relations foreign to the ablative) in governs the accusative.

210. Yes-or-No Questions. Questions not introduced by some in- terrogative word like who, why, when, etc., but expecting the answer yes or no, may take one of three forms:

I. Js he coming? (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to the answer expected.)

2. Js he not coming ? (Expecting the answer yes.)

3. He is n’t coming, is he ? (Expecting the answer-zo.)

These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:

I. Venitne? zs he coming ? 2. Nonne venit? zs he not coming ? 3. Num venit? Ze zs n't coming, is he ?

4. -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which then stands first.

à. We learned in $ 56. 4 that yes-or-o questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, ita, véró, certé, etc. (so, truly, certainly, etc.) may be used for yes, and non, minimé, etc. for z if the denial is emphatic, as, &y xo means, not at all,

CONJUGATION OF POSSUM 93

211. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.

I. r. Nonne habebat Cornélia ornàmenta auri? Habebat. 2. Num Sextus legátüs scütum in dextró bracchió gerebat? Non in dextro, sed sinistro in bracchio Sextus scütum gerebat. 3. Früstrà bella multa ab Gallis gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum à perfidd Sexto occupatum est, oppidani miseri gladio interfecti sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plé- num frümenti. 6. Nonne Sextus ab oppidanis frümentum postulavit ? Véro, sed ii recüsaverunt frümentum dare. 7. Cir oppidum ab Sexto deletum est? Quia frümentum recüsátum est. 8. Ea victoria nón dubia erat. 9. Oppidàni erant défessi et armis egébant. 10. Num fugam temptàverunt? Minime.

II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered. 2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many orna- ments of gold. 3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger ? She did. 4. Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm. 5. She did n't have the lady's gold, did she? No, the gold had. been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.

Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, 88 513-516

LESSON XXXVII

CONJUGATION OF POSSUM - THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH

212. Learn the principal parts of possum, Jam able, / can, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. § 495.)

a. Possum, 7 can, is a compound of potis, a4/e, and sum, 7 am.

213. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The zz//mve (cf. § 173) is a verbal noun. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of

a noun. Asa verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English.

94 THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH

_t. In English certain verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in the objective case and an infinitive, as, he commanded the men to fee. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the sub- stantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.

Similarly in Latin, some verbs of wishing, commanding, forbidding, and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, Is virós fugere iussit, Ze commanded the men to ffe.

214. RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. Zhe subject of the infini- tive 1s in the accusative.

215. The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, the Romans are able to conquer the Gauls. This is called the complementary infinitive, as the predicate is not comp/ete without the added infinitive.

Similarly in Latin, verbs of incomplete predication are completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are possum, J am able, J can; propero, matüro, / hasten ; temptó, 7 attempt ; as

Romani Gallos superare possunt, ‘he Romans are able to

(or caz) conguer the Gauls Bellum gerere temptant, ¢hey attempt to wage war

a. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.

Mali pueri esse boni nón possunt, dad boys are not able £o (or cannot) be good

Observe that boni agrees with pueri.

216. The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predi- cate nominative. For example, Zo conguer (= conquering) zs pleas- ing; To see (= seeing) zs to believe (= believing). The same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with est, as

Superare est gratum, 7o conquer is pleasing « Videre est credere, Zo see 7s to believe

EXERCISES 95

4. In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, which must then be in the accusative case, as

Galbam superàre inimicos est gratum multis, for Galba to conquer his enemies zs pleasing to many

é. An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the sen- tence superare est gratum, the predicate adjective gratum is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superare the subject.

217. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.

I. 1. Magister lüdi liberos cum diligentia laborare iussit. 2. Egére cibó et vind est viris molestum. 3. Viri armati vetuérunt Gallos castra ibi ponere. 4. Estne légatus in castello an in müro? Is est pro porta. 5. Ubi nostri! fugere inceperunt, légatus ab vestris! captus est. 6. Galli castellum ibi oppugnaverant ubi praesidium erat infirmum. 7. Alii pugnàre temptabant, alii portas petebant. 8. Féminae pro domiciliis sedebant neque resistere validis Gallis poterant. 9. Bellum est saevum, nec infirmis nec miseris favet. 10. Sed viri arma postu- labant et studebant Gallos dé müris agere. 11. Id castellum ab Gallis occupàri Romanis nón gràtum erit. 12. Galli ubi à Romanis victi sunt, esse liberi? cessavérunt. 13. Diü sine aqua vivere non potestis.

IL 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates. 2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle. 3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. 4. Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against? the walls. 5. But they were not able to (could not) take the town.

218. Tue FarrHLESS TARPEIA

Sabini olim cum Romanis bellum gerébant et multàs victorias re- portaverant. Iam agros proximos müris vastabant, iam oppido adpro- pinquabant. Romani autem in Capitolium fügerant et longe periculo

1 Supply men. nostri, vestri, and sui are often used as nouns in this way. 2 Not children. The Romans used liberi either as an adjective, meaning /vee,

or as a noun, meaning Z4e free, thereby signifying their /zee-borm children. The word was never applied to children of slaves. 3 in with the accusative.

96 EXERCISES

aberant. Müris validis et saxis altis credebant. Früstrà Sabini tela

iaciébant, früstrà portas düras petebant; castellum occupare non poterant. Deinde novum consilium céperunt.!

Tarpéia erat puella Romana pulchra et superba. Cotidie aquam

5 copiis Romanis in Capitolium portabat. Ei? non nocébant Sabini,

TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA

quod ea sine armis erat neque Sabini bellum cum feminis liberisque

gerebant. Tarpeia autem maximé amabat ornàmenta auri. Cotidie

Sabinorum ornàmenta videbat et mox ea désiderdre incipiebat. Ei

ünus ex? Sabinis dixit, " Düc copiàs Sabinas intra portàs, Tarpeia, 10 et maxima erunt praemia tua."

1 cónsilium capere, to make a plan. Why is the 2e7fect tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph. ? Dative with nocébant. (Cf. $ 154.) 3 ex, out of, i.e. Jom the number of ; best translated of

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 97

LESSON XXXVIII THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

219. Sentences are simple, compound, or complex.

a. A simple sentence is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: Zhe Romans approached the town.

4. A compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more independ- ent statements: Zhe Romans approached the town | and | the enemy fled.

Note. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement.

c. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one independent state- ment and one or more dependent statements: When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled.

Notre. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on

or qualifies another statement; thus ¢he enemy fled is independent, and when the Romans approached the town is dependent or subordinate.

4. The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses. In a complex sentence the independent statement is called the main clause and the dependent statement the subordinate clause.

220. Examine the complex sentence

The Romans killed the men who were taken

Here are two clauses:

a. The main clause, 7he Romans killed the men 4. The subordinate clause, who were taken

The word who is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun men. It also connects the subordinate clause who were taken with the noun men. Hence the clause is an. adject?ve clause. A pronoun that connects an adjective clause with a substantive is called a relative pro- noun, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is called its antecedent. ‘The relative pronouns in English are who, whose, whom, whith, what, that.

98 THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

221. The relative pronoun in Latin is qui, quae, quod, and it is declined as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum Daft. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae AD. quo | quà quo quibus quibus quibus

1. Review the declension of is, § 114, and note the similarity in the endings. The forms qui, quae, and quibus are the only forms showing new endings.

Note. The genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced cod’yods (two syllables) and cóoz (one syllable).

222. The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows : '

Masc. AND FEM. NEvtT. Nom. who, that which, what, that Gen. of whom, whose of which, of what, whose Dat. to or for whom to or for which, to or for what Acc. whom, that which, what, that Abl. from, etc., whom Jom, etc., which or what

4. We see from the table above that qui, when it refers to a person, is translated by some form of who or by /&a£ ; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by which, what, or that.

.

223. Note the following sentences:

The Romans killed the men who were taken The Romans killed the woman who was taken Romani interfécérunt virds qui capti sunt

- Romani interfecerunt féminam quae capta est

In the first sentence wo (qui) refers to the antecedent sex (viros), and is masculine plural. In the second, who (quae) refers to woman (féminam), and is feminine singular. From this we learn that the relative must agree

l'This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for refer- ence when translating.

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 99

with its antecedent in gender and number. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. Virds and féminam are accusatives, and qui and quae are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses. Hence

224. RuLE. Agreement of the Relative. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but iis case is determined by the way tt is used in its own clause.

225. Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pro- noun that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are who? which? what? In Latin they are quis? quid? (pronoun) and qui? quae? quod? (adjective).

226. Examine the sentences ue. Who is the man? Quis est vir? b. What man is leading them? Qui vir eos dücit? In a, who is an interrogative pronoun. In 5, what is an interrogative adjective. Observe that in Latin quis, quid is the /7ozeuz and qui, quae, quod is the adjective.

227. 1. The interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod is declined just like the relative pronoun. (See $ 221.)

2. The interrogative pronoun quis, quid is declined like qui, quae, quod in the plural. In the singular it is declined as follows:

Masc. AND FEM. NEUT. JVom. quis, who ? quid, what? which ? Gen. cuius, whose ? cuius, whose ? Dat. cui, to or for whom ? cui, Zo or for what or which ? Acc. quem, whom ? quid, what? which ?

AB. quo, from, etc., whom? quo, from, etc., which or what ?

Note. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid.

228. EXERCISES

I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem amo est aeger. 2. Cuius scü- tum habes? Scütum habeo quod legatus ad castelum misit. 3. Cui légatus suum scütum dabit? Filio meo scütum dabit. 4. Ubi Germani

100 EXERCISES

antiqui vivébant? In terrà quae est proxima Rheno Germani vivé- bant. s. Quibuscum! Germani bellum gerebant? Cum Romanis, qui eds superare studébant, Germàni bellum gerebant. 6. Qui viri castra ponunt? Ii sunt viri quorum armis Germani victi sunt.

i Ww 7. Quibus telis copiae nos- NN N N trae eguérunt ? Gladiis et NN ON A Mi . 4 telis nostrae copiae eguérunt. Nes ws Oe ij 8. A quibus porta sinistra

mai WU tenébatur? A sociis porta sinistra tenébatur. 9. Quae provinciae à Romànis occu- patae sunt? Multae pro- vinciae a Romànis occu- patae sunt. 10. Quibus viris dei favebunt? Bonis viris dei favebunt.

IL 1. What victory will you announce? 2.I will announce to the people the victory which the sailors

GERMANI ANTIQUI have won. 3. The men who

were pitching camp were

eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by the

troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay.

N N

229. Tue Farrniess TanPxrA (Conduded)*

Tarpéia, commota ornàmentis Sabinorum pulchris, did resistere non potuit et respondit: ‘ Date mihi? órnàmenta quae in sinistris brac- chiis geritis, et celeriter copias vestras in Capitolium dücam." Nec

!cum is added to the ablative of relative, interrogative, and personal pro- nouns instead of being placed before them. ? Explain the use of the tenses in this selection. 3 to me.

THE THIRD DECLENSION - CONSONANT STEMS ror

Sabini recüsavérunt, sed per düras magndsque castelli portás pro- peravérunt quó! Tarpéia düxit et mox intra validos et altós müros stabant. Tum sine morà in? Tarpéiam scüta graviter iécérunt; nam Scüta quoque in sinistris bracchiis gerébant. Ita perfida puella Tar- péia interfecta est; ita Sabini Capitolium occupaverunt.

LESSON XXXIX THE THIRD DECLENSION : CONSONANT STEMS

230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declen- sions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the base. If to the base we add -à in the first declension, and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. "Thus porta has the base port- and the stem portà- ; servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-.

These stem vowels, -à- and -o-, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the 4- and O-Declensions.

231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called the Consonant or ZDeclension, and its nouns are classified according to the way the s/zz ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a consonant stem ; if the stem ends in -i-, the word is said to have an i-stem. In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In i-stems the stem is formed by adding -i- to the base. The presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases, so , the distinction is a very important one. :

239. Consonant stems are divided into two classes :

I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular. 1 qué = whither, to the place where. Here qué is the relative adverb. We

have had it used before as the interrogative adverb, whither? to what place ? 2 upon.

102 THE THIRD DECLENSION - CONSONANT STEMS

CLASS I

233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:

BASES } princeps, m.,c/zef miles, m.,so/4zer lapis, m., stone

OR f princip- milit- lapid- STEMS SINGULAR era rm Nom. princeps miles lapis -8 Gen. — prin'cipis militis lapidis -is Daft. prin’cipi militi lapidi E! Acc. — principem militem lapidem -em Abl. prin’cipe milite lapide -e PLURAL Nom. prin'cipes milites lapidés -és Gem. — prin'cipum militum lapidum -um Dat. princi’pibus militibus lapidibus -ibus Acc. prin’cipés milités lapidés -és AD. princi/pibus militibus lapidibus -jbus Bases» TeX, m., Zug iüdex, m., judge virtiis, f., manliness OR } rég- jüdic- virtüt- STEMS SINGULAR t Nom. rex iüdex virtüs -8 Gen. regis iüdicis virtü'tis -is Dat. régi iüdici virtü'ti E! Ac. regem iüdicem virtü'tem -em AM. rége iüdice virtü'te -e PLURAL Nom. reges iudices virtü'tes -8s Gen, regum iüdicum virtü'tum -um Dat. regibus iüdicibus virtü'tibus -ibus Acc. regés iüdices virtü'tes -és Abl. regibus iüdicibus virtü'tibus -ibus

1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular. 2. Most nouns of two syllables, like princeps (princip-), miles (milit-), iudex (iüdic-) have i in the base, but e in the nominative.

EXERCISES 103

4. lapis is an exception to this rule. 3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative:

a. A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus miles for milets, lapis for lapids, virtüs for virtüts.

6. A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus iüdec + s = iüdex, rég + s = rex.

4. Review § 74°and apply the rules to this declension.

In like manner decline dux, ducis, m., /eader; eques, equitis, m., horse- man, pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier; pés, pedis, m., foo.

234. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.

I. 1. Neque pedites neque equités occupare castellum Rómànum poterant. 2. Summa virtüte müros altos cotidie oppugnàbant. 3. Pedes militum lapidibus qui dé miro iaciébantur saepe vulnerabantur. 4. Quod novum cónsilium dux cépit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchris ornàmentis temptavit. 6. Quid puella fecit? 7. Puella commóta auro milites per portas düxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summo studio peti- verat non reportavit. 9. Apud Romanos antiquos Tarpéia nón est laudata.

II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the Vidory. lt is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal.

NAVIGIUM

104 THE THIRD DECLENSION : CONSONANT STEMS

LESSON XL THE THIRD DECLENSION - CONSONANT STEMS (Continued)

CLASS II

235. Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s. They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

336. PARADIGMS

MASCULINES AND FEMININES

consul, m., legio, f., ordo, m., pater, m., consul legion row Sather BASES - em or fcónsul- legion- ordin- patr- STEMS. TERMINATIONS SINGULAR MUAND E: Nom. consul legio ordo pater — Gen. consulis legionis ordinis patris -is Daft. consuli legioni ordini patri i Acc. consulem legionem Ordinem patrem -em AB. cónsule legione ordine patre -e PLURAL Nom. consules legionés Ordines patres -és Gen. consulum legionum ordinum patrum -um Dat. consulibus legionibus ^ Ordinibus patribus -ibus Acc. consules legiones Ordines patrés -és AM. consulibus legionibus Ordinibus patribus -ibus

1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.

2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ón- drop -n- and end in + in the nominative, as legió (base or stem legión-), órdo (base or stem Ordin-).

3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-).

4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. Always learm thzs with the nominative.

THE THIRD DECLENSION : CONSONANT STEMS IO5

237. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.

I. 1, Audisne tubas, Marce? Non sdlum tubàs audio sed etiam ordinés militum et carrós impedimentorum plénós videre possum. 2. Quàs legionés vidémus? Eae legiones nüper ex Gallia venerunt. 3. Quid ibi fécérunt? Studébantne pugnàre an sine virtüte erant? 4. Multa proelia fecerunt! et magnàs victorias et multos captivos re- portavérunt. 5. Quis est imperátor edrum legionum ? Caesar, summus Romànorum imperator. 6. Quis est eques qui pulchram coronam gerit? Is eques est frater meus. Ei corona à consule data est quia summa virtüte pugnaverat et à barbaris patriam serváverat.

II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now (nüper) He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained? from wrong.) 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Caesar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.

LESSON XLI THE THIRD DECLENSION - CONSONANT STEMS (Concluded)

238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:

flümen, n., tempus, n., opus, n., caput, n., viver time work head BASES) — . . on jq flümin- tempor- oper- capit- STEMS SINGULAR TERMINATIONS

Vom. flümen tempus opus caput — Gen. flüminis temporis operis capitis -is Dat. fiiimini tempori operi capiti 4 Ac. flümen tempus opus caput = Adbl, flimine tempore opere capite -e

1 proelium facere = /o fight a battle. — ? contined. Cf.$180. 8 Abl iniürià.

106 EXERCISES

PLURAL TERMINATIONS Nom. flümina tempora opera capita -a Gen, flüminum temporum operum capitum -um Dat. flüminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus Acc. flumina tempora opera capita -a Ab. flüminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

1. Review § 74 and apply the rules to this declension. 2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as

flümen, base or stem flümin-. 3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.

239. EXERCISES First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. 1. Barbari ubi Romam cépérunt, maxima regum opera dele- vérunt. 2. Romani multàs calamitates a barbaris acceperunt. 3. Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidanos, animi dubii eorum ab orátore clàro cQnfirmati sunt. 4. Roma est in ripis flüminis magni. 5. Ubi Caesar imperator milites suds arma capere iussit, ii à proelio continéri nón potuérunt. 6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperator reperiri nón potuit. 7. Imperator sagittà in capite vulnerátus erat et stare nón poterat. 8. Eum magno labore pedes ex proelio portavit. 9. Is bracchiis suis imperatorem tenuit et eum ex periculis summis servavit. 10. Virtüte sua bonus miles ab imperatore coronam accepit.

IL 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Be- fore the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised him and said, " By your labors you have saved the father- land from disaster." 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. s. To save the fatherland was a great task.

CORONA

"REVIEW OF CONSONANT STEMS 107

LESSON XLII REVIEW LESSON

240. Review the paradigms in §§ 233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection.

TERROR CIMBRICUS!

Olim Cimbri et Teutones, populi Germaniae, cum feminis liberisque Italiae adpropinquaverant et copias Romanas maximo proelio vicerant. Ubi fuga legionum nüntiàta est, summus erat terror totius Romae, et R6- mani, graviter commoti, sacra crebra deis faciebant et salütem petebant.

Tum Manlius orátor animos populi ita confirmavit: — " Magnam calamitàtem accepimus. Oppida nostra à Cimbris Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agri vastantur, cópiae barbarorum Romae adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi novis animis proelium novum faciémus et Germànos ex patrià nostra sine morà agemus, erit nülla

salüs feminis nostris liberisque. Servate liberos! Servate patriam |-

Anteà superati sumus quia imperatores nostri fuerunt infirmi. Nunc Marius, clàrus imperator, qui iam multds alias victorias reportavit, legionés dücet et animos nostrós terrore Cimbrico liberabit."

Marius tum in Africa bellum gerébat. Sine mora ex Africa in

Italiam vocátus est. Copias novàs non solum toti Italiae sed etiam provinciis sociorum imperavit.? Disciplina autem düra laboribusque perpetuis milites exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, qui iam proelió studébant, ad Germànorum castra celeriter matüravit. Diü et acriter pugnatum est.) Dénique barbari fügerunt et multi in fuga ab equitibus sunt interfecti. Marius pater patriae vocatus est.

1 About the year 100 B.c. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They were travel- ing with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the Zerror Cimbricus continued to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter. ? He made a Jevy (of troops) «fon, imperavit with the acc. and the dat. 3 Cf. $ 200. n. 2.

20

108 THE THIRD DECLENSION - -STEMS

LESSON XLIII THE THIRD DECLENSION - I-STEMS

241. To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are

1. Masculines and feminines :

a. Nouns in -&s and -is with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus caedés, caedis, is an i-stem, but miles, militis, is a consonant stem.

4. Nouns in -ns and -rs. c. Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant.

2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.

242. The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of con- sonant stems. Note the following differences: a. Masculines and feminines have -ium in the genitive plural and -is or

-&s in the accusative plural. 4, Neuters have -i in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every form of = MÀ at

the-plural.

243. Masculine and Feminine J-Stems. Masculine and feminine i- stems are declined as follows:

caedes, f., hostis, m., urbs, f., cliens, m., slaughter enemy city retainer Stems caedi- hosti- urbi- Clienti- Bases caed- host- urb- client- SINGULAR pictae eee Nom. caedes hostis urbs cliens! -s, -is, or -€s Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is Dat. caedi hosti urbi clienti E Acc. | caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) AU. caede hoste urbe cliente -e (i)

1 Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that it is shortened before -nt. Cf. $ 12. 2, g.

THE THIRD DECLENSION : 7-STEMS 109

Pura. E^ JVom. caedes hostés urbés clientés -és Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -jum Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus Acc. | caedis, -&s hostis, -€s ^ urbis,-és clientis, -és -is, -és Abl. | caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus

I. avis, civis, finis, ignis, nàvis have the ablative singular in -i or -e. 2. turris has accusative turrim and ablative turri or turre.

244. Neuter I-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows:

insigne, n., animal, n., calcar, n.,

decoraticn animal spur Stems insigni- animali- calcari- Basrs iInsign- animal- calcar-

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS Vom. insigne animal calcar -e or — Gen. insignis animalis calcáris -is Dat. insigni animali calcari d Acc. — insigne animal calcar -eor— A. insigni animali calcari E! PLURAL

Nom. insignia animalia calcaria -ia Gen. insignium animalium calcarium -ium Dat. insignibus animalibus calcaribus -ibus Acc. insignia animàlia calcária — -ia Aél. insignibus animalibus calcáribus -ibus

I. Review $ 74 and see how it applies to this declension.

2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to -e-.

3. A long vowel is shortened before final -1 or -r. (Cf. § 12. 2.)

245. EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. 1. Quam urbem vidémus ? Urbs quam vidétis est Roma. 2. Cives Romani urbem suam turribus altis et müris longis müniverant. 3. Venti nàvis longàs prohibebant finibus hostium adpropinquare. 4. Imperator à clientibus suis calcária auri et alia insignia accepit. 5. Milites Romani cum hostibus bella saeva gessérunt et eds caede

IIO EXERCISES

magna superavérunt. 6. Alia animalia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Navés longae quae auxilium ad imperàátorem portabant igni ab hostibus délétae sunt. 8. In ed mari avis multas vidimus quae longe à terrà volaverant. 9. Nonne vidistis navis longas hostium et ignis quibus urbs nostra vastabatur? Certe, sed nec caedem civium nec

NAVES LONGAE

fugam clientium vidimus. 10. Avés et alia animàlia, ubi ignem vide- runt, salütem fuga petere celeriter inceperunt. 11. Num iüdex in peditum ordinibus stabat ? Minime, iüdex erat apud equites et equus eius insigne pulchrum gerebat.

II. 1. Because of